[Hygienic principles of the design of the space and architectural environment of kindergartens].

In the article there are considered current requirements for the design of the architectural environment of preschool institutions. These requirements provide conditions ofpreservation and promotion of health ofpreschool children. Among them are: the association of rooms according to a functional purpose; division of children collectives according to the age; rational placement of main rooms for the prevention ofpenetration of noise and pollution; ensuring convenientfunctional connections between different premises and group rooms and the parcel ofpreschool institutions; optimal solution of the light mode; rational air and thermal mode. There are made proposals for the expansion of the list of hygienic principles of the design of buildings of kindergartens: provision of conditions for realization of physical activity of children, the safe use of electronic educational equipment, and the creation of the barrier-free environment. There was established the insufficiency of areas of group rooms for the realization of voluntary motor activity of children in modern kindergartens and the need of the revision of the standard of the area of the group room per one child.

[HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF STUDIES OF PRESCHOOLERS WITH THE USE OF PC TABLETS].

In the article there are presented the results ofphysiological and hygienic evaluation of studies in kindergarten with the use of educational games on an electronic PC tablet. The study involved 44 foster-children. In one of the groups children in the classroom used the interactive game software on electronic PC tablets "Samsung", the same time while working with the PC tablet did not exceed 10 minutes, in the other--the classes were held traditionally. There were investigated the state of health, psychosomatic and psycho-emotional state of children, determined their functional readiness for systematic training in school, mental performance, the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) by simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and reactions to a moving object (RDO). Developing ofgame sessions with the use of electronic PC tablets for 10 minutes were established to contribute to the activation of the central nervous system and increase in children resistance to the development of fatigue.

[Psychophysiological state of children in conditions of informatization of their life activity and intensification of education].

The transition to a new stage of the development - the information society is an objective reality and has an influence on all areas of the activity of the society, including the establishment of a child as an object of the hygienic research. In conditions of the general informatization of the society, the appearance of so-called "clip thinking," explains the maladjustment of educational technologies to mechanisms of children ' and teenagers 'perception and is confirmed by the growth of the school pathology and the gain in the morbidity rate. In the investigation on the example of the educational institutions of Irkutsk it was executed the evaluation of the impact of the intensification of informatization of education and personal development. For the investigation there were formed 2 groups ofpreschools with different levels of informatization in the same preschool institution of the central district of the city of Irkutsk but in different periods of time. In total there were observed 211 children aged of 5.5 to 6.5 years. For the study the influence of the intensification (and informatization of training there were formed 2 groups of small schoolchildren with different levels of intensification (and informatization) of education. The total number of cases accountedfor 465 children aged of 7-9 years. There were suggested methodical approaches to the estimation of the health status of the children, with taking into account the inevitable influence offactors of informatization and the intensification of education. The performed investigations have allowed to reveal the following tendencies in the shaping of the psychophysical state of health and development of children: an increase of level of informatization of education and personal and accomplishment; intensification of learning working; reduction of the attention level; imagination and visual divergence; capability to the linear differentiation and construction of inferences; fear to fail to meet the expectations of surrounding people and low resistance to stress; the increase speed of data processing along with fall in quality; the gain in hyperactivity.

[Hygienic assessment of the overwroughtness of educational activity in schoolchildren of 5-10 classes of secondary schools].

The state of health in children and adolescents during the time of education in secondary schools is getting worse: the prevalence rate of functional disorders and chronic diseases is increasing. There was executed the assessment of the overwroughtness of the training-education process in secondary school institutions. The prior characteristics of the educational activity are: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads; their monotony and mode of educational activity, school work intensity. The system of indices of the overwroughtness of the education labour was formed with account ofpsycho-physiological characteristics of children's organism. There was performed the research of the overwroughtness of educational activity in 820 schoolchildren. The overwroughtness of the educational process was evaluated on the basis of chronometry research, questionnaire survey of teachers and parents, and with taking into account the organization of educational process. In questionnaire survey there were involved 52 teachers and 389 parents. The assessment of overwroughtness factors of the educational activity was carried out in 5-10th classes for academic disciplines: Russian Language, Literature, Mathematics, History, Geography, Foreign Languages. It was found that the characteristics of "mental load" in schoolchildren are established to be the one of the main limiting factors that allow to refer training activities to "overwroughted of first degree" (3.1 class). Sensory loads on the studied academic subjects are rated as the second class of overwroughtness and are "permissible." The monotony of loads was revealed to correspond to 1st and 2nd class of overwroughtness and is therefore an optimal or acceptable. Training activities in the traditional educational institution corresponds to the 2nd class of overwroughtness - "permissible." The arduousness of the educational process in an innovative school is rated as the third class of the first degree ofthe overwroughtness (3.1). According to results of the study of the arduousness of the educational labor the study of mathematics in grades 5-9 on indices of the mental load was noted to correspond to the 1st degree of arduous activity (3.1 class). The acceptable level of the arduousness of the training and educational labour in nearly all classes was established in the Russian language, Literature, History and Geography, Foreign language. High school students are established to be exposed to effects of emotional load more than mid-level students. There are developed proposals on the optimization of the learning process, allowing to reduce the level of intellectual, sensory, emotional load.

[Hygienic Assesment of Educational Texts: Methodical Approaches and Evaluation of Difficulties for Children of Secondary Textbooks].

BACKGROUND: The understandability and readability of the text are significant indicators of evaluation of textbooks. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study - rationale of improving the readability and understandability of textbooks. METHODS: 60 modern textbooks for 5-11th classes on History, Physics, Biology and 23 textbooks of 1960-1980's edition. Flesch index was used to assess the readability, Fogh index - to evaluate understandability. RESULTS: The readability and understandability of texts in textbooks of 1960-1980's and modern editions have no differences and show the same complexity of old and modern textbooks for students. The indicator of understandability of textbooks for primary classes corresponds to age norm and is 4.4±0.2 points. The indicator of readability for these books is less age norm and is 53.8±2.9 points, which increases the physiological cost of educational activities of children of primary school age. Children's readability and understandability of school textbooks are a significant factor of intensity of training activities and can be objectively assessed by Flesch and Fogh indices, that it is appropriate for an objective hygienic assessment of the tension of the educational activities for children. CONCLUSION: The main direction of optimization of the tension of educational activity is to reduce the intellectual and emotional loads in children by increasing the easiness of reading textbooks due to their compliance with the age peculiarities of students.

[The organization of the preventive work in educational institutions: problems and solutions].

Prevention measures are relevant for children and adolescents as among them there is the high prevalence of leading risk factors for chronic diseases. For the improvement of the preventive work it is necessary the introduction of amendments into the legislative documents and orders of the Ministry of Health, governing health care for children and adolescents in educational organizations. The consistent methodology for primary health care must be provided with the appropriate protocols. It is necessary to perform the systematic work on the reduction of the prevalence of risk factors for children's health and a healthy lifestyle. The number of doctors and nurses in the preschool and educational institutions is insufficient, and in organizations of primary and secondary vocational education is disastrous. Medical personnel departments of medical assistance to students due to the excessive load is not capable to fufill all of their functional responsibilities. Due to the low wages there is a constant reduction of health workers in schools and kindergartens. In the paper there are proposed measures aimed at improving the quality of preventive work in educational organizations.

[HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATIZATION OF EDUCATION AND UP-BRINGING].

During the last decade the quality of children's health declined, the level of children's aggression and aggressiveness increased. The consistent trend to increasing the quantity of children with the signs of motor disinhibition in different forms and manifestations was noted. In a study on the example of educational institutions of Irkutsk there was made an assessment of the impact of the intensification and informatization of education and up-bringing with the use of the index of the level of informatization. In preschool children over the information period mental performance was found to be characterized by an increase in the speed and decline in the quality of information processing, there are dominated increased aggressive background and unmotivated fears "out home", there are reduced values of endurance ratio of the cardiovascular system, higher levels of morbidity rate were noted. There was proposed a hygienic assessment of informatization of education and up-bringing with the use of the index of the level of informatization.

[SCHOOL AS A TERRITORIAL CENTER FOR HEALTH PROTECTION IN THE FAR NORTH].

The problem of preservation of the health in children and adolescents in the process of education is extremely acute and continues to become more actual, especially in the regions of Far North and equivalent to them areas. In order to implement the effective health-protecting activity in the Komi Republic a complex model for the school activity as Regional Centre of health protection was developed and tested in four pilot areas. Within four years of the implementation there were performed studies on the assessment of the effectiveness of the work of schools in conditions of the model. In the article there are presented some results of the performed investigations.

[Hygienic assessment of the use of readers in elementary school].

A comparative study of the reading process and the efficacy of memory acquisition when using the reader and the paper carrier was performed in 16 3rd class pupils. Process indices show a preference for reading from the reader screen if compared to a sheet of paper. In this the gradient of the gain in mistakes is more pronounced while reading from the reader screen, that indicates to the stumbling block of the task and the psychophysiological cost of process of reading from the reader. Evaluation of the results on the efficacy of the memory function showed significant difficulty of memory acquisition when working with reader.

[Modern trends of preventive work in educational institutions].

In the national strategic documents of the Russian Federation's leading destination for health development in the coming years is preventive. In this connection it seems to be necessary to study the causes of the impairment of the formation of morphological and functional indices in today's schoolchildren, the establishment of controlled factors in educational institutions and the substantiation of the system of preventive measures for children and adolescents. The performed study of the physical development of Moscow schoolchildren revealed the discoordination of the morphofunctional development. Besides that there were revealed factor-forming morphofunctional state in children and adolescents. The results of performed studies allowed us to formulate preventive recommendations aimed at optimization of the morphofunctional state of the organism of schoolchildren.

[New methodological approach to hygienic audit of learning and upbringing environment for children in educational institutions].

A methodical approach to the hygienic assessment of the educational environment in children's educational institutions was developed and tested for the objective determination of the level ofsanitary and epidemiological welfare and effective planning of preventive measures with bearing in mind environmental factors which have the most negative impact on children's health.

[Hygienic aspects of the use of LED light sources for general illumination in schools].

For the time present becoming more common semiconductor sources of artificial lighting has become a more and more frequent practice. With the aim to study the impact of LEDs on the health of schoolchildren studies in experimental conditions (specially equipped classrooms) were performed. The comparative analysis of the state of vision, mental health and emotional state of pupils in primary, middle and high schools under fluorescent and LED lighting, meeting to the regulatory requirements, has revealed that the physiological cost of schooling in the use of LED units in classrooms is lower than in a traditional, fluorescent lighting.

[Hygienic evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on the functional indices of schoolchildren].

Muscle strength of the hands (carpal dynamometry)--is an integral indicator of the functional state of the nervous and muscular systems of the child, as well as the index of fitness and stamina. The drop in functional indices of children has been noted by many researchers from different regions of Russia. In this study, an analysis of endogenous and exogenous factors in children and adolescents with different muscle strength has been performed. The level of the biological development, especially in adolescence, was found to have a significant impact on the muscle strength. The reduction in muscle strength in pupils is due to exogenous factors, such as low physical activity, high study loads.

[Physiological and hygienic assessment of perception of the information from electronic device for reading (reader)].

A comparison of the legibility of the three different media: paper personal computer (LCD) and the e-reader in schoolchildren (12-14 years of age) was performed. Comprehensive assessment of the reading performance (speed of reading aloud, the number of errors in reading, and integral indicator of the degree of difficulty of visual task), its physiological value (according to data of EEG, EOG and ECG), and subjective preference of type of media by the schoolchildren showed that by the sum of signs e-reader occupies an intermediate position between printed text and the computer screen. The effect of increased emotional intensity of using e-reader (increased motivation), which is manifested in the preservation of the sympathetic nervous system activation after the reading, was obtained. The necessity of additional research has been shown.

[Healthcare of children and adolescents in national strategy for action for children for 2012-2017].

The National Strategy defines the main directions and objectives of public policy in the interests of children and the key mechanisms for its implementation. The strategy is based on the universally recognized principles and norms of international law. Implementation of the National Strategy will be realized in the following areas: Family Child Welfare Policy, availability to quality education and training, cultural development, and information security of children, child-friendly health care, and healthy lifestyle; equal opportunities for children in need of special care of the State, the creation of protection and safeguarding the rights and interests of children and child-friendly justice, and children - members of the realization of National Strategy. School health care is intended to be actively involved in two directions: availability to quality education and training, cultural development, and information security of children, health care, child-friendly and healthy lifestyle. The main tasks in the part of hygiene and children's health are: state support for the construction of new preschool educational institutions and the development of all forms of safe preschool education, including non-state sector, providing for every upperclassman safe choice of training profile corresponding to his inclinations and life plans, as well as the functional possibilities and health state; providing quality psychological, correctional and pedagogical aid to children in educational institutions; renewal of forms and methods of control of child neglect, drug addiction, alcoholism, crime, prostitution; the development of effective mechanisms in prevention of deviant behavior in childhood; the creation and implementation of training programs for children and adolescents on rules of safety behavior in the World Wide Web, prevention of Internet addiction; the introduction of the system for monitoring of the educational environment; the creation of portals and sites accumulating the information about best resources for children and parents. Creation child-friendly health care is provided by: improvement of the regulatory and legal framework in the area of the healthcare of children, the development of technologies for complex diagnosis and early medical and social care for children with deviations in development and health, development of adolescent medicine, creation of the Youth Counselling Centres, centers for reproductive health care for adolescents and centers for medical and social care for adolescents; implementation of educational work on the prevention of early pregnancies and abortions in minors; support for successfully realized projects for creation friendly to children and young people clinics in the regions; restoring medical offices in educational institutions, the encouragement of responsibility of health staff in medical institutions in delivery of health care to children, available developed network of institutions, including telephone emergency services, counseling online, providing help to children and adolescents to will protect children in hardship. Availability of physical culture and sports, tourism infrastructure for all children with bearing in mind their individual needs, increasing the proportion of children and adolescents regularly engaged in physical culture and sport, will meet natural biological move requirements of children.

[Fundamentals of socio-hygienic monitoring of environmental conditions for students of higher education schools].

Socioeconomic transformations and the poor environment of an industrial megalopolis negatively affected quality of life and morbidity rates in students (n = 2160). Academic intensity contributed to an increase in overall morbidity and morbidity from nervous system involvement. The regional sociohygienic monitoring of high-school training conditions within the framework of the surveillance system substantiates programs to prevent worse health and life quality in high school students.

[The main mechanisms of morphofunctional development of children and adolescents in modern conditions].

In modern social economic and ecologo-hygienic conditions of big cities all age groups of children and adolescents aged 8-15 years present a significant decrease of functional indicators (muscle force of the right hand) in comparison with their peers of 60s and 80s of the XX century. The similar findings occur in other regions and age groups. The analysis of the reasons of this phenomenon is one of key problems for researches.

[Scientific-and-methodic bases of adolescents' health protection and promotion in Russia].

The problems that have a considerable impact on health in population groups of all ages but on that of adolescents in particular, have been formed during the complex and unstable situation in Russia and with high morbidity rates among the children, adolescents, and young people. Power bodies, concerned ministries, agencies, and nongovernmental organizations show no consistency of actions in elaborating and implementing programs and measures to prevent and correct adolescents' health and developmental disorders. The foregoing suggests that the "dolescents' Health and Development in Russia" strategy that considers Russian and international experience with the rising generation's health care is urgent. The paper presents basic principles, study areas, and indicators of the expected efficiency of the complex activities of ministries, agencies, governmental and public organizations, medical and pedagogical communities for ensuring normal development and health promotion for the adolescents.

[Medico-prophylactic foundations of the safety of information and communication technologies used in educational institutions].

The problems pertaining to the safety of information and communication technologies used in the spheres of education and leisure activities of children and adolescents are discussed. The relevant risk factors are identified. Results of physiological and hygienic studies for substantiating regulations of continuous work with a personal computer are presented taking into account the children's age and hygienic requirements to electronic teaching aids.