Local delivery of sirolimus nanoparticles for the treatment of in-stent restenosis.

OBJECTIVES: To test the local delivery of sirolimus nanoparticles following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to treat in-stent restenosis (ISR) in a swine model. BACKGROUND: Coronary bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation reduces major adverse cardiac events when compared with PTCA; however, ISR rates remain high. METHODS: Eighteen swine underwent BMS deployment guided by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Of these, 16 developed ISR (1 stent/swine) and underwent angioplasty with a noncompliant balloon (PTCA-NC). The animals were then randomized into four groups for local infusion of sirolimus nanoparticles through a porous balloon catheter, as follows: (1) PTCA-NC alone (control); (2) PTCA-NC + (polylactic acid)-based nanoparticle formulation (anionic 1); (3) PTCA-NC + (polylactic-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticle formulation (anionic 2); and (4) PTCA-NC + Eudragit RS nanoparticle formulation (cationic). Coronary angiography and IVUS follow-up were performed 28 days after ISR treatment. RESULTS: There was one episode of acute coronary occlusion with the cationic formulation. Late area loss was similar in all groups at 28 days according to IVUS. However, luminal volume loss (control = 20.7%, anionic 1 = 4.0%, anionic 2 = 6.7%, cationic = 9.6%; P = 0.01) and neointimal volume gain (control = 68.7%, anionic 1 = 17.4%, anionic 2 = 29.5%, cationic = 31.2%; P = 0.019) were significantly reduced in all treatment groups, especially in anionic 1. CONCLUSIONS: PTCA-NC followed by local infusion of sirolimus nanoparticles was safe and efficacious to reduce neointima in this model, and this strategy may be a promising treatment for BMS ISR. Further studies are required to validate this method in humans.

Modelo experimental de reestenose intrastent em artérias coronárias de suínos: efeito do implante de stent sobredimensionado / Experimental model of in-stent restenosis in swine coronary arteries: effect of oversized stent deployment

INTRODUÇÃO: Há múltiplos modelos experimentais em animais, entretanto o modelo suíno é o que apresenta características anatômicas e funcionais mais próximas às humanas. Assim sendo, esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolverr e implementar um protocolo experimental de indução de hiperproliferação neointimal em suínos, visando à criação de técnicasw de lesão vascular simulando a reestenose. Método: De agosto de 2006 a março de 2009, 69 suínos jovens da raça Large White foram submetidos a cinecoronariografia seguida de lesão vascular com implante de 102 stents sobredimensionados, guiados por ultrassom intracoronário. Em 28 dias foi realizado reestudo com nova cinecoronariografia e ultrassom intracoronário. Resultados: O diâmetro luminal mínimo e a área luminal mínima imediatamente após o implante de stent no grupo stent sobredimensionado foram maiores em comparação ao grupo controle...

BACKGROUND: There are several experimental animal models, but, the swine model is the most similar to human anatomic and physiologic characteristics. Therefore, this study was carried out to develop and implement an experimental protocol of vascular neointimal hyperplasia induction in swine, aiming at creating vascular injury techniques simulating restenosis. METHOD: From August 2006 to March 2009, 69 young Large White swine underwent coronary angiography followed by vascular injury and implantation of 102 oversized stents guided by intravascular ultrasound. After 28 days a new coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound was performed. RESULTS: The minimal luminal diameter and the minimal luminal area immediately after the stent deployment in the group treated with an oversized stent were significantly higher when compared to the control group (3.5 ± 0.3 mm vs. 3 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.0001 and 40.7 ± 0.3 mm² vs. 30.2 ± 0.2 mm², P < 0.0001). The binary restenosis rate in the group treated with an oversized stent was 92% (69/75 stents), whereas it was 12% (3/25 stents) in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001). The neointimal hyperplasia volume was significantly higher in the group treated with an oversized stent in comparison to the control group (5.9 ± 0.8 mm³/stent mm vs. 1.8 ± 0.7 mm³/stent mm, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The proposed experimental model of neointimal proliferation induction in swine is effective in inducing instent hyperplasia, and therefore it may be used for the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of in-stent restenosis as well as for therapeutic purposes, such as the evaluations of new drugs, new devices and new drug-eluting stents for the prevention and treatment of in-stent restenosis.