Effects of Aerobic and Resistive Exercise on Muscle Measurements and Body Composition in Female Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to show the effects of different exercise types on disease activity, pain, functional status, and quality of life in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis with low disease activity or in remission and supported these findings with body composition and muscle measurements. DESIGN: This randomized controlled prospective study screened female patients aged 20-50 years with rheumatoid arthritis. The patients were randomized into 12-wk resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and control groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the 66 patients was 42.5 ± 5.6 yrs. In the resistance and aerobic exercise groups compared with the control group, a positive significant difference was found in the pain, disease activity, several subparameters of quality of life, M. gastrocnemius, and M. biceps femoris muscle thickness measurements, and fat mass in the lower limbs before and after treatment ( P < 0.05). Compared with the other groups, the resistance exercise group showed a significant improvement in M. rectus femoris and M. vastus intermedius muscle thickness measurements, whole body fat mass, whole body and lower extremity lean body mass, and timed up and go test when comparing before and after treatment ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In rheumatoid arthritis patients, resistance exercises led to a significant increase in muscle thickness, functional status, lean body mass compared with other exercises; resistance exercises also resulted in a significant reduction in pain and disease activity.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of inpatient stroke patients in Turkey.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the stroke rehabilitation facilities provided by university hospitals (UHs) and training and research hospitals (TRHs) and to evaluate the geographical disparities in stroke rehabilitation. Patients and methods: Between April 2013 and April 2014 a total of 1,529 stroke patients (817 males, 712 females; mean age: 61.7±14.0 years; range, 12 to 91 years) who were admitted to the physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics in 20 tertiary care centers were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, regional and clinical characteristics, details of rehabilitation period, functional status, and complications were collected. Results: The median duration of stroke was five (range, 1 to 360) months. The ratio of the patients treated in the TRH in the Marmara region was 77%, but only 25% of the patients were living in the Marmara region. Duration of hospitalization was longer in the TRHs with a median of 28 days compared to those of UHs (median: 22 days) (p<0.0001). More than half of the patients (55%) were rehabilitated in the Marmara region. Time after stroke was the highest in the Southeast region with a median of 12 (range, 1 to 230) months and the lowest in the Aegean region with a median of four (range, 1 to 84) months. Conclusion: This study provides an insight into the situation of stroke rehabilitation settings and characteristics of stroke patients in Turkey. A standard method of patient evaluation and a registry system may provide data about the efficacy of stroke rehabilitation and may help to focus on the problems that hinder a better outcome.

The long-term impacts of preterm birth and associated morbidities on bone health in preschool children: a prospective cross-sectional study from Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of preterm birth on bone health in preschool children. METHODS: A total of 166 preschool children (aged 7-8 years) born preterm (n = 86, <37-week gestation) and at term (n = 80, ≥37 weeks of gestation) in our hospital were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. Data on antenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal characteristics and maternal obstetric history were obtained from medical records. Bone densitometry data including total bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD; total, lumbar, and femoral), z-scores, and bone loss were collected for each participant. RESULTS: Current height, weight, and BMI values were significantly lower in the preterm group (p < .001). Serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels did not differ among groups, whereas VitD3 levels were significantly higher in the preterm group (p = .039). The mean total BMC, total BMD, lumbar (L2-L4) BMD, femur BMD, total z-score, and L2-L4 z-score values were significantly lower for the preterm group, whereas the total, lumbar, and femoral bone loss were significantly higher (p < .001), regardless of the severity of prematurity. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and retinopathy were significantly associated with lower total BMC (p = .004, p = .012, respectively). Fortified breastfeeding was associated with lumbar bone loss (p = .043), and formula feeding was associated with both femur and lumbar bone loss (p = .006, p = .012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed long-term adverse effects of preterm birth on bone health, with significantly lower anthropometric values (weight, height, and BMI), lower scores for total BMC, BMD (total, lumbar, femoral), and z-scores (total, femur), along with higher bone loss (total, lumbar, femoral) and higher rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis in preschool children born preterm (whether moderate or very preterm) compared with those born at term. Exclusive breastfeeding appears to reduce the likelihood of long-term bone loss in preterm infants.

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Reduced Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Among Men with Suppressed Viral Load Taking Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent comorbidity observed in people living with HIV (PLHIV). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) among men with suppressed viral load taking antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional design between January to April 2019. 211 patients were included in the study. Z-score at either body site between -1.0 and -2.0 or -2 or less was defined as osteopenia or osteoporosis, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors affecting the development of reduced BMD. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients involved in the study was 34.8 ± 7.6. Osteoporosis was detected in 21.4% and osteopenia in 44.5% of the patients. There was a significant relationship found between HIV diagnosis time, ART usage duration, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use, TDF use in the past, total TDF usage time and decreased BMD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of reduced bone marrow density was 67% lower among those with regular milk or dairy product intake compared to those without (OR=0.330; 95% CI = 0.12-0.92, p=0.033). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of reduced BMD among PLHIV aged under 50, which is mainly confounded by HIV diagnosis time, ART usage duration and TDF usage. Although virological control has been achieved, these patients should be followed up, considering that they may have decreased BMD.

The Effect of the Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on the Upper Extremity Functions of Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy Patients.

Objectives: Functional limitation of the upper extremity (UE) in obstetrical brachial plexus paralysis (OBPP) restricts a child's participation in daily living and social activities. In treatment, the participation of UE in rehabilitation is important. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a promising rehabilitation approach that is used to improve the UE functions of patients with neurological dysfunctions. Methods: This single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial includes 30 pediatric patients diagnosed with chronic OBPP aged between 2 and 12 years. The patients were divided into two groups as a modified CIMT group and a control group. Patients in both groups underwent classical rehabilitation treatment 4 times a week for 8 weeks. Range of motion (ROM), stretching, strengthening, and proprioceptive exercises were given to both control and CIMT group. The patients in the CIMT group had to wear constraining arm slings 2 h per day and 4 days a week for 8 weeks. The patients were evaluated both before and after treatment using the Mallet classification system and the Melbourne unilateral upper limb assessment-2 (The MA2) scale. Results: In both groups, the Mallet and MA2 scores significantly increased after the treatment process. However, the percentage of improvement was higher for the CIMT group. Conclusion: Modified CIMT improves the joint ROM and the functional use of the extremity among OBPP-diagnosed children. This improvement is greater in the CIMT group compared to the improvement in the control group. Implementation of CIMT in a routine rehabilitation process may be helpful.

Pain Symptoms in COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from mild symptoms to severe pneumonia and severe organ damage. When evaluated specifically for pain, the data so far have shown that myalgia, headache, and chest pain can be seen in patients at varying rates; myalgia and headache, especially, are among the initial symptoms. DESIGN: This retrospective chart review, followed by a descriptive survey design study, was carried out by examining patients afflicted with COVID-19. After discharge, patients were asked about the severity and the body region of their pain, their use of analgesics, their mood and mental health, and their overall quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 206 patients with a mean age of 56.24 ± 16.99 yrs were included in the study. Pain during COVID-19 was found to be higher compared with the preinfectious and postinfectious states. The most frequent painful areas were reported to be the neck and back before the infection, whereas the head and limbs during the infection. The most frequently used analgesic during infection was paracetamol. There was no relationship between the patients' pain and anxiety and depression; the quality of life was found to be worse in patients with persistent pain. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the head and limbs were the most common painful body regions during COVID-19. It was also found that pain can continue in the postinfection period.

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity Habits, Musculoskeletal Pain, and Mood of Healthcare Workers.

Objectives: Self-isolation seems to be the best way to slow down the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, but it may also have negative impact on physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in physical activity habits during the outbreak and also the impact of the pandemic on musculoskeletal pain and mood in correlation with physical activity in healthcare workers. Methods: This study is conducted through Google Forms web survey platform. A total of 310 hospital staffs completed the Google Forms questionnaire in 2 weeks during lockdown and curfew period in Istanbul. The questionnaire included 60 questions including demographic, occupational, COVID-19 exposure data, physical activity habits, musculoskeletal pain, and mood. Results: There was a significant difference between physical activity habits before and after the pandemic (p<0.001). Individuals engaged in regular physical activity (regardless of duration) had significantly higher happiness ratings (p=0.002). No statistically significant difference was found between the duration of physical activity and the musculoskeletal pain during the pandemic. Conclusion: Pandemic caused a decrease in physical activity, an unhappy and anxious mood, and an increase in musculoskeletal pain of healthcare workers. Participants who were doing regular physical activity were less unhappy, but no relationship between exercise and musculoskeletal pain was found which might be related to psychosocial state of the participants who worked under great stress with high effort during the pandemic.

The reliability and validity of The Turkish version of Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 for the evaluation of different dimensions of fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (MFI-20) for Turkish patients with fibromyalgia (FM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between February 2011 and September 2011, a total of 120 female patients (mean age 45±9.1 years; range, 20 to 60 years) admitted to our outpatient clinic with extensive pain and fatigue and diagnosed with FM according to 1990 and 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria were included in this study. The MFI-20 was translated according to forward-backward translation procedure. For the test-retest reliability, the patients re-filled out the scale 48 hours after the first application. Structural validity was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was assessed by internal consistency with Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). For convergent validity, Spearman rho correlation coefficient was used for relevance analysis with the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), visual analog scale (VAS)-pain, VAS-fatigue, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. RESULTS: The total Cronbach alpha coefficient was found to be 0.92 (range, 0.78 to 0.93). The CFA showed good structural validity and revealed five dimensions. The ICC coefficient was found to be 0.934. All correlation coefficients between the MFI and FIS were calculated as above 0.80, indicating a strong relationship. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the Turkish version of the MFI-20 has a high internal consistency and reasonable construct validity. It is a valid and reliable measurement of the assessment of fatigue in patients with FM multidimensionality.

Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip: A Case Report.

Transient osteoporosis of the hip, idiopathic, is a table, beginning with hip pain without a history of trauma, usually self-limiting and seen in middle-aged men and pregnant women. In this case report, a male patient who was admitted because of hip pain and detected transient osteoporosis go the hip was discussed. The purpose of the case presentation is to emphasize the necessity of transient osteoporosis of the hip in the differential diagnosis of sudden onset of hip pain and to review the literature on this subject.

Idiopathic Lumbosacral Neuropathy Syndrome: Case Report.

Idiopathic lumbosacral plexitis or lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy is a disease characterized by nerve damage in lumbar and/or sacral plexus without trauma, mass effect or diabetic complications. A 47-year-old male patient with right groin pain and loss of right leg muscle strength is presented in this case report. Neuropathy was detected in the L4 nerve root by electromyography and magnetic resonance neurrographic imaging. The underlying cause was investigated; however, it is linked to the idiopathic outcome. Idiopathic lumbosacral neuropathy is a lumbosacral plexus disease in which no underlying pathology plays a role in causing severe pain and muscle weakness. Patients should be avoided urgently operation because of the sudden onset symptoms.

Use of Shear Wave Elastography for Quantitative Assessment of Muscle Stiffness After Botulinum Toxin Injection in Children With Cerebral Palsy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the stiffness of the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle with acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography after botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and to examine the relationship between elastographic and clinical parameters. METHODS: This prospective randomized single-blind controlled clinical study included 49 lower extremities of 33 children with spastic CP. They were randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 25 extremities in 17 children) received BTX-A injection and a home-based exercise program; group 2 (n = 24 extremities in 16 children) received only a home-based exercise program. Patients were evaluated in pretreatment and posttreatment periods in the first and third months with ARFI elastography, the Modified Ashworth Scale, Modified Tardieu Scale, Pediatric Functional Independence Measure, Gross Motor Function Classification System, and goniometric range of motion measurement of the ankle. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found in elastography of the GC muscle in group 1 only at the first month after treatment (P < .05). No statistical difference was found in elastography of the GC after treatment in group 2. According to the Modified Ashworth Scale, Modified Tardieu Scale, and ankle passive range of motion, group 1 showed significant improvements after treatment (P < .05). Also, there was a significant correlation between these clinical parameters and elastographic measurements (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, the measurements from ARFI elastography combined with clinical parameters might be useful for evaluation of spasticity after BTX-A treatment in children with CP. Also, they might be useful in distinguishing patients who will benefit clinically, especially in the early stages of treatment.

Suprascapular nerve block in hemiplegic shoulder pain: comparison of the effectiveness of placebo, local anesthetic, and corticosteroid injections-a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain is a common complication of hemiplegic patients that can interrupt their rehabilitation program and is associated with poorer outcomes. The usefulness of the suprascapular nerve block. (SSNB) in the stroke population has been suggested, but some concerns still remain. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of SSNB on pain intensity and passive range ofmotion (PROM) in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, double blind, randomized controlled trial was conductedin 34 stroke patients with HSP. They were randomly divided into three groups: Localanesthetic (LA) injection into the trapezius muscle (placebo group), LA injection into thesuprascapular notch, and LA and corticosteroid (CS) injections into the suprascapularnotch.The main outcome was visual analog scale (VAS) scores evaluated before andafter administration of the injection at 1 hour, 1 week, and 1 month. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in the VAS scores with all three injections at all follow-up time points (p: 0.001 for the placebo group, p <0.001 for the LA group, and p <0.001 for the LA+CS group). When changes in VAS scores were compared between the groups, the LA+CS group demonstrated a higher decrease in VAS than the placebo group. Improvement in the PROM was seen only in the LA and LA+CS groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support the use of an SSNB with or without CS, to increase the range of motion in the affected shoulder, especially during the rehabilitation period.

[Dermatomyositis presenting with low back pain]. / Bel agrisi ile basvuran dermatomiyozit olgusu.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by skin lesions and inflammatory changes observed in muscle biopsy findings. A definitive diagnosis of DM requires a characteristic rash in addition to proximal muscle weakness and muscle enzyme level elevation. DM is twice as common in women as men, with an age of onset of approximately 50 years. This case report describes a 29-year-old patient with low back pain and proximal muscle weakness in the legs diagnosed as lumbar disc herniation who was then referred by the neurosurgery department to our clinic. A physical examination revealed the characteristic skin lesions for dermatomyositis. Needle electromyography and a skin biopsy were performed, and corticosteroid treatment was initiated. In misdiagnosed patients, fatty infiltration in the muscles may cause irreversible weakness and gait disturbance. Early suppression of inflammation is important and can yield a dramatic response to treatment.

The Turkish League Against Rheumatism Recommendations for the Management of Hand Osteoarthritis Under Guidance of the Current Literature and 2018 European League Against Rheumatism Recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to explore the accordance to the 2018 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis (OA) among the Turkish League Against Rheumatism (TLAR) expert panel and composition of TLAR recommendations for the management of hand OA under guidance of the current literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TLAR convener designated an expert panel of 10 physicians experienced in hand OA for this process. The 2018 EULAR recommendations for the management of hand OA and the systematic review of the literature were sent to the expert panel via e-mails. The e-mail process which included Delphi round surveys was completed. The EULAR standard operational procedure Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II was followed. The level of agreement was calculated for each item and presented as mean, standard deviations, minimum and maximum and comparisons of 2018 EULAR recommendations were performed. RESULTS: Five overarching principles and 10 recommendations were discussed. Revisions were held for the sixth, seventh, and ninth recommendations with lowest level of agreements. These recommendations were revised in accordance with suggestions from the experts and re-voted. The revised forms were approved despite the lack of statistically significant difference between these forms (p=0.400, p=0.451, p=0.496, respectively). Except for the ninth recommendation about surgery (p=0.008), no significant difference in level of agreements was observed between the EULAR and TLAR hand OA recommendations. The 11th recommendation about paraffin bath was added. CONCLUSION: The optimal treatment of hand OA consists of personalized non-pharmacological (self-management, exercise, splint), pharmacological (topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the first choice), and interventional procedures (only for refractory cases) based on shared decision between the patient and physician. TLAR hand OA recommendations were created mainly based on the most recent literature and the last EULAR hand OA management recommendations, which are widely approved among the TLAR experts.

The efficiency of platelet-rich plasma treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on pain, functionality, quality of life, and cartilage thickness in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Sixty patients with chronic knee pain were randomly separated into two groups. The first group was administered 4-ml PRP intra-articularly (IA) in three doses at one-week intervals, and the second group had only one dose of a 4-ml saline solution IA. The patients' pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); functionality was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). The distal femur cartilage thickness was assessed using ultrasonography (USG). RESULTS: All baseline parameters were similar (p> 0.05). In the first and sixth months after the treatment, the VAS scores of the PRP group were significantly low (p< 0.001). In the same group, only the pain sub-score was low in the WOMAC assessment in the first month after treatment. However, in the sixth month, all parameters of the WOMAC score were lower than those of the placebo group (p< 0.05). Cartilage thickness measurements were similar in the two groups (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: PRP treatment had positive effects on the pain, physical function, and quality of life of patients with knee OA, but it did not increase cartilage thickness.

Assessing the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Trunk Impairment Scale in stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Trunk impairment scale (TIS), used in the evaluation of somatic, motor, and coordination disturbances in stroke patients, and provide a culturally adapted version for use in the Turkish population. METHODS: A total of 80 patients who were either hospitalized at our facility and rehabilitated for stroke or admitted at our outpatient clinics were included in this study. Reliability was evaluated by the internal consistency (Cronbach α) and test reproducibility [intra-class correlation coefficient (ICCC)] methods, and validity was evaluated by the correlation between subgroups and the total scores of the TIS and Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Brunnstrom phases, Barthel index (BI), Rivermead mobility index (RMI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 63.00±12.1 years. Out of a total of 80 subjects, 34 were female and 46 were male. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by the internal consistency, inter- and intra-observer reliability, and test reproducibility. The findings showed that the Turkish form of the scale was reliable at a good level. The test values were as follows; Cronbach α: >0.70, ICCC: 0.969-1, subgroups and total score comparison: 0. The correlation between TIS and BBS was considerably high in the validity analysis (p<0.001). Further, significant associations among the BI, RMI, KF-36, Brunnstrom, and TIS scores were found (p<0.001), which indicate the structural validity of this scale. CONCLUSION: TIS is a scale used in measuring the motor derangement that develops after a stroke. It has sufficient reliability, internal consistency, and validity for use in clinical practice and stroke investigations. Our study has shown that TIS used for the evaluation of body balance is valid and reliable for the Turkish population.

Comparison of responsiveness of Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire, and Duruöz Hand Index in patients with traumatic hand injury.

OBJECTIVE: Patient-reported outcome measures assessing self-reported disability, pain, and function are primary endpoints for determination of optimal treatment strategies in hand-related conditions. In this study, we aimed to compare responsiveness of Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (DASH), and Duruöz Hand Index (DHI) in patients with traumatic hand injury. METHODS: Consecutive patients with traumatic hand injury who were referred to our polyclinic for rehabilitation were included in the study. Depending on clinical status, patients underwent at least 14 sessions of physical therapy consisting of infrared heating, water submersion ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and exercise. MHQ, DASH, and DHI questionnaires were filled in by all patients both before and 3 months after physical therapy. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were enrolled in the study. MHQ (ES =-1.89; SRM =-1.84), DASH (ES = 1.66; SRM = 1.40), and DHI (ES = 1.68; SRM = 1.48) were all highly responsive in traumatic hand injuries. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that MHQ, DASH, and DHI are very responsive questionnaires for detection of treatment-induced changes in patients with traumatic hand injury. We suggest that when it is only intended to assess hand disability or when a quick assessment is desirable, DASH or DHI are more suitable, whereas MHQ will be more useful when a more detailed assessment including pain and aesthetical concerns is required.

Prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis in Turkey: A Nationwide Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) in Turkey using the same telephone questionnaire developed for screening RA and SpA in France and used in Serbia and Lithuania. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed in two steps. In step I, the French questionnaire was translated into Turkish and validated through a group of 200 patients (80 males, 120 females; mean age 44.0±13.1 years; range 19 to 75 years) followed up at the rheumatology departments of University Hospitals in Antalya and Ankara. In step II, the validated Turkish questionnaire was administered face-to-face to randomly selected 4,012 subjects (1,670 males, 2,342 females; mean age 41.5±16.8 years; range 16 to 97 years) by trained general practitioners across the country, in 25 prov- inces for case detection. The subjects who were suspected of having RA or SpA in accordance with the questionnaire were invited to the nearest university hospital for rheumatologic examination in order to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: In step II, a total of 25 subjects (2 males, 23 females) were diagnosed as RA. The standardized RA prevalence for the general population of Turkey was calculated as 0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.33-0.79), 0.10% (95% CI; -0.05-0.25) for males and 0.89% (95% CI; 0.51-1.27) for females. A total of 18 subjects (3 males, 15 females) were diagnosed as SpA. The standardized SpA prevalence for the general population of Turkey was 0.46% (95% CI; 0.25-0.67), 0.17% (95% CI; -0.03-0.37) for males and 0.65% (95% CI; 0.32-0.98) for females. The prevalence of RA was highest in the Northern region (2.00%) and the prevalence of SpA was highest in the Central region (1.49%). CONCLUSION: The prevalences of RA and SpA in Turkey are close to each other and there are significant inter-regional variations in prevalences of both RA and SpA.

Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound in treatment of adhesive capsulitis: A prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: In treatment of adhesive capsulitis, deep heating agents have been shown to have positive effects on pain and function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if addition of ultrasound used in treatment of adhesive capsulitis will provide additional benefits. METHODS: Thirty patients with adhesive capsulitis were included in a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Hotpack, TENS (Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve Stimulation), exercise and active ultrasound therapies were applied to the first group (n= 15), whereas sham ultrasound was applied to the second group (n= 15) in addition to hotpack, TENS and exercise. The patients were evaluated using joint range of motion, UCLA shoulder scale and Shoulder Disability Questionnaire scales at baseline and at 6th and 24th weeks post-treatment. RESULTS: When pain and the clinical and functional parameters were compared in both groups, significant improvement was found compared to baseline (p< 0.001). At week 24, no difference was found in terms of pain at rest, but all other parameters were improved compared to week 6. When the groups were compared, no difference was found in any comparison between 6th and 24th week (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Adding ultrasound treatment to a combination of physical therapy modalities did not provide any additional benefits for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis.

[A rare cause of forearm pain: Schwannoma of the posterior interosseous nerve]. / Nadir görülen bir önkol agrisi nedeni: Posterior interosseöz sinir Schwannomu.

A schwannoma, also known as a neurilemoma, is composed of Schwann cells, and is the most common benign tumor of the peripheral nerves. It commonly appears as a solitary lesion in the head and neck region. The diagnosis is based on ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathological examination. This encapsulated tumor has a good prognosis with a low recurrence rate after surgical removal. This case report is a description of a forearm schwannoma that initially appeared to be a ganglion cyst.