[Impact of cataract surgery upon functional capacity of the elderly]. / Repercusión de la intervención de cataratas en la capacidad funcional del anciano.

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of cataract intervention on visual function of the elderly and on autonomy in daily activities, analyzing the influence of clinical and sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Observational and longitudinal study. 185 elderly patients having undergone cataract surgery were compared with 179 elderly patients on a surgical waiting list. The first group was evaluated prior to surgery and at 4 months post-intervention. Control group patients were evaluated at the same times, without having received surgery. For all subjects, the state of visual function was determined by the Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS). Degree of dependence in carrying out basic daily activities, cognitive state and self-perception of vision were also measured. Other variables were visual acuity, other ocular diseases and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Amongst the elderly patients having undergone surgery, the proportion of subjects able to carry out basic activities 4 months post-intervention (60.7%) was very similar to the initial pre-intervention figure (62.2%). However, in the control group, the proportion (63.1%) diminished significantly at the 4-month mark (48.8%) (p= 0.0001). Of the intervened subjects, 75.7% demonstrated improved self-perception of vision after 4 months as opposed to 15.4% of the non-intervened patients (p= 0.00001). Post-intervention, the mean score on the ADVS rose from 51.0 S.D. 28.4 to 76.0 S.D. 25.4 (p < 0.001). In contrast, the control group's mean score dropped from 54.8 S.D. 24.8 to 46.5 S.D. 27.1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery in the elderly improves visual function and prevents loss of autonomy, delaying dependency in carrying out basic daily activities.

Situación funcional de los ancianos con cataratas / Functional condition of the elderly with cataracts

OBJETIVO: Describir el estado de la función visual y la capacidad para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria en los ancianos diagnosticados de cataratas, analizando la influencia que ejercen sus características sociosanitarias. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional de carácter transversal realizado mediante entrevista personal. EMPLAZAMIENTO: Centros Hospitalarios del Sistema Público existentes en el Área Sanitaria de Albacete. PACIENTES: 364 sujetos de 65 o más años de edad, diagnosticados de cataratas y en lista de espera para ser sometidos a cirugía, seleccionados consecutivamente. El tamaño muestral corresponde a una precisión de ñ 2,5 puntos en la escala de función visual utilizada, una desviación estándar de 25 puntos y un nivel de confianza del 95 per cent. RESULTADOS: El estado de la función visual se evaluó mediante la Escala de las Actividades Visuales de la Vida Diaria (ADVS) y la capacidad funcional global de los ancianos a través del índice de Katz. El resto de las variables consideradas fueron: estado cognitivo, visión autopercibida, agudeza visual, clasificación de la catarata, tensión ocular, datos de morbilidad y características sociodemográficas. El tiempo medio de evolución de las cataratas fue de cinco años. Considerando exclusivamente el ojo portador de la catarata, el 96,6 per cent presentaba una agudeza visual inferior a 0,5 (20/40), estando comprendida en el 51,1 per cent de los casos entre 0 (amaurosis) y 0,05 (20/400). El tipo de catarata predominante fue la madura o completa (43,5 per cent). La puntuación media de los ancianos en la escala ADVS fue de 52,9 puntos ñ 26,9 DE (IC 95 per cent: 50,09-55,65) (rango 0-100). Dicha puntuación fue significativamente inferior en mujeres, mayores de 74 años, viudos o solteros, analfabetos o con estudios primarios incompletos, ancianos con bajo rendimiento intelectual, con alguna enfermedad visual además de la catarata, con mala o muy mala visión autopercibida y con cifras de agudeza visual inferiores a 0,5. Respecto a la capacidad funcional, los ancianos mostraron una puntuación media en la escala ADVS significativamente inferior cuando eran dependientes de otras personas en actividades como bañarse o vestirse (p< 0,001). Mediante regresión múltiple, las variables que mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con una puntuación superior en la escala de función visual fueron la agudeza visual (tanto en el ojo con mejor visión como en el ojo con catarata), una buena visión autopercibida, la independencia física, menor edad, procedencia urbana y sexo masculino. CONCLUSIONES: La ADVS presenta en nuestro medio unos adecuados índices de fiabilidad, por lo que puede considerarse como un método o instrumento apropiado y útil para valorar la pérdida de función visual percibida por los pacientes con cataratas. Prácticamente todos los ancianos de nuestra muestra presentaron en el ojo con catarata una cifra de agudeza visual inferior a 0,60 (20/30) y más de tres cuartas partes inferior a 0,20 (20/100) indicando un estado muy avanzado de la enfermedad en nuestro medio cuando se accede a la intervención. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes con cataratas presentan dificultades importantes para realizar las actividades dependientes de la visión y que, por lo tanto, son susceptibles de obtener beneficio con la intervención (AU)

[Depression in older persons. Associated factors]. / Depresión en personas ancianas. Factores asociados.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of elderly people with depressive disorders and study the possible association with sociodemographic factors, self-perception of health, cognitive function, diseases suffered, drug consumption, sleep disorders and use of services. DESIGN: An observational crossover study using a home interview. SETTING: Community-based. PARTICIPANTS: 787 elderly people aged 65 and over, not institutionalised and living in the city of Albacete. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A questionnaire designed for the study was used to gather data on the sociodemographic variables, self-perception of health, diseases suffered, drug consumption, cognitive function, sleep disorders and contacts with the health service. The variables found by logistic regression to be associated independently to the presence of depressive disorders were: being female (OR = 2.75), habitually suffering sleep disorders (OR = 2.75), having self-perception of poor health (OR = 17.61) and cognitive deterioration (OR = 2.45). CONCLUSIONS: It would be advisable to apply a screening test to detect depressive disorders in elderly people with associated factors (being female, having sleep disorders, self-perception of poor health and cognitive deterioration), so that they could benefit from early diagnosis and adequate treatment.

[Visual and auditory difficulties expressed by the aged]. / Dificultades visuales y auditivas expresadas por los ancianos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of the elderly who have difficulties in their perceptive functions (seeing and hearing) and associated factors in the area of health self-perception and functional capacity. DESIGN: Observational and crossover, using an interview. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: 787 elderly people not in institutions; 93.8% reply rate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Using a questionnaire, data were obtained on deficiencies in their sense organs and self-perceived health. Validated scales to determine functional capacity (physical, psychic and social) were used: Katz, Lawton and Brody indexes, Cognitive mini-test, DUKE-UNC questionnaire and Geriatric Depression scale. A serious difficulty or inability to read or watch television was expressed in 17.3% of cases (CI 95%; 14.8-20.0) and to follow a normal conversation in 10.5% (CI 95%; 8.4-12.6). The proportion of the elderly dependent on others to carry out their normal daily activities was 2.2 times greater among those who displayed severe visual problems (CI 95%; 1.7-2.9) and 1.8 times greater if they had hearing difficulties (C.I. 95%; 1.4-2.3). There was a linear tendency between greater visual or auditory problems and less social support (p = 0.01), greater dependency on others for basic daily activities (p < 0.001) and worse perceived health (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The elderly, especially the oldest among them, frequently display hearing and visual problems, which are related to low self-perception of health and greater functional incapacity.