Effects of a functional yogurt enriched with soluble dietary fiber or vegetable proteins on appetite profile. An acute randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: designing functional foods to control appetite could be a useful strategy for managing overweight and obesity. Fiber and proteins could be interesting ingredients to consider. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the appetite profile of two experimental yogurts (fiber-enriched [FEY] and protein-enriched [PEY]) versus a control yogurt (CY) in a group of overweight/obesity people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: an acute, randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was carried out in a group of twelve healthy overweight/obesity type I people; randomized to consume 3 yogurts in a different order for 3 acute study days. The appetite profile (1. hunger, 2. satiety, 3. fullness, 4. prospective food consumption, 5. desire to eat something fatty, salty, sweet or savoury) was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (ranging from 0 ''not at all'' to 10 ''extremely") at 12 moments in each acute study. Additionally, total food consumption in an ad libitum lunch was assessed. RESULTS: FEY produce a significantly lower desire to consume any food at 30 (1.50 ± 0.42) and 60 minutes (2.78 ± 0.42) after consumption compared to PEY (3.46 ± 0.53; 4.33 ± 0.54) and CY (3.27 ± 0.69; 4.0 ± 0.78) respectively (p < 0.016). Also, FEY consumption produced a higher satiety and fullness and a lower desire to ingest something fatty, salty or savory after 90 minutes consumption compared to the other products, but the difference was not significance. CONCLUSION: FEY might be a good functional food prototype to control appetite in overweight and obese people.

[Evolution of critical nutrients (salt, sugars and saturated fats) in Spanish foods and beverages in the last 25 years]. / Evolución de nutrientes críticos (sal, azúcares y grasas saturadas) en alimentos y bebidas españoles en los últimos 25 años.

Non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc.) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 71 % of global deaths. The risk factors for all of them are closely linked to lifestyle and in particular to diet. For this reason, public health policies in European Union countries, in line with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, include in their priority measures actions aimed at promoting healthier food environments. One of these measures are policies for the reformulation of processed foods to reduce critical nutrients: salt, saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars. In Spain, as part of the NAOS Strategy, food reformulation measures have been implemented since 2008. Of all of them, the Plan de Colaboración para la Mejora de la Composición de Alimentos y Bebidas y otras Medidas 2020 stands out, which has led to a reduction in the content of salt, sugar, saturated and total fat in foods belonging to 57 subcategories marketed by the main food manufacturing and marketing companies from 2016 to 2021. Despite this, to date no population-based study has been conducted to test the impact of the measure on the diet of the Spanish population. The present article, by way of example, shows results of the theoretical estimation of total sugar intake in the pre-reformulation period (2016) and post-reformulation period (2024) based on the consumption of beverages in Spain. Data highlight that reformulation policies could have positive effects that need to be evaluated in representative studies of the Spanish population assessing the overall diet, in order to solidly confirm their positive effects on the population's diet.

C-Reactive Protein-to-Prealbumin and C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratios as Nutritional and Prognostic Markers in Hospitalized Patients-An Observational Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of the C-reactive protein-to-prealbumin (CP) ratio and the C-reactive protein-to-albumin (CA) ratio as nutritional and prognostic markers. A retrospective study was conducted on hospitalized patients who underwent a nutritional assessment and the measurement of C-reactive protein, prealbumin, and albumin (n = 274). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used. The area under the curve (AUC) of the CP ratio for predicting mortality was 0.644, 95%CI (0.571 to 0.717), and the CA ratio had an AUC of 0.593, 95%CI (0.518 to 0.669). The AUC of the CP ratio for the differential diagnosis between severe and moderate disease-related malnutrition (DRM) was 0.643, 95%CI (0.564 to 0.722), and the CA ratio had an AUC of 0.650, 95%CI (0.572 to 0.728). The CP and CA ratios showed greater accuracy in predicting mortality compared to C-reactive protein as an isolated marker (p = 0.011 and p = 0.006, respectively). Both ratios also improved the ability of prealbumin and albumin to identify severe DRM (p = 0.002 and p = 0.044, respectively). In conclusion, these results suggest that the CP and CA ratios may have a limited role in predicting mortality and identifying severe DRM by outperforming isolated protein markers.

Efficacy and Safety of Habitual Consumption of a Food Supplement Containing Miraculin in Malnourished Cancer Patients: The CLINMIR Pilot Study.

Taste disorders (TDs) are common among systemically treated cancer patients and negatively impact their nutritional status and quality of life. The novel food approved by the European Commission (EFSA), dried miracle berries (DMB), contains the natural taste-modifying protein miraculin. DMB, also available as a supplement, has emerged as a possible alternative treatment for TDs. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of habitual DMB consumption in malnourished cancer patients undergoing active treatment. An exploratory clinical trial was carried out in which 31 cancer patients were randomized into three arms [standard dose of DMB (150 mg DMB/tablet), high dose of DMB (300 mg DMB/tablet) or placebo (300 mg freeze-dried strawberry)] for three months. Patients consumed a DMB tablet or placebo daily before each main meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). Throughout the five main visits, electrochemical taste perception, nutritional status, dietary intake, quality of life and the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes were evaluated. Patients consuming a standard dose of DMB exhibited improved taste acuity over time (% change right/left side: -52.8 ± 38.5/-58.7 ± 69.2%) and salty taste perception (2.29 ± 1.25 vs. high dose: 2.17 ± 1.84 vs. placebo: 1.57 ± 1.51 points, p < 0.05). They also had higher energy intake (p = 0.075) and covered better energy expenditure (107 ± 19%). The quality of life evaluated by symptom scales improved in patients receiving the standard dose of DMB (constipation, p = 0.048). The levels of arachidonic (13.1 ± 1.8; 14.0 ± 2.8, 12.0 ± 2.0%; p = 0.004) and docosahexaenoic (4.4 ± 1.7; 4.1 ± 1.0; 3.9 ± 1.6%; p = 0.014) acids in erythrocytes increased over time after DMB intake. The standard dose of DMB increased fat-free mass vs. placebo (47.4 ± 9.3 vs. 44.1 ± 4.7 kg, p = 0.007). Importantly, habitual patients with DMB did not experience any adverse events, and metabolic parameters remained stable and within normal ranges. In conclusion, habitual consumption of a standard 150 mg dose of DMB improves electrochemical food perception, nutritional status (energy intake, fat quantity and quality, fat-free mass), and quality of life in malnourished cancer patients receiving antineoplastic treatment. Additionally, DMB consumption appears to be safe, with no changes in major biochemical parameters associated with health status. Clinical trial registered (NCT05486260).

Effect of Regular Consumption of a Miraculin-Based Food Supplement on Taste Perception and Nutritional Status in Malnourished Cancer Patients: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial-CLINMIR Pilot Protocol.

Taste disorders are common among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, with a prevalence ranging from 20% to 86%, persisting throughout treatment. This condition leads to reduced food consumption, increasing the risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition is associated not only with worse treatment efficacy and poor disease prognosis but also with reduced functional status and quality of life. The fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (Daniell), commonly known as miracle berry or miracle fruit, contains miraculin, a taste-modifying protein with profound effects on taste perception. The CLINMIR Protocol is a triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the regular consumption of a food supplement containing a miraculin-based novel food, dried miracle berry (DMB), on the taste perception (measured through electrogustometry) and nutritional status (evaluated through the GLIM Criteria) of malnourished cancer patients under active antineoplastic treatment. To this end, a pilot study was designed with 30 randomized patients divided into three study arms (150 mg DMB + 150 mg freeze-dried strawberries, 300 mg DMB, or placebo) for three months. Throughout the five main visits, an exhaustive assessment of different parameters susceptible to improvement through regular consumption of the miraculin-based food supplement will be conducted, including electrical and chemical taste perception, smell perception, nutritional and morphofunctional assessment, diet, quality of life, the fatty acid profile of erythrocytes, levels of inflammatory and cancer-associated cytokines, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system, plasma metabolomics, and saliva and stool microbiota. The primary anticipated result is that malnourished cancer patients with taste distortion who consume the miraculin-based food supplement will report an improvement in food taste perception. This improvement translates into increased food intake, thereby ameliorating their nutritional status and mitigating associated risks. Additionally, the study aims to pinpoint the optimal dosage that provides maximal benefits. The protocol adheres to the SPIRIT 2013 Statement, which provides evidence-based recommendations and is widely endorsed as an international standard for trial protocols. The clinical trial protocol has been registered at the platform for Clinical Trials (NCT05486260).

[Nutrition in breast cancer genesis]. / El papel de la nutrición en la génesis del cáncer de mama.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most prevalent tumor in women, ranking first in incidence and mortality in many countries. Although the causes of breast cancer are complex and multifactorial, nutritional factors and those related to nutritional status play an important role in the development of the disease. In this way, factors that increase breast cancer risk have been identified, such as weight gain, the amount of adipose tissue, waist circumference, alcohol consumption or the consumption of red meat and processed meat, while other factors have been identified that reduce the risk, such as eating fruits and vegetables. Nutritional factors or factors that depend on the state of nutrition are modifiable and preventable, so they must be considered when designing effective prevention programs.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es el tumor más prevalente en las mujeres y ocupa el primer lugar en incidencia y en mortalidad en muchos países. Si bien las causas del cáncer de mama son complejas y multifactoriales, los factores nutricionales y aquellos relacionados con el estado nutricional juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. De esta forma, se han identificado algunos factores que aumentan su riesgo, como el aumento de peso, la cantidad de tejido adiposo, la circunferencia de cintura, el consumo de alcohol, etc., o bien, que lo reducen, como el consumo de frutas y verduras. Los factores nutricionales o que dependen del estado de nutrición son modificables y prevenibles, por lo que deben tenerse en cuenta al diseñar programas de prevención eficaces.

[Food sustainability: keys for the consumer, advantages and disadvantages]. / Sostenibilidad alimentaria: claves para el consumidor, ventajas e inconvenientes.

Introduction: To meet the food and nutritional needs of a growing population and, at the same time, guarantee natural and productive resources, food systems must undergo changes in production models and consumption patterns, adopting more sustainable diets. The recommendations of different organizations and institutions are aimed at adopting a varied and balanced dietary pattern, with a greater predominance of plant-based food and a lower presence of animal food, to improve the state of health and well-being, while reducing the environmental impact. These types of diets have important health benefits, especially if diets are well planned and foods are properly combined. However, in some stages of life (schoolchildren, adolescents, elders) and in some special physiological situations (pregnancy, athletes), special attention should be paid to the increase of certain nutritional requirements that could compromise the health status if a correct dietary planning is not carried out. Therefore, well-designed strategies should be put in place to facilitate the transition to a sustainable diet, including nutrition education programs for consumers with specific instructions on the most appropriate food choices to increase the nutritional value of the diet. In addition, in specific physiological situations, where meeting nutritional requirements may be compromised, the consumption of fortified foods and/or supplementation could be considered.

Introducción: Para atender las necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales de una población creciente y garantizar los recursos naturales y productivos, los sistemas alimentarios deben experimentar cambios adoptando dietas más sostenibles. Diferentes organismos e instituciones recomiendan patrones de dieta variada y equilibrada, con predominio de alimentos de origen vegetal y menor presencia de alimentos de origen animal, para mejorar el estado de salud y bienestar y reducir el impacto medioambiental. Este tipo de dietas presentan beneficios en la salud, sobre todo si están bien planificadas y los alimentos se combinan adecuadamente. Sin embargo, en algunas etapas de la vida (escolares, adolescentes, ancianos) y en situaciones fisiológicas especiales (embarazadas, deportistas) se debe prestar atención a los requerimientos nutricionales, que podrían verse comprometidos en caso de no llevar a cabo una correcta planificación dietética, lo que podría derivar en problemas para la salud. Por ello, para facilitar la transición de los consumidores a una dieta sostenible, se deben promover estrategias bien diseñadas que incluyan programas de educación nutricional con instrucciones específicas acerca de las elecciones y combinaciones de alimentos más adecuadas para aumentar el valor nutricional de la dieta. Además, en situaciones fisiológicas específicas en las que alcanzar los requerimientos nutricionales pudiera estar comprometido, podría considerarse el consumo de alimentos enriquecidos y/o la administración de suplementos.

[Anorexia nervosa, microbiota and brain]. / Anorexia nerviosa, microbiota y cerebro.

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disease with a high prevalence and comorbidities, characterized by a low response rate to treatment. It is considered as a multifactorial disease. In recent years, the focus has been placed on the presence of intestinal dysbiosis and its possible involvement as a causal factor as well as an alternative treatment. The objective of this work has been to review the current state of knowledge of alterations in the intestinal microbiota identified in patients with AN and the possibility of using probiotics as a therapeutic alternative. Significant changes in the diversity of species associated with weight loss have been described that could favor the perpetuation of the disorder, and that would explain many of the nutritional, gastrointestinal, psychological, and cognitive alterations present in these patients. The use of probiotics, still little studied in patients with AN, sheds some light on this matter to improve the treatment response, always hand in hand with conventional treatments.

Introducción: La anorexia nerviosa (AN) es una enfermedad psiquiátrica, con elevada prevalencia y comorbilidades, caracterizada por una baja tasa de respuesta al tratamiento. Se considera una enfermedad multifactorial. En los últimos años se ha puesto el foco en la presencia de disbiosis intestinal y su posible implicación como factor causal, así como alternativa de tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido revisar el estado actual del conocimiento de las alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal identificadas en pacientes con AN y la posibilidad del uso de probióticos como alternativa terapéutica. Se han descrito importantes cambios en la diversidad de las especies asociadas a la pérdida de peso que podrían contribuir a perpetuar el trastorno y que explicarían muchas de las alteraciones nutricionales, gastrointestinales, psicológicas y cognitivas presentes en estos pacientes. El uso de probióticos, poco estudiado aún en pacientes con AN, abre una nueva ventana para mejorar la respuesta, siempre de la mano de los tratamientos convencionales.

Evaluación de las características organolépticas de un suplemento nutricional oral diseñado específicamente para el paciente oncológico / Evaluation of the organoleptic characteristics of an oral nutritional supplement designed specifically for the cancer patient

Introducción: los suplementos nutricionales orales (SNO) son una de las terapias nutricionales más utilizadas para tratar la desnutrición en los pacientes oncológicos. Por ello, es de gran importancia contar con la innovación en estos tratamientos, desde los nutrientes hasta la calidad sensorial, para asegurar su consumo. Objetivos: evaluar las características organolépticas de diferentes prototipos de SNO diseñados específicamente para pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: estudio clínico piloto transversal, aleatorizado, cruzado y doble ciego en pacientes con cualquier tipo de cáncer, con o sin tratamiento oncológico, a los que se les realizó una cata de cinco prototipos de SNO con distintos sabores (brownie, tropical, piña, tomate y jamón) y distintas cualidades sensoriales para evaluar sus características organolépticas (color, olor, sabor, gusto residual, textura y densidad) a través de un cuestionario específico. Resultados: treinta pacientes de 67,5 ± 11,2 años y con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 22,3 ± 3,52 kg/m2 fueron evaluados. Los tumores más prevalentes fueron cabeza y cuello (30 %), páncreas (20 %) y colorrectal (17 %). El 65 % de los pacientes había perdido ≥ 10 % del peso corporal en seis meses. Los SNO mejor valorados fueron los sabores brownie (23,67 ± 3,91 puntos) y tropical (20,33 ± 3,37 puntos) mientras que los menos valorados fueron los SNO con sabor tomate (16,33 ± 5,44 puntos) y jamón (13,97 ± 4,64 puntos). Conclusión: los pacientes oncológicos valoran de forma mucho más positiva las características organolépticas de los SNO con sabores dulces, como el brownie, y los sabores afrutados, como el tropical. Menos apreciados por este colectivo son aquellos con un sabor salado, como el sabor jamón y tomate. (AU)

Introduction: oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are nutritional therapies used to treat malnutrition in cancer patients, therefore, innovation in these treatments, from nutrients to sensory quality, is essential to ensure their consumption. Objectives: to evaluate the organoleptic characteristic of different prototypes of oral nutritional supplements specifically designed for cancer patients. Method: cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind pilot clinical study in patients with any type of cancer, with or without oncological treatment,who tasted five ONS prototypes with different flavors (brownie, tropical, pineapple, tomato and ham) and different sensory qualities in order to evaluate their organoleptic characteristics (color, smell, taste, residual taste, texture and density) through a specific questionnaire. Results: thirty patients aged 67.5 ± 11.2 years and body mass index (BMI) of 22.3 ± 3.52 kg/m2 were evaluated. The most prevalent tumors were head and neck (30 %), pancreas (20 %) and colon (17 %); 65 % of the patients had lost ≥ 10 % of their body weight in six months. The best rated supplements by the cancer population were those with brownie flavor (23.67 ± 3.91 points) and tropical (20.33 ± 3.37 points), while the least valued were tomato (16.33 ± 5.44 points) and ham flavor (13.97 ± 4.64 points). Conclusions: cancer patients value the organoleptic characteristics of ONS with sweet flavors, such as brownie, and fruity flavors, such as tropical, much more positively. Less appreciated by these patients are those with a salty taste, such as ham and tomato flavor. (AU)

[Evaluation of the organoleptic characteristics of an oral nutritional supplement designed specifically for the cancer patient]. / Evaluación de las características organolépticas de un suplemento nutricional oral diseñado específicamente para el paciente oncológico.

Introduction: Introduction: oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are nutritional therapies used to treat malnutrition in cancer patients, therefore, innovation in these treatments, from nutrients to sensory quality, is essential to ensure their consumption. Objectives: to evaluate the organoleptic characteristic of different prototypes of oral nutritional supplements specifically designed for cancer patients. Method: cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind pilot clinical study in patients with any type of cancer, with or without oncological treatment, who tasted five ONS prototypes with different flavors (brownie, tropical, pineapple, tomato and ham) and different sensory qualities in order to evaluate their organoleptic characteristics (color, smell, taste, residual taste, texture and density) through a specific questionnaire. Results: thirty patients aged 67.5 ± 11.2 years and body mass index (BMI) of 22.3 ± 3.52 kg/m2 were evaluated. The most prevalent tumors were head and neck (30 %), pancreas (20 %) and colon (17 %); 65 % of the patients had lost ≥ 10 % of their body weight in six months. The best rated supplements by the cancer population were those with brownie flavor (23.67 ± 3.91 points) and tropical (20.33 ± 3.37 points), while the least valued were tomato (16.33 ± 5.44 points) and ham flavor (13.97 ± 4.64 points). Conclusions: cancer patients value the organoleptic characteristics of ONS with sweet flavors, such as brownie, and fruity flavors, such as tropical, much more positively. Less appreciated by these patients are those with a salty taste, such as ham and tomato flavor.

Introducción: Introducción: los suplementos nutricionales orales (SNO) son una de las terapias nutricionales más utilizadas para tratar la desnutrición en los pacientes oncológicos. Por ello, es de gran importancia contar con la innovación en estos tratamientos, desde los nutrientes hasta la calidad sensorial, para asegurar su consumo. Objetivos: evaluar las características organolépticas de diferentes prototipos de SNO diseñados específicamente para pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: estudio clínico piloto transversal, aleatorizado, cruzado y doble ciego en pacientes con cualquier tipo de cáncer, con o sin tratamiento oncológico, a los que se les realizó una cata de cinco prototipos de SNO con distintos sabores (brownie, tropical, piña, tomate y jamón) y distintas cualidades sensoriales para evaluar sus características organolépticas (color, olor, sabor, gusto residual, textura y densidad) a través de un cuestionario específico. Resultados: treinta pacientes de 67,5 ± 11,2 años y con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 22,3 ± 3,52 kg/m2 fueron evaluados. Los tumores más prevalentes fueron cabeza y cuello (30 %), páncreas (20 %) y colorrectal (17 %). El 65 % de los pacientes había perdido ≥ 10 % del peso corporal en seis meses. Los SNO mejor valorados fueron los sabores brownie (23,67 ± 3,91 puntos) y tropical (20,33 ± 3,37 puntos) mientras que los menos valorados fueron los SNO con sabor tomate (16,33 ± 5,44 puntos) y jamón (13,97 ± 4,64 puntos). Conclusión: los pacientes oncológicos valoran de forma mucho más positiva las características organolépticas de los SNO con sabores dulces, como el brownie, y los sabores afrutados, como el tropical. Menos apreciados por este colectivo son aquellos con un sabor salado, como el sabor jamón y tomate.

Anorexia nerviosa, microbiota y cerebro

La anorexia nerviosa (AN) es una enfermedad psiquiátrica, con elevada prevalencia y comorbilidades, caracterizada por una baja tasa de respuestaal tratamiento. Se considera una enfermedad multifactorial. En los últimos años se ha puesto el foco en la presencia de disbiosis intestinal ysu posible implicación como factor causal, así como alternativa de tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido revisar el estado actual delconocimiento de las alteraciones en la microbiota intestinal identificadas en pacientes con AN y la posibilidad del uso de probióticos como alternativa terapéutica. Se han descrito importantes cambios en la diversidad de las especies asociadas a la pérdida de peso que podrían contribuira perpetuar el trastorno y que explicarían muchas de las alteraciones nutricionales, gastrointestinales, psicológicas y cognitivas presentes enestos pacientes. El uso de probióticos, poco estudiado aún en pacientes con AN, abre una nueva ventana para mejorar la respuesta, siempre dela mano de los tratamientos convencionales. (AU)

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disease with a high prevalence and comorbidities, characterized by a low response rate to treatment.It is considered as a multifactorial disease. In recent years, the focus has been placed on the presence of intestinal dysbiosis and its possibleinvolvement as a causal factor as well as an alternative treatment. The objective of this work has been to review the current state of knowledge ofalterations in the intestinal microbiota identified in patients with AN and the possibility of using probiotics as a therapeutic alternative. Significantchanges in the diversity of species associated with weight loss have been described that could favor the perpetuation of the disorder, and that wouldexplain many of the nutritional, gastrointestinal, psychological, and cognitive alterations present in these patients. The use of probiotics, still littlestudied in patients with AN, sheds some light on this matter to improve the treatment response, always hand in hand with conventional treatments. (AU)

Sostenibilidad alimentaria: claves para el consumidor, ventajas e inconvenientes / Food sustainability: keys for the consumer, advantages and disadvantages

Para atender las necesidades alimentarias y nutricionales de una población creciente y garantizar los recursos naturales y productivos, lossistemas alimentarios deben experimentar cambios adoptando dietas más sostenibles. Diferentes organismos e instituciones recomiendanpatrones de dieta variada y equilibrada, con predominio de alimentos de origen vegetal y menor presencia de alimentos de origen animal, paramejorar el estado de salud y bienestar y reducir el impacto medioambiental. Este tipo de dietas presentan beneficios en la salud, sobre todosi están bien planificadas y los alimentos se combinan adecuadamente. Sin embargo, en algunas etapas de la vida (escolares, adolescentes,ancianos) y en situaciones fisiológicas especiales (embarazadas, deportistas) se debe prestar atención a los requerimientos nutricionales, quepodrían verse comprometidos en caso de no llevar a cabo una correcta planificación dietética, lo que podría derivar en problemas para la salud.Por ello, para facilitar la transición de los consumidores a una dieta sostenible, se deben promover estrategias bien diseñadas que incluyanprogramas de educación nutricional con instrucciones específicas acerca de las elecciones y combinaciones de alimentos más adecuadas paraaumentar el valor nutricional de la dieta. Además, en situaciones fisiológicas específicas en las que alcanzar los requerimientos nutricionalespudiera estar comprometido, podría considerarse el consumo de alimentos enriquecidos y/o la administración de suplementos. (AU)

To meet the food and nutritional needs of a growing population and, at the same time, guarantee natural and productive resources, food systemsmust undergo changes in production models and consumption patterns, adopting more sustainable diets. The recommendations of differentorganizations and institutions are aimed at adopting a varied and balanced dietary pattern, with a greater predominance of plant-based food anda lower presence of animal food, to improve the state of health and well-being, while reducing the environmental impact. These types of diets haveimportant health benefits, especially if diets are well planned and foods are properly combined. However, in some stages of life (schoolchildren,adolescents, elders) and in some special physiological situations (pregnancy, athletes), special attention should be paid to the increase of certainnutritional requirements that could compromise the health status if a correct dietary planning is not carried out. Therefore, well-designed strategies should be put in place to facilitate the transition to a sustainable diet, including nutrition education programs for consumers with specificinstructions on the most appropriate food choices to increase the nutritional value of the diet. In addition, in specific physiological situations,where meeting nutritional requirements may be compromised, the consumption of fortified foods and/or supplementation could be considered. (AU)

[Diet and lifestyle in cancer prevention]. / Alimentación y estilo de vida en la prevención del cáncer.

Introduction: European Union represents a tenth of the world population, however, it has a quarter of the cancer cases in the world. Without strong action, it is estimated that by 2035 cancer cases will increase by almost 25 %, making this disease the main cause of death. Therefore, the aim of this study is to know the diet and lifestyle guidelines associated to cancer prevention. A literature review has been carried out on the diet and lifestyle guidelines related to a reduction in cancer risk. Strategies to reduce cancer risk include maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, consuming a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, non-starchy vegetables, and legumes, limit processed and fast food, limit consumption of red meat and eat little, if any, processed meats, drink mostly water and limit the consumption of sugar sweetened drinks, finally reduce, or do not consume alcohol. Prevention is an effective tool to reduce cancer risk. Adequate diet and healthy lifestyle habits can reduce cancer risk as well as other non-communicable diseases and can even have environmental benefits.

Introducción: La Unión Europea representa una décima parte de la población mundial, pero tiene un cuarto de los casos de cáncer de todo el mundo. Sin una acción contundente, se estima que en 2035 los casos de cáncer aumentarán casi un 25 %, lo que convertirá a esta enfermedad en la principal causa de muerte. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es conocer las pautas de alimentación y de estilo de vida que influyen en la prevención del cáncer. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de las pautas de alimentación y de los principales estilos de vida que se relacionan con una reducción del riesgo de padecer cáncer. Entre las estrategias para reducir el riesgo de cáncer se encuentran el mantenimiento de un peso saludable a lo largo de toda la vida, ser físicamente activo, consumir una dieta rica en cereales integrales, frutas, verduras no almidonadas y legumbres, limitar el consumo de alimentos procesados y de comida rápida, limitar el consumo de carne roja y consumir poco o nada de carnes procesadas, consumir principalmente agua y limitar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, y por último, reducir el consumo de alcohol o no consumirlo. La prevención es una herramienta eficaz para reducir el riesgo de padecer cáncer. Una adecuada alimentación y hábitos de vida saludables reducirán el riesgo de padecer cáncer en el futuro, así como otras enfermedades no transmisibles e, incluso, beneficios medioambientales.

[Nutritional problems in celiac patients. Difficulties in achieving an adequate nutritional status]. / Problemática nutricional en pacientes celíacos. Dificultades para conseguir una situación nutricional adecuada.

Introduction: Celiac disease is the most common chronic intestinal disease. It affects approximately 1 % of the world population, affects all age groups and has symptoms both digestive and extra-digestive. The treatment of celiac disease is based on the strict withdrawal of gluten from the diet. This treatment supposes the improvement of symptoms and histology and the reduction of long-term comorbidities. People with celiac disease often follow diets that are far from the theoretical ideal, so they must be supervised and guided to achieve gluten-free diets that are also varied and balanced. In these patients it is important to avoid gluten consumption, but also to achieve an adequate supply of nutrients. However, their health problems, together with the limitations they must introduce in the diet make it more difficult to achieve a correct diet, so the group deserves special nutritional monitoring and surveillance.

Introducción: La enfermedad celíaca es la enfermedad crónica intestinal más frecuente que existe. Afecta aproximadamente al 1 % de la población mundial, a todos los grupos de edad y tiene síntomas de presentación tanto digestivos como extradigestivos. El tratamiento de la enfermedad celíaca se basa en la retirada estricta del gluten de la dieta. Este tratamiento supone la mejora de los síntomas y de la histología y la disminución de comorbilidades a largo plazo. Las personas con enfermedad celíaca realizan con frecuencia dietas alejadas del ideal teórico, por lo que deben ser supervisadas y orientadas para lograr dietas sin gluten y también variadas y equilibradas. En estos pacientes es importante evitar el consumo de gluten, pero también lograr un aporte adecuado de nutrientes y su problemática sanitaria, junto con las limitaciones que deben introducir en la dieta, hacen más difícil lograr una alimentación correcta, por lo que el colectivo merece una vigilancia y un control nutricional especiales.

Oral Supplement Containing Hydroxytyrosol and Punicalagin Improves Dyslipidemia in an Adult Population without Co-Adjuvant Treatment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled and Crossover Trial.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and punicalagin (PC) exert cardioprotective and antiatherosclerotic effects. This study evaluated the effect of an oral supplement containing HT and PC (SAx) on dyslipidemia in an adult population. A randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial was conducted over a 20-week period. SAx significantly reduced the plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL) (from 200.67 ± 51.38 to 155.33 ± 42.44 mg/dL; p < 0.05), while no such effects were observed in these subjects after the placebo. SAx also significantly decreased the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in subjects with high plasma levels of LDL-C (≥160 mg/dL) (from 179.13 ± 16.18 to 162.93 ± 27.05 mg/dL; p < 0.01), while no such positive effect was observed with the placebo. In addition, the placebo significantly reduced the plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the total population (from 64.49 ± 12.65 to 62.55 ± 11.57 mg/dL; p < 0.05), while SAx significantly increased the plasma levels of HDL-C in subjects with low plasma levels of HDL-C (<50 mg/dL) (from 44.25 ± 3.99 to 48.00 ± 7.27 mg/dL; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplement containing HT and PC exerted antiatherosclerotic and cardio-protective effects by considerably improving dyslipidemia in an adult population, without co-adjuvant treatment or adverse effects.

Problemática nutricional en pacientes celíacos. Dificultades para conseguir una situación nutricional adecuada / Nutritional problems in celiac patients. Difficulties in achieving an adequate nutritional status

La enfermedad celíaca es la enfermedad crónica intestinal más frecuente que existe. Afecta aproximadamente al 1 % de la población mundial, a todos los grupos de edad y tiene síntomas de presentación tanto digestivos como extradigestivos.El tratamiento de la enfermedad celíaca se basa en la retirada estricta del gluten de la dieta. Este tratamiento supone la mejora de los síntomas y de la histología y la disminución de comorbilidades a largo plazo.Las personas con enfermedad celíaca realizan con frecuencia dietas alejadas del ideal teórico, por lo que deben ser supervisadas y orientadas para lograr dietas sin gluten y también variadas y equilibradas.En estos pacientes es importante evitar el consumo de gluten, pero también lograr un aporte adecuado de nutrientes y su problemática sanitaria, junto con las limitaciones que deben introducir en la dieta, hacen más difícil lograr una alimentación correcta, por lo que el colectivo merece una vigilancia y un control nutricional especiales. (AU)

Celiac disease is the most common chronic intestinal disease. It affects approximately 1 % of the world population, affects all age groups and has symptoms both digestive and extra-digestive.The treatment of celiac disease is based on the strict withdrawal of gluten from the diet. This treatment supposes the improvement of symptoms and histology and the reduction of long-term comorbidities.People with celiac disease often follow diets that are far from the theoretical ideal, so they must be supervised and guided to achieve gluten-free diets that are also varied and balanced.In these patients it is important to avoid gluten consumption, but also to achieve an adequate supply of nutrients. However, their health problems, together with the limitations they must introduce in the diet make it more difficult to achieve a correct diet, so the group deserves special nutritional monitoring and surveillance. (AU)

Alimentación y estilo de vida en la prevención del cáncer / Diet and lifestyle in cancer prevention

La Unión Europea representa una décima parte de la población mundial, pero tiene un cuarto de los casos de cáncer de todo el mundo. Sin una acción contundente, se estima que en 2035 los casos de cáncer aumentarán casi un 25 %, lo que convertirá a esta enfermedad en la principal causa de muerte. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es conocer las pautas de alimentación y de estilo de vida que influyen en la prevención del cáncer. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de las pautas de alimentación y de los principales estilos de vida que se relacionan con una reducción del riesgo de padecer cáncer.Entre las estrategias para reducir el riesgo de cáncer se encuentran el mantenimiento de un peso saludable a lo largo de toda la vida, ser físicamente activo, consumir una dieta rica en cereales integrales, frutas, verduras no almidonadas y legumbres, limitar el consumo de alimentos procesados y de comida rápida, limitar el consumo de carne roja y consumir poco o nada de carnes procesadas, consumir principalmente agua y limitar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, y por último, reducir el consumo de alcohol o no consumirlo.La prevención es una herramienta eficaz para reducir el riesgo de padecer cáncer. Una adecuada alimentación y hábitos de vida saludables reducirán el riesgo de padecer cáncer en el futuro, así como otras enfermedades no transmisibles e, incluso, beneficios medioambientales. (AU)

European Union represents a tenth of the world population, however, it has a quarter of the cancer cases in the world. Without strong action, it is estimated that by 2035 cancer cases will increase by almost 25 %, making this disease the main cause of death. Therefore, the aim of this study is to know the diet and lifestyle guidelines associated to cancer prevention. A literature review has been carried out on the diet and lifestyle guidelines related to a reduction in cancer risk.Strategies to reduce cancer risk include maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, consuming a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, non-starchy vegetables, and legumes, limit processed and fast food, limit consumption of red meat and eat little, if any, processed meats, drink mostly water and limit the consumption of sugar sweetened drinks, finally reduce, or do not consume alcohol.Prevention is an effective tool to reduce cancer risk. Adequate diet and healthy lifestyle habits can reduce cancer risk as well as other non-communicable diseases and can even have environmental benefits. (AU)

[Regular consumption of a functional broth enriched with FOS increases the levels of hormones related to satiety in healthy people. A randomized, controlled clinical trial]. / El consumo regular de un caldo funcional enriquecido con FOS aumenta los niveles de las hormonas relacionadas con la saciedad en las personas sanas. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado y controlado.

Introduction: Introduction: excess weight represents a public health problem due to its associated risk factors. A sedentary lifestyle, an inadequate diet or a decrease in the feeling of satiety are some of the causes. Objetives: to evaluate the satiating properties of the consumption of a functional Iberian broth enriched with phospho-fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in healthy people through the plasma concentration of hormones involved in appetite. Material and method: acute, crossover, randomized, double-blind and controlled nutritional clinical trial carried out in 18 randomized participants in two treatment sequences (functional broth (CF), composed of 5.6 g POS/100 g and control broth (CC), with 0.4 g of maltodextrin/100 g) with 14 days of washing in between. Satiety-related parameters (glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY) and visual analog scales (VAS) were measured. Results: the percentage of body fat decreased in those who took the CF (-0.15 ± 0.32 vs 0.09 ± 0.52) (p < 0.05). Leptin concentration was higher with CF (p < 0.001), which was shown at time points -30 (p < 0.001), 0 (p < 0.001), 30 (p = 0.026) and 120 (p = 0.049) when compared to CC. The areas under the curve (AUC) for GLP-1 (p = 0.0033) and PYY (p = 0.022) were higher for CF as compared to CC. Conclusions: consumption of an Iberian broth enriched with POS improves the plasma concentration of hormones involved in the control of satiety, and reduces the amount of body fat. This result could have beneficial effects for the prevention and treatment of overweight.

Introducción: Introducción: el exceso de peso representa un problema de salud pública debido a los factores de riesgo asociados. El sedentarismo, una alimentación inadecuada o una disminución de la sensación de saciedad son algunas de sus causas. Objetivos: evaluar las propiedades saciantes del consumo de un caldo ibérico funcional enriquecido con fosfofructooligosacáridos (FOS) en personas sanas a través de la concentración plasmática de las hormonas involucradas en el apetito. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico nutricional, agudo, cruzado, aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado, llevado a cabo en 18 participantes aleatorizados en dos secuencias de tratamiento (caldo funcional (CF) compuesto de 5,6 g de FOS/100 g y caldo de control (CC), con 0,4 g de maltodextrina/100 g) con 14 días de lavado entre ellas. Se midieron parámetros relacionados con la saciedad (glucosa, insulina, leptina, ghrelina, GLP-1, PYY) y escalas analógicas visuales (EAV). Resultados: el porcentaje de grasa corporal disminuyó en los que tomaron el CF (-0,15 ± 0,32 vs. 0,09 ± 0,52) (p < 0,05). La concentración de leptina fue superior con el CF (p < 0,001), mostrándose dicho aumento en los tiempos -30 (p < 0,001), 0 (p < 0,001), 30 (p = 0,026) y 120 (p = 0,049) con respecto al CC. Las áreas bajo la curva (AUC) de GLP-1 (p = 0,0033) y PYY (p = 0,022) fueron superiores con el CF en comparación con el CC. Conclusión: el consumo de un caldo ibérico enriquecido con FOS mejora la concentración plasmática de las hormonas involucradas en el control de la saciedad y reduce la cantidad de grasa corporal. Dichos resultados podrían tener efectos beneficiosos para la prevención y el tratamiento del exceso de peso corporal.

Composición nutricional y declaraciones nutricionales del plátano de Canarias / Nutritional composition and nutritional claims of Canary Islands banana

Objetivos: el plátano de Canarias es el único fruto del género Musa que se produce en territorio español. Desde el año 2013 se cataloga como un alimento con Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP). El plátano de Canarias presenta características propias a nivel organoléptico que lo diferencian de otros frutos de consumo del mismo género como la banana. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se habían realizado estudios detallados sobre su composición nutricional y las posibles declaraciones nutricionales derivadas de su composición. Métodos: en el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados del análisis bromatológico del plátano de Canarias, realizado a través de distintas técnicas (cromatografía liquida, espectroscopia, espectrofotometría y polarimetría) en un estado óptimo de maduración del fruto (estadio 6). Adicionalmente, se hizo uso de la legislación vigente concerniente a las declaraciones de la composición nutricional de alimentos (Reglamento N.º 1169/2011) para esclarecer aquellas atribuibles al plátano. Resultados: el plátano de Canarias es un alimento con alto contenido por porción comestible en vitamina B6 (0,52 g/100 g) y fuente de potasio (419,9 mg/100 g), fibra dietética total (2,22 g/100 g) y vitamina C (12,35 mg/100 g) de manera natural, de acuerdo con la legislación vigente en materia de etiquetado alimentario. Conclusiones: la ingesta diaria de un plátano de Canarias contribuye a alcanzar el consumo recomendado de tres piezas de fruta al día, aportando unos valores de referencia de nutrientes (VRN) óptimos de vitaminas (B6, C), minerales (potasio) y fibra dietética, con el consiguiente valor añadido a nivel nutricional que pone de manifiesto su importancia como alimento de producción local y su incorporación como tal en el contexto de una dieta saludable. (AU)

Objectives: Canary Islands bananas represent the only native cultivar of Musa spp. present in Spanish territory. Since 2013, it has the Protected Geographical Indication label, which confers an additional value to this fruit. Bananas from the Canary Islands have certain organoleptic properties that make them stand out from among other commonly consumed Musa spp. However, to date, no studies have been reported including an extended nutritional composition of this product. Methods: the present work shows the main nutritional components of bananas from the Canary Islands as determined by different analytical techniques (mainly liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and polarimetry) when at their best in terms of ripeness (grade 6). Moreover, potential nutrition claims relating to their composition were proposed using the current legislation. Results: the fruit's remarkable content, edible portion, in vitamin B6 (0.52 g/100 g), dietary fiber (2.22 g/100 g), potassium (419.9 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (12.35 mg/100 g) should be highlighted. Additionally, these components could appear on nutritional labeling as claims, according to current European regulations. Conclusions: a daily consumption of one Canary Islands banana contributes to the recommended dietary intake of vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. The high nutritional value of this fruit enhances its presence in the Mediterranean eating pattern, being remarkable as a local product with excellent nutritional properties. (AU)

[Nutritional composition and nutritional claims of Canary Islands banana]. / Composición nutricional y declaraciones nutricionales del plátano de Canarias.

INTRODUCTION: Objectives: Canary Islands bananas represent the only native cultivar of Musa spp. present in Spanish territory. Since 2013, it has the Protected Geographical Indication label, which confers an additional value to this fruit. Bananas from the Canary Islands have certain organoleptic properties that make them stand out from among other commonly consumed Musa spp. However, to date, no studies have been reported including an extended nutritional composition of this product. Methods: the present work shows the main nutritional components of bananas from the Canary Islands as determined by different analytical techniques (mainly liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and polarimetry) when at their best in terms of ripeness (grade 6). Moreover, potential nutrition claims relating to their composition were proposed using the current legislation. Results: the fruit's remarkable content, edible portion, in vitamin B6 (0.52 g/100 g), dietary fiber (2.22 g/100 g), potassium (419.9 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (12.35 mg/100 g) should be highlighted. Additionally, these components could appear on nutritional labeling as claims, according to current European regulations. Conclusions: a daily consumption of one Canary Islands banana contributes to the recommended dietary intake of vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. The high nutritional value of this fruit enhances its presence in the Mediterranean eating pattern, being remarkable as a local product with excellent nutritional properties.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivos: el plátano de Canarias es el único fruto del género Musa que se produce en territorio español. Desde el año 2013 se cataloga como un alimento con Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP). El plátano de Canarias presenta características propias a nivel organoléptico que lo diferencian de otros frutos de consumo del mismo género como la banana. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se habían realizado estudios detallados sobre su composición nutricional y las posibles declaraciones nutricionales derivadas de su composición. Métodos: en el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados del análisis bromatológico del plátano de Canarias, realizado a través de distintas técnicas (cromatografía liquida, espectroscopia, espectrofotometría y polarimetría) en un estado óptimo de maduración del fruto (estadio 6). Adicionalmente, se hizo uso de la legislación vigente concerniente a las declaraciones de la composición nutricional de alimentos (Reglamento N.º 1169/2011) para esclarecer aquellas atribuibles al plátano. Resultados: el plátano de Canarias es un alimento con alto contenido por porción comestible en vitamina B6 (0,52 g/100 g) y fuente de potasio (419,9 mg/100 g), fibra dietética total (2,22 g/100 g) y vitamina C (12,35 mg/100 g) de manera natural, de acuerdo con la legislación vigente en materia de etiquetado alimentario. Conclusiones: la ingesta diaria de un plátano de Canarias contribuye a alcanzar el consumo recomendado de tres piezas de fruta al día, aportando unos valores de referencia de nutrientes (VRN) óptimos de vitaminas (B6, C), minerales (potasio) y fibra dietética, con el consiguiente valor añadido a nivel nutricional que pone de manifiesto su importancia como alimento de producción local y su incorporación como tal en el contexto de una dieta saludable.