[Effectiveness of physical rehabilitation methods based on the impact of eccentric load in upper limb injuries]. / Effektivnost' fizicheskikh metodov reabilitatsii, osnovannykh na vozdeistvii ekstsentricheskikh nagruzok, pri travmakh verkhnikh konechnostei.

The rehabilitation of patients after upper limb injuries is becoming increasingly relevant in current medical practice considering that this pathology is often occurred in professional athletes, elderly people, people with active lifestyle. OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of isolated therapeutic exercises (TE) with eccentric muscle loads when using rubber cable compared to traditional TE to restore functional capabilities of patients after upper limb injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 38 patients with upper limb injuries diagnosed by orthopedic surgeon. Patients were randomly enrolled into group of isolated TE with eccentric muscle loads (group A, 20 patients, mean age 40.2±10.8 years) and group of traditional exercises (group B, 18 patients, mean age 38.6±12.3 years). The study consisted of anamnesis taking, clinical examination, functional tests applying (isometric dynamometry, joint mobility tests, functional scales and questionnaires). The rehabilitation effectiveness was assessed by comparing the indicators before and after treatment course. RESULTS: There has been a significant improvement in muscle strength, movement amplitude and decrease of pain syndrome in patients rehabilitated by eccentric muscle loads. A comparison with a control group using traditional TE methods confirmed the superiority of eccentric exercises in reducing recovery time and improving functional performance. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the high effectiveness of eccentric muscular loads in the rehabilitation of patients after upper limb injuries. The method has shown significant improvement in clinical and functional indices, which allows to recommend it for inclusion in standard rehabilitation protocols. Further researches may extend application of this approach and reveal the TE effectiveness in other types of traumas and orthopedic injuries.

[NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: DIAGNOSTIC, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT. GUIDELINES WERE APPROVED BY THE XV GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF RUSSIA IN 2015].

According to the World Health Organization, it is recorded steady growth of the number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), in recent years. As an independent nosological entity, NAFLD is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, associated with abdominal-visceral obesity, peripheral insulin resistance (IR), and is regarded as the hepatic component of Metabolic syndrome (MS). Nowadays there are no generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, gen- eral practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. This was the essential reason in their development. The main reason of The guidelines development is the absence of generally accepted national standards for diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists in Russia. These guidelines are based on the global and local data of treatment experience of NAFLD, recently published in reviews, analytical studies in the literature. Guidelines are intended for physicians, general practitioners, gastroenterologists and contain the description of the preferred approaches to the provision of diagnostic, curative and preventive care of patients NAFLD. The quality of recommendations was grading according to the GRADE approach.

[The influenza viruses and their surface proteins impact on the metabolism of human blood vessel endothelium cells].

The modern influenza virus subtypes H3N2, H5N1, and H1N1 reduced the metabolism of the endothelial cells within the range from 20% to 60% (compared with control). The degree of the activity of the dehydrogenase reduction depended on the dose of virus and time of virus reproduction. HA and NA also actively reduced the metabolism of the cells ranging from 5% to 60%, depending on the concentration of the proteins and time of their impact on cells. Neuraminidase was more active than hemagglutinin in the MTT test (at concentration 50 microg protein/ml).

[Ability of the influenza viruses and their envelope proteins to stimulates endothelial cells apoptosis in vitro].

The ability of the modern epidemic strains of influenza virus type A (subtypes H5N1, H3N2, H1N1pdm) and their surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase to cause the activation of the cellular protein caspase-3 and stimulate the emergence of phosphatidylserine on the membrane of human endothelial cell line EAhy926 has been studied. It was questioned how the viruses and their surface proteins that were studied cause the activation of caspase-3 after 0.5 h of exposure that recorded immunogistotsitohimicheski. The test viruses and neuraminidase (concentration 10 µg/ml) led to the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the cell membrane in a time interval of 2-8 h from the beginning of the treatment, which was recorded by flow cytometry. The death of endothelial cells when exposed to the HA (in a concentration of 50 µg/ml) and in the same time frame was not accompanied by the appearance of phosphatidylserine. The specific feature of apoptotic cell death during the reproduction of the virus are described, as well as the effects of viral proteins.

[Effect of the increasing levels of soil radioactive pollution on the biochemical composition of plants].

The study was undertaken to study a relationship between the changes of some parameters of the biochemical and mineral composition of different plants, such as rape, pods, and lentil, and the levels of soil radiation pollution, by using the conventional methods. Radioactive pollution of dark-grey forest soils was found to cause a change in the biochemical composition of plant seeds even at the level of cesium 137 (137Cs) within the present temporary permissible levels (TPL) (600 Bq/kg): there were elevated concentrations of salts of potassium, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, catechols, sucrose, and some amino acids. With the radioactive cesium level exceeding the TPL, biochemical changes in the seeds depended on the species of the plants: in the rape seeds, the additional formation of sucrose and amino acids continued, but less intensively than with its lower radiation; the pod beans were significantly positively correlated with the increasing amounts of catechols.

[Effect of cholesterol on the functional activity of proteins responsible for the resistance of human lymphocytes to xenobiotics].

The influence of agents modifying cholesterol in plasma membranes on the functional activity of transporter proteins (P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1)) in human lymphocytes has been studied. It was shown that changes in lateral distribution of cholesterol using the polyene antibiotic filipin, which disturb the structure and function of glycolipid microdomains in plasma membranes of lymphocytes lead to a decrease in the transport activity of both P-gp and MRP1. It was found that the treatment of human lymphocytes with the cyclic oligosaccharide methyl-beta-cyclodextrine, which leads to cholesterol depletion and reduction of lipid bilayer microviscosity in membranes of these cells, also decreases the functional activity of these proteins. It was concluded that the transport activity of P-gp and MRP1 depends on the modification of cholesterol in the membranes of human lymphocytes, i.e., is closely associated with the level of cholesterol and its lateral distribution.

[T-and B-cell immune response of lymph nodes and immunosuppression correlating with metastatic spread of stomach cancer].

A correlation was established in 708 stomach cancer patients between number of involved lymph nodes, on the one hand, and T- and B-cell immune response and morphological tumor pattern, on the other. That in turn significantly correlated with T-cell immune response and tumor localization. However, B-cell immune response and tumor size showed an inverse and less pronounced correlation with number of involved lymph nodes. Immunosuppression and metastatic spread are inter-connected; both quickly develop in succession in a node nearest to tumor and then continue invade. Immunosuppression is induced by tumor cytokines and innate regulatory T-cells which can either suppress or stimulate immune response, irrespective of tumor size.

[Multivariate analysis of significance of prognostic factors of immunological response and stomach tumor growth].

Significance of prognostic factors of immunological response, tumor growth and age was investigated in 708 patients with stomach cancer. Such factors as T-cell immunological response, functional status of lymph nodes and localization on either the greater or lesser curvature of the stomach were identified as the most significant while T-cell immunological response, tumor size and number of involved lymph nodes appeared less significant but more harmful as far as survival was concerned. No significant correlation between pattern of growth, depth of invasion, age and local immunological response, on the one hand, and survival, on the other, was established.

Lead-induced changes in human erythrocytes and lymphocytes.

In the present work we studied, by chemiluminescence measurements, the influence of lead on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in haemolysates obtained from human erythrocytes incubated in the presence of different concentrations of lead acetate. Moreover, we evaluated the modification of proteins and lipids in human erythrocyte and lymphocyte membranes by using the fluorescence probes N-(1-pyrene)maleimide (PM), laurdan and pyrene. No significant changes in chemiluminescence were detected for erythrocytes incubated with 1-10 microM lead acetate for 3 h at 37 degrees C. By increasing the lead acetate concentration in cell suspensions up to 50 microM for the same incubation time, the percentage of chemiluminescence inhibition was ca. 20%. It was shown that, after incorporating fluorescence probes in the membrane lipid bilayer of erythrocytes and lymphocytes treated with 10 and/or 50 microM lead acetate, the total fluorescence intensity and the excimer to monomer intensity ratio of PM decreased and the generalized fluorescence polarization of laurdan decreased by 10-15%. The pyrene excimerization coefficient (kappa(ex)) increased by 20% (in comparison with a magnitude of kappa(ex) for white membranes isolated from intact erythrocytes) with 6-10 microM lead acetate for 3 h at 37 degrees C. The data obtained suggest that the effect of low concentrations of lead acetate does not cause production of ROS in erythrocytes in vitro, but can change the physicochemical state of proteins and lipids in erythrocyte and lymphocyte membranes. This effect is important because it influences the enzymatic activity and the functionality of receptors and channels present at the plasma membrane level, thus modulating the molecular composition of the intracellular space and cell functions.

[Damage to erythrocyte membranes induced by high-intensity ultrasound]. / Povrezhdenie membran éritrotsitov pri ul'trazvukovom vozdeistvii vysokoi intensivnosti.

The effect of high-intensity ultrasound (11.2-54.2 W/cm2, frequency 36 kHz) on the structural and functional state of erythrocytes was investigated. It was shown that, at short-term action of the ultrasound (up to 1 min), the dose-dependent hemolysis of erythrocytes occurs. It was found that the exposure to ultrasound of high intensity (54.2 W/cm2) leads to the disruption of the structural state of erythrocyte membranes, which manifests itself in a change of microviscosity of the lipid bilayer of membranes and inhibition of the activity of the lipid-dependent membrane-bound enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

[Changes in lipid asymmetry and transport of glutathione conjugates under the influence of calcium ions in human erythrocytes]. / Izmenenie asimmetrii lipidov i transporta kon''iugatov glutationa v éritrotsitakh cheloveka pod vliianiem ionov kal'tsiia.

The influence of calcium ions on the distribution of the fluorescent analog of phosphatidylcholine 2-(6-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoyl-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C6-NBD-PC) in membranes and transport of glutathione-S-conjugates in human erythrocytes was studied. It was supposed that both processes were performed by the multidrug resistance protein. It was found that the increase in intracellular calcium concentration tended to both the redistribution of about 35% of C6-NBD-PC in the inner layer of the membrane and a decrease in the exit of glutathione-S-conjugates from erythrocytes. In both cases, the intracellular calcium concentration varied in the physiological (nanomolar) range. The results testify that Ca2+ participates in the regulation of the activity of the multidrug resistance protein.

Activity of membrane-bound NADH-methemoglobin reductase and physical state of lipids in erythrocyte membranes.

The activity of membrane-bound NADH-methemoglobin reductase in erythrocytes and the physical state of lipids in erythrocyte membranes under oxidative stress in cells were studied. A decrease of the activity of membrane-bound NADH-methemoglobin reductase and a change of physical state of the lipid bilayer of membranes under oxidative stress were found in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro.

[Effect of diamide on protein oxidation and physico-chemical properties of lipids in erythrocyte membranes]. / Okislitel'naia modifikatsiia belkov i fiziko-khimicheskoe sostoianie lipidov v membranakh éritrotsitov pri deistvii diamina.

The effect of diamide on the physicochemical state of proteins and lipids of human erythrocyte membrane was studied. It was found that diamide at a concentration of 1 mM decreases the content of the SH-groups of membrane proteins by approximately 50%, resulting in enhanced vesiculation of erythrocytes upon metabolic exhaustion of cells. It was shown using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled concanavalin A and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonate that diamide changes the structural state of the main integral protein of erythrocyte membranes, the band 3 protein. Changes in the microviscosity of the membrane lipid bilayer depending on diamide concentration were determined from the changes in the fluorescence parameters of the lipophilic probes (pyrene and 1,6-diphenyl-3,5-hexatriene). The level of lipid peroxidation products in membranes remained unchanged. It follows from these data that the SH-oxidizing agent diamide does not directly interact with the lipid bilayer of membrane and produces changes in the physicochemical state of lipids presumably by disrupting protein-lipid interactions that take place upon oxidation of the SH-groups and cross-linking of membrane proteins.

[Effect of reduced and oxidized glutathione on physico-chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes]. / Vliianie vosstanovlennogo i okislennogo glutationa na fiziko-khimicheskoe sostoianie membran éritrotsitov.

The parameters describing the structural and functional state of membranes depending on the level of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes were studied. It was shown, that the decrease in the concentration of reduced intracellular glutathione in erythrocytes upon metabolic depletion (prolonged incubation of cells at 37 degrees C in the absence of glucose) or a rapid irreversible depletion of glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene enhances lipid peroxidation processes in membranes, inhibits the membrane-bound NAD.H methemoglobin reductase activity and decreases the intensity of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrien fluorescence. The data obtained suggest that the depletion of reduced intracellular glutathione causes changes in the physicochemical state of the erythrocyte membrane: the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, changes in the physical state of lipid bilayer and the inhibition of membrane-bound NAD.H-methemoglobin reductase activity.

[Structural modification of erythrocyte membranes during oxidative stress and activity of membrane bound NADH-methemoglobin reductase]. / Strukturnaia modifikatsiia membran éritrotsitov pri okislitel'nom stresse i aktivnost' membranosviazannoi NADH-methemoglobinreduktazy.

The activity of NADH-methemoglobin reductase (metHb-reductase) in membranes isolated from human erythrocytes treated with phenylhydrazine at its sublytic concentration was studied. A decrease in the activity of membrane-bound metHb-reductase was shown to depend on the concentration of phenylhydrazine. Simultaneously, an increase in the level of membrane-bound methemoglobin and a change in the fluorescence parameters of membrane-bound 4,4'-diisothiocy-anatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid were registered. In the case when Hb-free erythrocyte ghosts were treated with 0.2-2.0 mM phenylhydrazine, the activity of metHb-reductase did not change. The obtained results indicate that the inhibition of the activity of membrane-bound metHb-reductase by phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative stress in human erythrocytes is not caused by the direct action of the oxidant on the enzyme. The reason for this is the interaction of the products of hemoglobin oxidation with erythrocyte membrane (protein band 3) and structural changes in membrane proteins.

[Oxidation of membrane proteins and modification of erythrocyte surface characteristics]. / Okislenie membrannykh belkov i izmenenie poverkhnostnykh svoistv éritrotsitov.

It is shown that the oxidation of membrane protein SH-groups of human erythrocytes by diamide leads to the intensification of vesiculation and the formation on the cell surface of "senescent antigens". These processes were studied during prolonged incubation of erythrocytes at 37 degrees C in the absence of glucose. It was found that the formation of vesicules in ATP-depleted cells correlated with the appearance of "senescent antigens" (r = 0.9, p < 0.01). The oxidation of protein SH-groups takes place at the early stages of vesiculation and strengthening of autologous immunoglobulin binding, indicating that the oxidation of the other groups of membrane proteins plays the leading role in the modification of surface properties.

[Heterogeneity of pores formed in erythrocyte membrane by lipophilic hemolysins]. / Geterogennost' por, obrazuemykh v membrane éritrotsitov lipofil'nymi gemolitikami.

Concentration dependences of the rate of hemolysis are studied for ascorbic acid, sodium dodecylsulfate, triton X-100, ethyl and butyl alcohols. The double logarithmic plot of this dependence for ascorbic acid presents the straight line with the slope (n) of 2, meaning that two hemolytic molecules are necessary for the formation of one pore in the membrane. Other hemolysins are characterized by the curves with n changing from 2 to 24 as hemolysin concentration increases. The nonlinearity of plots found is considered as a consequence of the heterogeneity of pores, which are formed in the membrane bilayer as hemolysin concentration increases.

[The genomic variability of adenovirus serotype 3]. / Genomnaia izmenchivost' adenovirusa serotipa 3.

Genetic heterogeneity and evolutionary relationships among selected strains of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) isolated in the former USSR (1976-1988) were examined using the restriction endonuclease Cfr131 with a 4-base recognition cleavage site. The population of adenovirus type 3 showed significant genetic instability. Evolution of genomic variants of Ad3 was found to have regional localization associated with definite periods of adenovirus circulation.

[Dependence of human erythrocyte methemoglobin reductase on temperature]. / Zavisimost' aktivnost' metgemoglobinreduktazy éritrotsitov cheloveka ot temperatury.

The effect of temperature on the activities of cytoplasmic and membrane-bound fractions of NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase on the total activity of methemoglobin reductase in intact human erythrocytes was studied within the temperature range of 20-50 degrees C. The above three activities showed a break in the Arrhenius plots at 42 degrees C which was attributed to irreversible inactivation of the enzymes. Thermal inactivation of methemoglobin reductase in erythrocytes was found to increase the methemoglobin content concomitantly with a decrease in the osmotic stability and activation of spontaneous cell hemolysis.