RESUMEN
The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade is conserved across eukaryotes, where it plays a critical role in the regulation of activities including proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. This pathway propagates external stimuli through a series of phosphorylation events, which allows external signals to influence metabolic and transcriptional activities. Within the cascade, MEK, or MAP2K, enzymes occupy a molecular crossroads immediately upstream to significant signal divergence and cross-talk. One such kinase, MAP2K7, also known as MEK7 and MKK7, is a protein of great interest in the molecular pathophysiology underlying pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Herein, we describe the rational design, synthesis, evaluation, and optimization of a novel class of irreversible MAP2K7 inhibitors. With a streamlined one-pot synthesis, favorable in vitro potency and selectivity, and promising cellular activity, this novel class of compounds wields promise as a powerful tool in the study of pediatric T-ALL.
RESUMEN
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes sustain leukemic identity by driving high levels of MYC. Previous studies have implicated the hematopoietic transcription factor PU.1 (SPI1) as an important target of SWI/SNF inhibition, but PU.1 is widely regarded to have pioneer-like activity. As a result, many questions have remained regarding the interplay between PU.1 and SWI/SNF in AML as well as normal hematopoiesis. Here we found that PU.1 binds to most of its targets in a SWI/SNF-independent manner and recruits SWI/SNF to promote accessibility for other AML core regulatory factors, including RUNX1, LMO2, and MEIS1. SWI/SNF inhibition in AML cells reduced DNA accessibility and binding of these factors at PU.1 sites and redistributed PU.1 to promoters. Analysis of nontumor hematopoietic cells revealed that similar effects also impair PU.1-dependent B-cell and monocyte populations. Nevertheless, SWI/SNF inhibition induced profound therapeutic response in an immunocompetent AML mouse model as well as in primary human AML samples. In vivo, SWI/SNF inhibition promoted leukemic differentiation and reduced the leukemic stem cell burden in bone marrow but also induced leukopenia. These results reveal a variable therapeutic window for SWI/SNF blockade in AML and highlight important off-tumor effects of such therapies in immunocompetent settings. SIGNIFICANCE: Disruption of PU.1-directed enhancer programs upon SWI/SNF inhibition causes differentiation of AML cells and induces leukopenia of PU.1-dependent B cells and monocytes, revealing the on- and off-tumor effects of SWI/SNF blockade.
Asunto(s)
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Leucopenia , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Médula Ósea/patología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Diferenciación Celular , Leucopenia/genéticaRESUMEN
Novel drugs are needed to increase treatment response in children with high-risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Following up on our previous report on the activation of the MAP2K7-JNK pathway in pediatric T-ALL, here we demonstrate that OTSSP167, recently shown to inhibit MAP2K7, has antileukemic capacity in T-ALL. OTSSP167 exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against a panel of T-ALL cell lines with IC50 in the nanomolar range (10-50 nM). OTSSP167 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in T-ALL cell lines, associated at least partially with the inhibition of MAP2K7 kinase activity and lower activation of its downstream substrate, JNK. Other leukemic T-cell survival pathways, such as mTOR and NOTCH1 were also inhibited. Daily intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg OTSSP167 was well tolerated, with mice showing no hematological toxicity, and effective at reducing the expansion of human T-ALL cells in a cell-based xenograft model. The same dosage of OTSSP167 efficiently controlled the leukemia burden in the blood, bone marrow, and spleen of 3 patient-derived xenografts, which resulted in prolonged survival. OTSSP167 exhibited synergistic interactions when combined with dexamethasone, L-asparaginase, vincristine, and etoposide. Our findings reveal novel antileukemic properties of OTSSP167 in T-ALL and support the use of OTSSP167 as an adjuvant drug to increase treatment response and reduce relapses in pediatric T-ALL.
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Antineoplásicos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Niño , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamiento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Naftiridinas/farmacología , Naftiridinas/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
NK cell deficiencies (NKD) are a type of primary immune deficiency in which the major immunologic abnormality affects NK cell number, maturity, or function. Since NK cells contribute to immune defense against virally infected cells, patients with NKD experience higher susceptibility to chronic, recurrent, and fatal viral infections. An individual with recurrent viral infections and mild hypogammaglobulinemia was identified to have an X-linked damaging variant in the transcription factor gene ELF4. The variant does not decrease expression but disrupts ELF4 protein interactions and DNA binding, reducing transcriptional activation of target genes and selectively impairing ELF4 function. Corroborating previous murine models of ELF4 deficiency (Elf4-/-) and using a knockdown human NK cell line, we determined that ELF4 is necessary for normal NK cell development, terminal maturation, and function. Through characterization of the NK cells of the proband, expression of the proband's variant in Elf4-/- mouse hematopoietic precursor cells, and a human in vitro NK cell maturation model, we established this ELF4 variant as a potentially novel cause of NKD.
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Factores de Transcripción , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Células Asesinas Naturales , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of the bone marrow with 5-year overall survival of less than 10% in patients over the age of 65. Limited progress has been made in the patient outcome because of the inability to selectively eradicate the leukemic stem cells (LSC) driving the refractory and relapsed disease. Herein, we investigated the role of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in AML because of its critical role in the self-renewal and stemness of embryonic and cancer stem cells. Using a conditional Cre-lox Klf4 deletion system and the MLL-AF9 retroviral mouse model, we demonstrated that loss-of-KLF4 does not significantly affect the induction of leukemia but markedly decreased the frequency of LSCs evaluated in limiting-dose transplantation studies. Loss of KLF4 in leukemic granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (L-GMP), a population enriched for AML LSCs, showed lessened clonogenicity and percentage in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. RNAseq analysis of purified L-GMPs revealed decreased expression of stemness genes and MLL-target genes and upregulation of the RNA sensing helicase DDX58. However, silencing of DDX58 in KLF4 knockout leukemia indicated that DDX58 is not mediating this phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of KLF4 in MOLM13 cell line and AML patient-derived xenograft cells showed impaired expansion in vitro and in vivo associated with a defective G2/M checkpoint. Collectively, our data suggest a mechanism in which KLF4 promotes leukemia progression by establishing a gene expression profile in AML LSCs supporting cell division and stemness.
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Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Animales , Médula Ósea/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patología , Ratones , Proteína de la Leucemia Mieloide-Linfoide/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/metabolismoRESUMEN
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are 10-fold more likely to develop B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), with a higher frequency of rearrangements resulting in overexpression of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2). Here, we investigated the impact of CRLF2 overexpression on B-cell progenitor proliferation, immunophenotype, and gene expression profile in the Dp(16)1Yey (Dp16) mouse model of DS compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CRLF2 overexpression enhanced immature B-lymphoid colony development and increased the proportion of less differentiated pre-pro-B cells, with a greater effect in Dp16 versus WT. In CRLF2-rearranged (CRLF2-R) B-ALL patient samples, cells with higher CRLF2 expression exhibited a less differentiated B-cell immunophenotype. CRLF2 overexpression resulted in a gene expression signature associated with E2F signaling both in Dp16 B-progenitors and in DS-ALL patient samples, and PI3K/mTOR and pan-CDK inhibitors, which reduce E2F-mediated signaling, exhibited cytotoxicity in CRLF2-R B-ALL cell lines and patient samples. CRLF2 overexpression alone in Dp16 stem and progenitor cells did not result in leukemic transformation in recipient mice. Thus, CRLF2 overexpression results in reduced B-cell differentiation and enhanced E2F signaling in Dp16 B-progenitor cells and DS-ALL patient samples. These findings suggest a functional basis for the high frequency of CRLF2-R in DS-ALL as well as a potential therapeutically targetable pathway.
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Síndrome de Down , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Síndrome de Down/complicaciones , Síndrome de Down/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Receptores de Citocinas/genética , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive pediatric leukemia with a worse prognosis than most frequent B-cell ALL due to a high incidence of treatment failures and relapse. Our previous work showed that loss of the pioneer factor KLF4 in a NOTCH1-induced T-ALL mouse model accelerated the development of leukemia through expansion of leukemia-initiating cells and activation of the MAP2K7 pathway. Similarly, epigenetic silencing of the KLF4 gene in children with T-ALL was associated with MAP2K7 activation. Here, we showed the small molecule 5Z-7-oxozeaenol (5Z7O) induces dose-dependent cytotoxicity in a panel of T-ALL cell lines mainly through inhibition of the MAP2K7-JNK pathway, which further validates MAP2K7 as a therapeutic target. Mechanistically, 5Z7O-mediated apoptosis was caused by the downregulation of regulators of the G2/M checkpoint and the inhibition of survival pathways. The anti-leukemic capacity of 5Z7O was evaluated using leukemic cells from two mouse models of T-ALL and patient-derived xenograft cells generated using lymphoblasts from pediatric T-ALL patients. Finally, a combination of 5Z7O with dexamethasone, a drug used in frontline therapy, showed synergistic induction of cytotoxicity. In sum, we report here that MAP2K7 inhibition thwarts survival mechanisms in T-ALL cells and warrants future pre-clinical studies for high-risk and relapsed patients.
RESUMEN
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy of the bone marrow that affects mostly elderly adults. Alternative therapies are needed for AML patients because the overall prognosis with current standard of care, high dose chemotherapy and allogeneic transplantation, remains poor due to the emergence of refractory and relapsed disease. Here, we found expression of the transcription factor KLF4 in AML cell lines is not silenced through KLF4 gene methylation nor via proteasomal degradation. The deletion of KLF4 by CRISPR-CAS9 technology reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis in both NB4 and MonoMac-6 cell lines. Chemical induced differentiation of gene edited NB4 and MonoMac6 cells with ATRA and PMA respectively increased apoptosis and altered expression of differentiating markers CD11b and CD14. Transplantation of NB4 and MonoMac-6 cells lacking KLF4 into NSG mice resulted in improved overall survival compared to the transplantation of parental cell lines. Finally, loss-of-KLF4 did not alter sensitivity of leukemic cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs daunorubicin and cytarabine. These results suggest that KLF4 expression supports AML cell growth and survival, and the identification and disruption of KLF4-regulated pathways could represent an adjuvant therapeutic approach to increase response.
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Integrasas/metabolismo , Mutación , Penetrancia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Integrasas/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a hematological cancer driven by the oncoprotein BCR-ABL1, and lifelong treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors extends patient survival to nearly the life expectancy of the general population. Despite advances in the development of more potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors to induce a durable deep molecular response, more than half of patients relapse upon treatment discontinuation. This clinical finding supports the paradigm that leukemia stem cells feed the neoplasm, resist tyrosine kinase inhibition, and reactivate upon drug withdrawal depending on the fitness of the patient's immune surveillance. This concept lends support to the idea that treatment-free remission is not achieved solely with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and that new molecular targets independent of BCR-ABL1 signaling are needed in order to develop adjuvant therapy to more efficiently eradicate the leukemia stem cell population responsible for chemoresistance and relapse. Future efforts must focus on the identification of new targets to support the discovery of potent and safe small molecules able to specifically eradicate the leukemic stem cell population. In this review, we briefly discuss molecular maintenance in leukemia stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia and provide a more in-depth discussion of the dual-specificity kinase DYRK2, which has been identified as a novel actionable checkpoint in a critical leukemic network. DYRK2 controls the activation of p53 and proteasomal degradation of c-MYC, leading to impaired survival and self-renewal of leukemia stem cells; thus, pharmacological activation of DYRK2 as an adjuvant to standard therapy has the potential to induce treatment-free remission.
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Regulación Leucémica de la Expresión Génica , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/etiología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Autorrenovación de las Células/genética , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Unión Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Quinasas DyrKRESUMEN
Leukemia stem cells are a rare population with a primitive progenitor phenotype that can initiate, sustain, and recapitulate leukemia through a poorly understood mechanism of self-renewal. Here, we report that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes disease progression in a murine model of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-like myeloproliferative neoplasia by repressing an inhibitory mechanism of preservation in leukemia stem/progenitor cells with leukemia-initiating capacity. Deletion of the Klf4 gene severely abrogated the maintenance of BCR-ABL1(p210)-induced CML by impairing survival and self-renewal in BCR-ABL1+ CD150+ lineage-negative Sca-1+ c-Kit+ leukemic cells. Mechanistically, KLF4 repressed the Dyrk2 gene in leukemic stem/progenitor cells; thus, loss of KLF4 resulted in elevated levels of dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2), which were associated with inhibition of survival and self-renewal via depletion of c-Myc protein and p53 activation. In addition to transcriptional regulation, stabilization of DYRK2 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin E3 ligase SIAH2 with vitamin K3 promoted apoptosis and abrogated self-renewal in murine and human CML stem/progenitor cells. Altogether, our results suggest that DYRK2 is a molecular checkpoint controlling p53- and c-Myc-mediated regulation of survival and self-renewal in CML cells with leukemic-initiating capacity that can be targeted with small molecules.
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Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/metabolismo , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/genética , Proteínas de Fusión bcr-abl/genética , Proteínas de Fusión bcr-abl/metabolismo , Eliminación de Gen , Humanos , Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Vitamina K 3/farmacología , Quinasas DyrKRESUMEN
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represent an important target cell population in bone marrow transplantation, cell and gene therapy applications, and the development of leukemia models for research. Because the hematopoietic progeny carries the genetic information of HSCs and replenishes the blood and immune system, corrective gene transfer into HSCs provides an ideal therapeutic approach for many monogenic hematological diseases and a useful tool for studies of HSC function and blood formation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. However, the efficiency of gene transfer into HSCs has been limited by several features of viral vectors, viral titer, methods of viral transduction, and the property of stem cell quiescence. In this chapter, we describe the production of retrovirus using murine stem cell virus (MSCV)-based retroviral vectors and purification and transduction of murine HSCs.
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Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/metabolismo , Fase de Descanso del Ciclo Celular , Retroviridae/genética , Transducción Genética , Animales , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citometría de Flujo , Vectores Genéticos , RatonesRESUMEN
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematological malignancy in pediatric patients. Despite advances in the treatment of this disease, many children with T-cell ALL (T-ALL) die from disease relapse due to low responses to standard chemotherapy and the lack of a targeted therapy that selectively eradicates the chemoresistant leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) responsible for disease recurrence. We reported recently that the reprogramming factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has a tumor-suppressive function in children with T-ALL. KLF4 silencing by promoter deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation in patients with T-ALL leads to aberrant activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MAP2K7 and the downstream c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway that controls the expansion of leukemia cells via c-Jun and activating transcription factor 2. This pathway can be inhibited with small molecules and therefore has the potential to eliminate LICs and eradicate disease in combination with standard therapy for patients with refractory and relapsed disease. The present review summarizes the role of the KLF4-MAP2K7 pathway in T-ALL pathogenesis and the function of JNK and MAP2K7 in carcinogenesis and therapy.
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Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/fisiología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/etiología , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/fisiología , Niño , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/fisiología , Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 7/fisiología , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Krüppel-like factor 4 is a zinc finger protein with dual functions that can act as a transcriptional activator and repressor of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although most studies have focused on terminally differentiated epithelial cells, evidence suggests that Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates the development and function of the myeloid and lymphoid blood lineages. The ability of Krüppel-like factor 4 to dedifferentiate from somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells in cooperation with other reprogramming factors suggests its potential function in the preservation of tissue-specific stem cells. Additionally, emerging interest in the redifferentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into blood cells to correct hematologic deficiencies and malignancies warrants further studies on the role of Krüppel-like factor 4 in steady-state blood formation.
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Reprogramación Celular , Hematopoyesis , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/metabolismo , Animales , Reprogramación Celular/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hematopoyesis/genética , Humanos , Factor 4 Similar a Kruppel , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
Dietary influences may affect microbiome composition and host immune responses, thereby modulating propensity toward inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs): Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dietary n-6 fatty acids have been associated with UC in prospective studies. However, the critical developmental period when (n-6) consumption may induce UC is not known. We examined the effects of transiently increased n-6 consumption during pediatric development on subsequent dextran-sulfate-sodium (DSS)-induced acute murine colitis. The animals transiently became obese then rapidly lost this phenotype. Interestingly, mice were protected against DSS colitis 40 days after n-6 consumption. The transient high n-6-induced protection against colitis was fat type- and dietary reversal-dependent and could be transferred to germ-free mice by fecal microbiota transplantation. We also detected decreased numbers of chemokine receptor (Cxcr)5(+) CD4(+) T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of transiently n-6-fed mice. Further experiments revealed that anti-chemokine ligand (Cxcl)13 (the ligand of Cxcr5) antibody treatment decreased DSS colitis severity, implicating the importance of the Cxcr5-Cxcl13 pathway in mammalian colitis. Consecutively, we found elevated CXCL13 concentrations (CD: 1.8-fold, P = 0.0077; UC: 1.9-fold, P = 0.056) in the serum of untreated pediatric IBD patients. The human serologic observations supported the translational relevance of our findings.
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Colitis/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/metabolismo , Obesidad Infantil/metabolismo , Animales , Colon/metabolismo , Dieta , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Since its discovery, diverse functions have been attributed to the G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), from lipid metabolism to control of cell proliferation. Our group showed for the first time that G0S2 promotes quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells by interacting with and retaining nucleolin around the nucleus. Herein, we report the role of G0S2 in the differentiation and function of CD8(+) T cells examined in mice with an embryonic deletion of the G0s2 gene. G0S2 expression in naïve CD8(+) T cells decreased immediately after T-cell receptor activation downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Surprisingly, G0S2-null naïve CD8(+) T cells displayed increased basal and spare respiratory capacity that was not associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis but with increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α. Naïve CD8(+) T cells showed increased proliferation in response to in vitro activation and in vivo lymphopenia; however, naïve CD8(+) T cells expressing the OT-1 transgene exhibited normal differentiation of naïve cells to effector and memory CD8(+) T cells upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes in a wild-type or a G0s2-null environment, with increased circulating levels of free fatty acids. Collectively, our results suggest that G0S2 inhibits energy production by oxidative phosphorylation to fine-tune proliferation in homeostatic conditions.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/citología , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/deficiencia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , División Celular , Células Cultivadas , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Femenino , Genes Reporteros , Homeostasis , Listeria monocytogenes , Listeriosis/inmunología , Listeriosis/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos , Linfopenia/inmunología , Linfopenia/metabolismo , Linfopoyesis , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Fosforilación Oxidativa , Fosforilación , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Organismos Libres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMEN
The extensive use of the same chemotherapeutics over several decades has resulted in a growing incidence of chemoresistant cancer cells and secondary malignancies. Therefore, there is an increasing need for new drugs to treat high-risk cancer patients with a higher selectivity for cancer cells and lower toxicity to normal cells. Sulforaphane is released upon hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, by myrosinases that are present in the plant or intestinal microbes. Despite a large number of studies describing the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of sulforaphane in solid tumors, there is little information on the properties of sulforaphane in hematological malignancies. In this review, we discuss the anti-carcinogenic properties of sulforaphane, the need of higher doses than dietary intake, and the challenges related to testing sulforaphane as an adjunctive agent in combination with the current standard of care for frontline blood cancer.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Alimentos , Isotiocianatos/uso terapéutico , Leucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Humanos , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , SulfóxidosRESUMEN
Most differentiated CD8(+) T cells die off at the end of an infection, revealing two main subsets of memory T cells - central and effector memory - which can be found in lymphoid tissues or circulating through nonlymphoid organs, respectively. The cell intrinsic regulation of the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells to effector and central memory remains poorly studied. Herein, we describe a novel role of the ETS transcription factor ELF4 in the development and function of memory CD8(+) T cells following infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Adoptively transferred Elf4(-/-) naïve CD8(+) T cells produced lower numbers of effector memory CD8(+) T cells despite a normal pool of central memory. This was caused by suboptimal priming and decreased survival of CD8(+) T cells at the peak of response while enhanced Notch1 signaling and upregulation of eomesodermin correlated with "normal" development of Elf4(-/-) central memory. Finally, loss of ELF4 impaired the expansion of both central and effector memory CD8(+) T cells in a recall response by also activating Notch1 signaling. Altogether, ELF4 emerges as a novel transcriptional regulator of CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in response to infection.
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Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Memoria Inmunológica/genética , Listeria monocytogenes/inmunología , Listeriosis/genética , Listeriosis/inmunología , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/inmunología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/deficiencia , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Listeriosis/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/genética , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/deficienciaRESUMEN
G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is a basic protein with ill-defined function that inhibits the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. Herein, we show that treatment of K562 cells with 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) resulted in a 24-fold increase in G0S2 expression and a reduction in cell growth. Conversely, gene demethylation in the presence of G0S2-specific shRNA restored proliferation, further supporting an inhibitory role for G0S2 in cell proliferation. Elevated levels of G0S2 inhibited the division of K562 cells by sequestering the nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleolin in the cytosol. G0S2 inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells in vivo in xenograft models. Collectively, our data identify a new mechanism that controls proliferation in K562 cells, suggesting a possible tumor suppressor function in leukemia cells.