The efficacy of limited endoscopic sphincterotomy plus endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation for removal of large bile duct stones.

BACKGROUND: The removal of large bile duct stones (> 15 mm) by conventional endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) can be challenging, requiring mechanical lithotripsy (ML) in addition to EST or EPBD. The primary complication of ML is basket and stone impaction, which can lead to complications such as pancreatitis and cholangitis. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of limited EST plus endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EST-EPLBD) for large bile duct stone extraction with an extent of cutting < 1/2 the length of the papillary mound. METHODS: We enrolled 185 patients with ≥15 mm bile duct stones who received EST, EPLBD and limited EST-EPLBD treatment from January 1, 2010 to February 28, 2018, at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Kaohsiung, Taiwan). All patients were categorized into three groups: EST group (n = 31), EPLBD group (n = 96), and limited EST-EPLBD group (n = 58). The primary outcome variables were the success rate of complete stone removal and complications. RESULTS: The limited EST-EPLBD group exhibited a higher success rate of the first-session treatment compared with the EST and EPLBD groups (98.3% vs. 83.9% vs. 86.5%; P = 0.032) but required a longer procedure time (32 (12-61) min vs. 23.5 (17-68) min vs. 25.0 (14-60) min; P = 0.001). The need for ML during the procedure was 4 (12.9%) in the EST group, 10 (10.4%) in the EPLBD group and 2 (3.4%) in the limited EST-EPLBD group. Post-procedure bleeding in the EST group was more common than that in the limited EST-EPLBD group (9.7% vs. 0%; P = 0.038). Furthermore, dilated bile duct was the only risk factor for bile duct stone recurrence in the limited EST-EPLBD group. CONCLUSIONS: Limited EST-EPLBD exhibits a higher success rate but requires marginally longer procedure time for the first-session treatment. Furthermore, dilated bile duct is the only risk factor for bile duct stone recurrence in patients undergoing limited EST-EPLBD.

A comparison between non-sedation and general endotracheal anesthesia for retrograde endoscopic common bile duct stone removal: A tertiary center experience.

BACKGROUND: Conscious sedation is not routinely administered for therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in many countries. The aim of our retrospective study was to compare the safety and rate of success and complications during common bile duct (CBD) stone extraction using ERCPs performed with no-sedation (NS) or under general endotracheal anesthesia (GET). METHODS: The medical records of all patients who underwent ERCP for biliary stone extraction between January 2010 and September 2013 were reviewed, and patients classified to the NS and GET groups. The primary outcomes were the rate of success of complete stone removal and rate of complications, including post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), perforation, bleeding, pneumonia, and mortality within 30 days post-ERCP. Operative time was recorded for analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 630 patients underwent ERCP, 402 with NS and 105 with GET. Among the 402 patients in the NS group, 37 (9.2%) could not complete the procedure due to an inability to tolerate the procedure. The success rate of complete stone extraction was higher among patients in the GET group than the NS group (94.3% versus 75.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). The rate of contrast injection into the pancreatic duct was higher for the NS than GET group (24.9% versus 15.2%, respectively; p = 0.008). Although non-significant, there was a higher incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in the NS than in the GET group (10.4% versus 5.7%, respectively; p = 0.105), while the incidence of pneumonia was higher for the GET group. Biliary pancreatitis, contrast injection into the pancreatic duct and an operation time ≥30 min were independent risks factors for PEP. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP under GET is effective for CBD stone removal, but with slightly higher pneumonia rate after the procedure than non-sedated ERCP.

Limited precut sphincterotomy combined with endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for common bile duct stone removal in patients with difficult biliary cannulation.

BACKGROUND: Difficult biliary cannulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can result in failure of common bile duct (CBD) stone removal and pancreatitis. The present study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of limited precut sphincterotomy (PS) combined with endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) for CBD stone removal in patients with difficult biliary cannulation, and the complications associated with this combined procedure. METHODS: A total of 3305 patients underwent ERCP in our hospital between October 2009 and September 2014 and 258 were diagnosed with difficult biliary cannulation. Of these 258 patients, 58 underwent limited PS combined with EPBD for CBD stone removal, and these 58 patients were included in this retrospective study. RESULTS: The overall success rate was 94.8 % (55/58), and the success rate for single-session removal was 87.9 % (51/58). The mean procedure time was 41 ± 11.48 min (range, 20-72 min). Mechanical lithotripsy was needed in 10.3 % (6/58) of patients. Procedure-related complications included bleeding in 3.4 % (2/58), pancreatitis in 8.6 % (5/58) and biliary tract infection (BTI) in 1.7 % (1/58) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic outcome of limited PS combined with EPBD for CBD stone removal in patients with difficult biliary cannulation was good with an acceptable complication rate. It could be an alternative to PS and "early" limited PS should be used for prompt identification of the bile duct. Limited PS combined with EPBD is safe and effective for CBD stone removal in patients with difficult biliary cannulation.

A Randomized Control Trial Comparing 2 Levofloxacin-Containing Second-Line Therapies for Helicobacter pylori Eradication.

Summary of Trial Design.Lengthy exposure to quinolone-containing triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication leads to the development of drug resistance. Sequential therapy with a quinolone and metronidazole -containing regimen appears to be an effective treatment option. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the efficacy of 5-plus 5 days' levofloxacin and metronidazole-containing sequential therapy (EALM) with that of 10-day levofloxacin-containing triple therapy (EAL) in second-line H pylori eradication treatment.One hundred and sixty-four patients who had failed the H pylori eradication attempts using the standard triple therapy (proton pump inhibitor bid, clarithromycin 500 mg bid, amoxicillin 1 g bid × 7 days) were randomly assigned to either an EALM therapy group (n = 82; esomeprazole 40 mg bid and amoxicillin 1 g bid for 5 days, followed by esomeprazole 40 mg bid, levofloxacin 500 mg qd, and metronidazole 500 mg tid, for 5 days) or a 10-day EAL therapy group (n = 82; levofloxacin 500 mg qd, amoxicillin 1 g bid, and esomeprazole 40 mg bid). One patient was lost to follow-up in each group. Follow-up for H pylori status was performed 4 to 8 weeks later.Eradication rates for the EALM and EAL groups were 90.2% (74/82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 83.7%-96.8%) and 80.5% (66/82, 95% CI = 71.7%-89.2%, P = 0.077) in the intention-to-treat analysis; and 91.4% (74/81, 95% CI = 85.1%-97.6%) and 81.5% (66/81, 95% CI = 72.8%-90.1%, P = 0.067) in the per-protocol analysis. The adverse events for the EALM and EAL groups were 23.5% versus 11.1%, P = 0.038 but were all very mild and were well tolerated except for 1 patient with poor compliance. The compliances were 98.8% and 100%, respectively, between the 2 groups. An antibiotic resistance to levofloxacin was the clinical factor influencing the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapy in the EAL group, and dual resistance to levofloxacin and metronidazole in the EALM group.Levofloxacin and metronidazole-containing sequential therapy achieved a >90% eradication rate as a second-line H pylori therapy. Dual antibiotic resistance to levofloxacin and metronidazole was the clinical factor influencing the efficacy of H pylori eradication therapy in the sequential therapy (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02596620).

Clinical Impact of Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Hepatoma Management: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: For patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB-MRI) improved the diagnosis, migrated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, and changed therapeutic decision in retrospective analysis. AIM: This prospective study was to evaluate the clinical impact of EOB-MRI on HCC management. METHODS: From September 2012 to February 2014, consecutive patients with suspicion of HCC in BCLC early stage by multidetector computed tomography or dynamic MRI with non-specific gadolinium, well liver function reserve, and admitted for resection evaluation were enrolled prospectively. Additional EOB-MRI was performed. The HCC diagnosis, BCLC staging, and treatment decision were obtained in a liver cancer conference. EOB-MRI impact on HCC management was analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred and three patients including 68 with typical and 35 with atypical HCC nodules in dynamic imaging studies were enrolled. EOB-MRI characterized 3 (4.4 %) benign and 33 (94.3 %) HCC for patients with typical and atypical HCC nodules, respectively. For 90 HCC patients, additional EOB-MRI changed BCLC stage in 25 (27.8 %) and treatment decision in 17 (18.9 %) patients. There were 66 patients with 78 resected nodules including 65 HCCs, 4 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, and 9 benign nodules. Dynamic study and EOB-MRI detected and characterized 69 and 77 nodules, respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy in HCC diagnosis were 98.5 and 85.7 % for EOB-MRI, which were better than those of dynamic study (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Additional EOB-MRI improved HCC diagnosis in sensitivity, accuracy but not specificity. It changed BCLC staging and treatment decision in 27.8 and 18.9 % of early-stage HCC patients.

Comparison of treatment outcomes of endoscope-guided pneumatic dilation and laparoscopic Heller myotomy.

The debate on which is the better choice between laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and endoscopic pneumatic dilation (PD) for esophageal achalasia has been ongoing for decades. This study aims to compare the results of endoscope-guided PD and LHM in 42 patients with achalasia between May 1996 and August 2011. Twenty-one patients who had received PD and 21 who had received LHM were enrolled. The cumulative remission rate was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method with the assessment of symptom scores between grades before and after PD or LHM done at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and then every year thereafter. Possible confounding factors related to the remissions were analyzed by Cox's proportional hazard model. For PD, the cumulative remission rates were 81.0% (1 year), 76.2% (2), 66.7% (3), 61.9% (4), and 47.6% (5). For LHM, the cumulative remission rates were 90.5% every year from the 1(st) to the 5(th). The LHM patients had significantly better remission rates than the PD patients (p = 0.033, by log-rank test). The LHM group had a longer hospital stay than the PD group [median (interquartile range): 8 (6.5-10) days vs. 3 (2-3) days, p < 0.001) and had more reflux complications (52.4% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.024). No perforation occurred in either group. In conclusion, the 5-year cumulative effectiveness of LHM is better than that of PD despite the association of LHM with more reflux events (52.4%).

Five-year sequential changes in secondary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Taiwan.

AIM: To determine changes in the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in southern Taiwan after failure of first-line standard triple therapy. METHODS: We analyzed 137 H. pylori-infected isolates from patients who experienced eradication failure after standard first-line triple therapy from January 2010 to December 2014. The H. pylori strains were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole and tetracycline using the E-test method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the agar dilution test. MIC values of ≥ 0.5, ≥ 1, ≥ 1, ≥ 4 and ≥ 8 mg/L were considered to be the resistance breakpoints for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline and metronidazole, respectively. RESULTS: A high resistance rate was found for clarithromycin (65%-75%) and metronidazole (30%-40%) among patients who failed first-line standard therapy. The resistance levels to amoxicillin and tetracycline remained very low; however, levofloxacin resistance was as high as 37.5% in 2010 but did not increase any further during the past 5 years. The rates of resistance to these antibiotics did not show a statistically significant upward or downward trend. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic resistance of H. pylori remains a problem for the effective eradication of this pathogen and its associated diseases in Taiwan. High clarithromycin resistance indicated that this antibiotic should not be prescribed as a second-line H. pylori eradication therapy. Moreover, levofloxacin-based second-line therapy should be used cautiously, and the local resistance rates should be carefully monitored.

Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract of Adults.

BACKGROUND: Foreign object ingestion and food bolus impaction are a common clinical problem. We report our clinical experiences in endoscopic management for adults, foreign body ingestion, and food bolus impaction. METHOD: A retrospective chart review study was conducted on adult patients with foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction between January 2011 and November 2014. Patients with incomplete medical records were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 198 patients (226 incidents) were included in the study (male/female: 1.54/1; age 57 ± 16 years). Among them, 168 foreign bodies were found successfully (74.3%). 75.6% of the foreign bodies were located in the esophagus. Food bolus impaction was most common (41.6%). 93.5% of foreign bodies in current study cohort were successfully extracted and 5 patients required surgical interventions. Comparisons between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients revealed that locations of foreign bodies in the pharynx and esophagus were the significant relevant factors (P < 0.001). Shorter time taken to initiate endoscopic interventions increased detection rate (289.75 ± 465.94 versus 471.06 ± 659.93 minutes, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic management is a safe and highly effective procedure in extracting foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction. Prompt endoscopic interventions can increase the chance of successful foreign bodies' detection.

Predicting risk factors for rebleeding, infections, mortality following peptic ulcer bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and the impact of antibiotics prophylaxis at different clinical stages of the disease.

BACKGROUND: Infections in cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding are a common event causing severe complication and mortality. This study aimed to identify risk factors that may predict rebleeding, bacterial infections, and the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on mortality at different stages of cirrhosis following acute peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB). METHODS: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted on 235 cirrhotic patients with acute peptic ulcer hemorrhage who underwent therapeutic endoscopic procedures between January 2008 and January 2014 (n = 235); of these, 88 patients received prophylactic intravenous ceftriaxone (antibiotic group) and 147 patients did not (nil-antibiotic group). The recorded outcomes were length of hospital stay, bacterial infection, rebleeding, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Forty-eight (20.4%) patients experienced ulcer rebleeding and 46 (19.6%) developed bacterial infections. More patients suffered from infection and recurrent bleeding in the nil-antibiotic group than the antibiotic group (25.2% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.005 and 30.6% vs. 3.4%; p < 0.001, respectively). The predictive risk factors for rebleeding were the Rockall score (p = 0.004), units of blood transfusion (p = 0.031), and no antibiotic prophylaxis (p <0.001); for bacterial infections, they were the Child-Pugh score (p = 0.003), active alcoholism (p = 0.035), and no antibiotic prophylaxis (p = 0.009). Overall, 40 (17%) patients died during hospitalization. The Rockall score and rebleeding were predictive factors for in-hospital mortality. In subgroup analysis, survival was significantly reduced in decompensated patients (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic hemostasis for acute PUB prevented infections and reduced rebleeding events in cirrhotic patients. Antibiotic prophylaxis improved survival among decompensated cohort following PUB. The Rockall score and rebleeding were predictive risk factors for in-hospital mortality.

Seven-Day Nonbismuth Containing Quadruple Therapy Could Achieve a Grade "A" Success Rate for First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication.

This prospective study was to assess the efficacy of nonbismuth containing quadruple therapy as first-line H. pylori treatment and to determine the clinical factors influencing patient outcome. We enrolled 200 H. pylori-infected naïve patients. They were prescribed either a 7-day nonbismuth containing quadruple therapy group (EACM, esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, metronidazole 500 mg twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) or a 7-day standard triple therapy group (EAC, esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily). Follow-up studies to assess treatment responses were carried out 8 weeks later. The eradication rates attained by EACM and EAC groups were 95.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 89.4%-98.3%) and 79.3% (95% CI = 70%-86.4%) in the per-protocol analysis (P < 0.001) and 88% (95% CI = 80.2%-93.0%) and 73% (95% I = 63.6%-80.3%) in the intention-to-treat analysis (P = 0.007). Clarithromycin resistance, metronidazole resistance, and dual clarithromycin and metronidazole resistances were the clinical factors influencing H. pylori eradication in EACM group. Clarithromycin resistance and dual clarithromycin and metronidazole resistances were the influential factor for EAC treatment. In conclusion, the results suggest that 7-day nonbismuth containing quadruple therapy could achieve a grade "A" report card for first-line H. pylori treatment.

The clinical and bacteriological factors for optimal levofloxacin-containing triple therapy in second-line Helicobacter pylori eradication.

Quinolone has the disadvantage of easily acquired drug resistance. It is important to prescribe it wisely for a high eradication rate. The current study aimed to determine the clinical and bacteriological factors for optimal levofloxacin-containing triple therapies in second-line H. pylori eradication. We enrolled a total of 158 H. pylori-infected patients who failed H. pylori eradication using the 7-day standard triple therapy (proton-pump inhibitor [PPI] twice daily, 500 mg clarithromycin twice daily, and 1 g amoxicillin twice daily). They were prescribed with either a 10-day (group A) or 14-day (group B) levofloxacin-containing triple therapy group (levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily for 10 days) by their clinicians. Follow-up studies to assess treatment responses were carried out 8 weeks later. The eradication rates attained by groups A and B were 73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]  = 63.9-85.3%) and 90.5% (95% CI = 84.5-98.1%), respectively in the per protocol analysis (P = 0.008 in the per protocol analysis) and 67.1% (95% CI = 56.6-78.5%) and 84.8% (95% CI = 76.8-93.4%), respectively, in the intention-to-treat analysis (P = 0.009). The subgroup analysis revealed that H. pylori eradication rates for group A patients with levofloxacin-susceptible strains were 92.9% (13/14) but it dropped to 12.5% (1/8) when levofloxacin-resistant strains existed. H. pylori was eradicated among all the group B patients with levofloxacin-susceptible strains, but only half of patients with levofloxacin-resistant strains were successfully eradicated. In conclusion, this study confirms the effectiveness of 14-day treatment. Importantly, the results imply that 10-day treatment duration should be optimal if a culture can be performed to confirm the existence of susceptible strains. The duration of H. pylori eradication and levofloxacin resistance were the influencing factors for successful treatment. This study suggests that tailored levofloxacin-containing therapy should be administered only for patients with susceptible strains because it can achieve >90% success rates.

Outcome of holiday and nonholiday admission patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding: a real-world report from southern Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Recent findings suggest that patients admitted on the weekend with peptic ulcer bleeding might be at increased risk of adverse outcomes. However, other reports found that there was no "holiday effect." The purpose of this study was to determine if these findings hold true for a real-life Taiwanese medical gastroenterology practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical files of hospital admissions for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding who received initial endoscopic hemostasis between January 2009 and March 2011. A total of 744 patients were enrolled (nonholiday group, n = 615; holiday group, n = 129) after applying strict exclusion criteria. Holidays were defined as weekends and national holidays in Taiwan. RESULTS: Our results showed that there was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. We also observed that, compared to the nonholiday group, patients in the holiday group received earlier endoscopy treatment (12.20 hours versus 16.68 hours, P = 0.005), needed less transfused blood (4.8 units versus 6.6 units, P = 0.02), shifted from intravenous to oral proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) more quickly (5.3 days versus 6.9 days, P = 0.05), and had shorter hospital stays (13.05 days versus 17.36 days, P = 0.005). In the holiday and nonholiday groups, the rebleeding rates were 17.8% and 23.41% (P = 0.167), the mortality rates were 11.63% versus 13.66% (P = 0.537), and surgery was required in 2.11% versus 4.66% (P = 0.093), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who presented with peptic ulcer bleeding on holidays did not experience delayed endoscopy or increased adverse outcomes. In fact, patients who received endoscopic hemostasis on the holiday had shorter waiting times, needed less transfused blood, switched to oral PPIs quicker, and experienced shorter hospital stays.

Ten-Day versus 14-Day Levofloxacin-Containing Triple Therapy for Second-Line Anti-Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Taiwan.

Second-line Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication with fluoroquinolone-containing triple therapy is one of the recommended treatment options, but neither 7-day nor 10-day regimens provide >90% success rates. The current retrospective study aimed to clarify the effects of 10-day and 14-day levofloxacin-containing triple therapies for second-line H. pylori eradication in a Taiwanese cohort and to evaluate the potential clinical factors influencing eradication. A total of 200 patients who failed H. pylori eradication using the standard triple therapy were prescribed with either a 10-day (EAL-10) or a 14-day (EAL-14) levofloxacin-containing triple therapy group (levofloxacin 500 mg once daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily). Follow-up studies to assess treatment response were carried out 8 weeks later. Eradication rates attained by EAL-10 and EAL-14 were 75.6%; 95% CI = 63.9-85.3% and 92.5%; 95% CI = 84.5-98.1%, P = 0.002 in the per protocol analysis and 68%; 95% CI = 56.6-78.5% and 86%; 95% CI = 76.8-93.4%, P = 0.002 in the intention-to-treat analysis. The duration of H. pylori therapy is the independent risk factor of H. pylori eradication (P = 0.003). In conclusion, 14-day levofloxacin-containing triple therapy can provide a >90% H. pylori eradication rate, but 10-day treatment duration may be suboptimal. The longer duration of H. pylori therapy (14 days) is the independent risk factor.

Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of bile duct stones: evaluation of outcomes and complications in 298 patients.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) is a therapeutic procedure for extraction of bile duct stones. GOALS: To evaluate the therapeutic outcomes, postoperative complications, and associated risk factors of EPBD in patients with bile duct stones. STUDY: A total of 298 patients with bile duct stones were treated with EPBD. Their immediate outcomes were assessed and they were followed up for late complications. The modified Cotton criteria were used to determine the incidence of post-EPBD pancreatitis. RESULTS: Complete removal of bile duct stones was achieved in 273 patients (91.6%). Removal was successful in 94.6% of stones ≤ 1 cm and 82.9% of stones >1 cm (P=0.001). Thirty patients (10.1%) had acute pancreatitis after EPBD with bile duct stone extraction, including 20 women (P=0.044), 20 patients under 60 years old (P=0.003) and 19 who received contrast medium injection to the pancreas (P=0.016). Symptomatic bile duct stones recurred in 12 patients (4%) 1 to 65 months after EPBD. The duration of balloon dilation was >3 minutes in 11 of these 12 patients (P=0.025) and all recurrent stones were brown and black pigment stones. CONCLUSIONS: EPBD is an effective and safe treatment for bile duct stone removal. Small bile duct stones (≤ 1 cm) can easily be extracted by EPBD. Contrast medium injection to the pancreas, female sex, and age under 60 years were significant risk factors for post-EPBD pancreatitis. Balloon dilatation duration >3 minutes was the only risk factor for recurrent symptomatic bile duct stones.

A real world report on intravenous high-dose and non-high-dose proton-pump inhibitors therapy in patients with endoscopically treated high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding.

Background and Study Aims. The optimal dose of intravenous proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for the prevention of peptic ulcer (PU) rebleeding remains controversial. This study aimed to understand the real world experiences in prescribing high-dose PPI and non-high-dose PPI for preventing rebleeding after endoscopic treatment of high-risk PU. Patients and Methods. A total of 220 subjects who received high-dose and non-high-dose pantoprazole for confirmed acute PU bleeding that were successfully treated endoscopically were enrolled. They were divided into rebleeding (n = 177) and non-rebleeding groups (n = 43). Randomized matching of the treatment-control group was performed. Patients were randomly selected for non-high-dose and high-dose PPI groups (n = 44 in each group). Results. Univariate analysis showed, significant variables related to rebleeding were female, higher creatinine levels, and higher Rockall scores (≧6). Before case-control matching, the high-dose PPI group had higher creatinine level, higher percentage of shock at presentation, and higher Rockall scores. After randomized treatment-control matching, no statistical differences were observed for rebleeding rates between the high-dose and non-high-dose groups after case-control matching. Conclusion. This study suggests that intravenous high-dose pantoprazole may not be superior to non-high-dose regimen in reducing rebleeding in high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy.

Congenital anomaly of low insertion of cystic duct: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings and clinical significance.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Low insertion of cystic duct (LICD) may be problematic during cholecystectomy. This study was performed retrospectively to assess the prevalence of LICD and identify the risk factors of stone recurrence between LICD and non-LICD (NLICD) after removal of stones. METHODS: Between January 1999 and November 2005, 3546 patients received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography examination for suspicion of biliary tract diseases. The age and sex-matched group with NLICD was enrolled to compare the clinical differences with LICD group. LICD was defined as "the orifice level of the cystic duct being below the low third of the extrahepatic duct." Recurrence was defined as "patients suffering from cholangitis or biliary stones 1 year later after the first intervention." RESULTS: Of the enrolled 3546 patients (male/female=1821/1725), 191 (5.4%) had LICD. Excluding cases of malignancy, nonbiliary stones, and incomplete data, 122 LICD patients were available. Periampullary diverticula and positive bacterial culture from bile were less common in the LICD group than the NLICD group (P=0.045; P<0.001, respectively). Lower recurrent rate of common bile duct (CBD) stones in the recurrent cases were found in the LICD group compared with the NLICD group (P=0.024; P=0.039, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that LICD [odds ratio (OR)=0.284; P=0.032] and CBD stones (OR=4.496; P=0.006) were significantly correlated to stone recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study clearly demonstrated the prevalence (5.4%) of LICD in cases with suspicion of biliary tract disease based on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Notably, the strongest predictors, NLICD and CBD stones, appeared to result in the higher stone recurrence.

Surveillance culture of endoscope to monitor the quality of high-level disinfection of gastrointestinal reprocessing.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Inadequate reprocessing of endoscopes or endoscopic accessories may result in iatrogenic infection and present a risk to public health. The aim of this study is to utilize microbiological cultures of endoscopes to assess the adequacy of standard reprocessing procedures. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study to randomly cultures of endoscopes and colonoscopies immediately after the completion of the decontamination cycle monthly. The samples were obtained by flushing 50 ml sterile distilled water to the internal channel and collected into a sterile container. These samples were incubated at 37 degrees C and examined for bacterial growth. RESULTS: A total of 49 cultures were obtained from June to December in year 2005. Three out of 7 were culture positive in the first month initially, but after prolonged the soaking duration to 25 minutes, the subsequent cultures were reduced to 1 positive sample only. The positive culture rate was 18.4% (9/49), and 44.4% (4/9) in Monoflora culture and 55.6% (5/9) in Multi-flora. Upper endoscopes decontaminated by automated endoscopic washing machine labeled as number 5 was found persistently culture positive with varied organisms despite vigorous manual cleaning and prolonged disinfectant soaking duration. At repair, the relief valve in the automated endoscopes washing machine was damaged and disconnected. After repair, subsequent cultures were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy culturing is a useful method to assess the effectiveness of standard reprocessing procedures. Servicing of automated endoscope washer regularly is mandatory to minimize cross infection and quality assurance.

Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score for predicting late esophageal varices rebleeding in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Esophageal varices bleeding is a fatal complication of portal hypertension. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) has been used as a tool to predict mortality risk in cirrhotic patients. It is currently unknown if MELD score can be applied to predicting late esophageal varices rebleeding. The predictive ability of the MELD score for short-term esophageal varices rebleeding was studied. METHODOLOGY: Ninety-five cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices bleeding were enrolled with a follow up period of at least 3 months. All patients had undergone a successful hemostasis at admission. Initial admission MELD score and 3-months MELD were obtained to observe their correlation with the late esophageal varices rebleeding. RESULTS: MELD score of 13 and 16 are the mean MELD score of the admission and 3-months respectively in the rebleeding group. The correlation between initial admission MELD score and late stage data showed a positive linear regression in the rebleeding patients (p=0.001, r=0.773) but not in the non-rebleeding group. CONCLUSIONS: The MELD score is a good predictor of short term esophageal varices rebleeding rate. At least 2 MELD score data is needed to evaluate the possibilities of rebleeding

Esophageal motility differences among aged patients with achalasia: a Taiwan report.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: There are limited reports on esophageal motility pressures in aged patients with achalasia and these are inconclusive. The aim of the present retrospective study was to understand the changes of esophageal motility in aged achalasia patients among the Taiwan population. METHODS: Manometric studies of 49 patients with achalasia had been performed through January 1998 to June 2005. The findings of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) basal and residual pressures and esophageal body contraction amplitudes were calculated and compared between the older and younger patient groups at different age cut-offs. RESULTS: Higher basal LES pressure increased significantly from the cut-off age of 65 years (i.e. patients over 65 had significantly higher basal LES pressure than younger patients: 37.0 +/- 4.19 mmHg vs 30.0 +/- 1.32 mmHg, P = 0.045). With patients > or =70 years old, it was more obvious (46.0 +/- 3.7 mmHg vs 29.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg, P = 0.001). Beginning at the cut-off age of 55, the LES residual pressure was significantly higher in older patients than those who were younger (14.0 +/- 11.06 mmHg vs 11.1 +/- 0.6 mmHg, P = 0.017). LES residual pressure is more significant in the older groups. A linear correlation between age and residual LES pressures (r = 0.383) was found. No differences were found in esophageal contraction pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Older achalasia patients in Taiwan have higher basal LES pressures, with a linear correlation between age and residual LES pressures. Age has no influence on esophageal contraction pressure.

Clinical analysis of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma: an 11-year experience.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The impact of obstructive jaundice (OJ) complicated by primary duodenal adenocarcinoma (PDA) on survival, and its treatment options, has rarely been mentioned in literature. The aim of the present study was to review the clinical features of PDA patients in an attempt to determine the prognostic factors and the influence of OJ on survival. METHODS: From May 1994 to February 2005, all duodenal malignancies treated at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital were reviewed. Preliminary findings were made on a total of 116 duodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) cases. After excluding metastatic DA and the papilla of Vater cancer, 23 patients (19.8%), confirmed as having PDA, were enrolled. RESULTS: Among the 23 predominantly male patients with a mean age of 68 years, abdominal pain was the most common symptom. Major tumor origin was the second portion, and the predominantly cytological feature was moderate differentiation. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) cancer stage IV accounted for 47.8% of the patients, and cancer-directed surgeries (CDS) were performed on 11 patients. Seven patients experienced complications due to OJ, which could be a sign of grave prognosis predicting survival of less than 1 year. Four of the patients received internal or external biliary drainage before CDS or palliative surgeries. Cigarette smoking, cytology, TNM stage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), OJ, and CDS were significant factors of overall survival in a univariate analysis. The independent predictors of long-term survival were CDS, TNM stage, cytology, cigarette smoking, and AST using the Cox proportional hazard model. CONCLUSION: PDA patients who did not smoke and who were eligible for and received CDS had better prognostic outcomes.