Solid Xenon Carrier Based on α-Cyclodextrin: Properties, Preparation, and Application.

The inert gas xenon (Xe) is increasingly used in medicine as a universal anesthetic, a regulator of cellular metabolism, and a broad-spectrum organoprotector. Commonly utilized Xe inhalation requires expensive equipment that is not universally available. Here we describe the production process and physical characteristics of a solid, highly stable xenon carrier based on α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), developed for oral administration. It was found, that the interaction of α-CD with Xe in an aqueous solution and elevated pressure leads to precipitation of the α-CD-Xe complex. We have discovered three new properties of the resulting complex that promote long-term storage and oral delivery of Xe. (i) At temperatures below 0 °C, the precipitated α-CD-Xe complex containing water is so stable that it allows the removal of water by vacuum freeze-drying (lyophilization). (ii). Lyophilized α-CD-Xe remains stable for months at room temperature. (iii) Upon contact with water, α-CD-Xe rapidly releases gaseous Xe. As revealed in the forced swim test, after oral administration of lyophilized α-CD-Xe to rats, the duration of swimming was significantly increased. The obtained data open up prospects for the development of drugs based on the lyophilized α-CD-Xe complex suitable for storage, transportation, and medical use, including outside the hospital.

Pharmacological torpor prolongs rat survival in lethal normobaric hypoxia.

Resistance to hypoxia is one of the most prominent features of natural hibernation and is expected to be present in the pharmacological torpor (PT) that simulates hibernation. We studied resistance to lethal hypoxia (3.5% oxygen content) in rats under PT. To initiate PT, we used the previously developed pharmacological composition (PC) which, after a single intravenous injection, can induce a daily decrease in Tb by 7 °C-8 °C at the environmental temperature of 22 °C-23 °C. Half-survival (median) time of rats in lethal hypoxia was found to increase from 5 ± 0.8 min in anesthetized control rats to 150 ± 12 min in rats injected with PC, which is a 30-fold increase. Behavioral tests after PT and hypoxia, including the traveling distance, the number of rearing and grooming episodes, revealed that animal responses are significantly restored within a week. It is assumed that the discovered unprecedented resistance of artificially torpid rats to lethal hypoxia may open up broad prospects for the therapeutic use of PT for preconditioning to various damaging factors, treatment of diseases, and extend the so-called "golden hour" for lifesaving interventions.

Long-term pharmacological torpor of rats with feedback-controlled drug administration.

The maintenance of pharmacological torpor and hypothermia (body temperature 28 °C - 33 °C) in rats for a week is presented. For this purpose, our laboratory has developed a device (BioFeedback-2) for the feed-back controlled multiple injections of small doses of a pharmacological composition that we created earlier. On the 7th day, the rat spontaneously come out of the pharmacological torpor, the body temperature returned to normal, and on the 8th day, the animal could consume food and water. The proposed approach for maintaining multi-day pharmacological torpor can be applied in medicine, as well as for protecting astronauts during long missions in space.

Comparison of natural and pharmacological hypothermia in animals: Determination of activation energy of metabolism.

The constancy of the activation energy of metabolism (E) for all living organisms is one of the most impressive, though controversial, statements of the modern metabolic theory of evolution. According to WBE-theory suggested by West, Brown, and Enquist, E should be in the range from -0.6 to -0.7 eV. However, there are many examples of significant deviations of E from the predictions of the theory. Now we have conducted a study of this value using rats in different types of pharmacological hypothermia: 1. Short-term (for several hours) hypothermia induced by anesthetic xylazine; 2. Daily torpor-like state induced by the pharmacological composition developed in our previous study. It has been found that in pharmacological daily hypothermia E = -0.56 ± 0.03 eV, which was close to that in daily heterotherms found in literature, E = -0.57 ± 0.04 eV. In short-term hypothermia E was substantially lower, E = -0.17 ± 0.071 eV. Our analysis revealed that in short-term hypothermia, changes in body temperature may lag behind changes in metabolic rate for a period Δt, affecting E. We propose an approach for estimating Δt and obtaining an adjusted E = -0.68 ± 0.17 eV, which corresponds to theoretical predictions. We assume that a similar consideration of Δt should be done when calculating E of daily heterotherms. We assume that in ectotherms, when the ambient temperature changes rapidly, changes in metabolic rate may lag behind changes in body temperature for a period (-) Δt, that should also be considered in E calculations. The proposed approach may contribute to the further development of the metabolic theory of evolution and may be useful in comparing artificial and natural hypothermia, as well as in studying the energy transformations in ecosystems.

A pharmacological composition for induction of a reversible torpor-like state and hypothermia in rats.

AIMS: To initiate a state of artificial torpor we suggested a pharmacological multi-targeting strategy for simulation of the physiological pattern of natural hibernation including a significant reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and oxygen consumption as well as a decline in brain activity known as torpor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have developed a composition which initiates a pharmacologically induced torpor-like state (PITS-composition), made up of eight therapeutic agents, inert gas xenon and lipid emulsion served as a drug vehicle. KEY FINDINGS: After a single intravenous injection to rats, PITS-composition causes a rapid decline in heart rate followed by a steady decrease in body temperature from about 38.5 °C to 31.5 °C, at ambient temperature of 22 °C-23 °C. The hypothermic state may continue on average for 16-17 h with the subsequent spontaneous return of heart rate and body temperature to the initial values. In the open field test at torpor the motility, rearing and grooming were suppressed but 4-8 days later they were restored. SIGNIFICANCE: Suspended animation states, including natural hibernation or pharmacologically induced synthetic torpor are of special attention of medicine, since it may improve survival rate after cardiac arrest, brain hemorrhage and ischemia, and during long-term space traveling. The suggested here multi-targeting strategy made possible to develop the pharmacological composition able, after a single intravenous injection, to initiate long, stable and reversible hypothermia and torpor at room temperature. After the torpor, animals were able to spontaneously restore both physiological parameters, and behavioral reactions.