Beach carrying capacity management under Covid-19 era on the Basque Coast by means of automated coastal videometry.

This paper describes the methodology followed to implement social distancing recommendations in the COVID-19 context along the beaches of the coast of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Northern Spain) by means of automated coastal videometry. The coastal videometry network of Gipuzkoa, based on the KostaSystem technology, covers 14 beaches, with 12 stations, along 50 km of coastline. A beach user detection algorithm based on a machine learning approach has been developed allowing for automatic assessment of beach attendance in real time at regional scale. For each beach, a simple classification of occupancy (low, medium, high, and full) was estimated as a function of the beach user density (BUD), obtained in real time from the images and the maximum beach carrying capacity (BCC), estimated based on the minimal social distance recommended by the authorities. This information was displayed in real time via a web/mobile app and was simultaneously sent to beach managers who controlled the beach access. The results showed a strong receptivity from beach users (more than 50.000 app downloads) and that real time information of beach occupation can help in short-term/daily beach management. In the longer term, the analysis of this information provides the necessary data for beach carrying capacity management and can help the authorities in controlling and in determining their maximum capacity.

Bioavailability of two sublingual formulations of ketorolac tromethamine 30 mg: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Mexican adult volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Ketorolac tromethamine (ie, ketorolac) is an NSAID that appears to have several mechanisms of action, including inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, modulatory effect on opioid receptors, and nitric oxide synthesis. Ketorolac is used in the treatment of pain. There are various generic formulations of sublingual ketorolac available in Mexico. However, a literature search did not identify published data concerning the bioavailability of these formulations in the Mexican population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of 2 sublingual formulations of ketorolac 30-mg tablets in healthy Mexican adult volunteers. METHODS: This was a randomized-sequence, open-label, single-dose, 2-period crossover (2 dosing periods x 2 treatments) study comparing the bioavailability of two 30-mg sublingual tablet formulations of ketorolac. Healthy Mexican adult (aged, 18-55 years) men and women were eligible for inclusion. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of the test formulation or the reference formulation. After a 12-hour overnight fast, subjects received a single dose of the corresponding formulation. There was a 7-day washout period between administration periods. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour period after administration. Plasma ketorolac concentrations were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including Cmax, AUC0-24, and AUC0-infinity. Blood samples were drawn immediately after sublingual placement of the drug and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 90 minutes and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after dosing. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUC were within the predetermined range of 80% to 125% and if P for the 90% CIs was <0.05. Tolerability was assessed by vital sign monitoring, laboratory analysis results, and subject interviews. RESULTS: A total of 27 subjects (18 women, 9 men; mean [SD] age, 27 [9] years [range, 18-47 years]; weight, 61 [8] kg [48-79 kg]; height, 163 [8] cm [150-180 cm]) were enrolled and completed the study. Fourteen subjects received the test formulation first. No period or sequence effect was observed. The 90% CIs for the corresponding differences in natural log Cmax, AUC0-24, and AUC0-infinity were 95.94% to 114.66%, 98.34% to 105.90%, and 99.25% to 108.36%, respectively (all, (P) < 0.05), meeting the predetermined criteria for bioequivalence. Sixteen subjects experienced a total of 20 adverse events (AEs) during the study. None of the AEs were considered serious. One AE (nausea) appeared to be related to use of the reference formulation. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study in 27 healthy Mexican adult volunteers, the test formulation of a single, 30-mg sublingual tablet of ketorolac appeared to be bioequivalent to the reference formulation based on the rate and extent of absorption. Both formulations were well tolerated.

Bioavailability of two single-dose oral formulations of omeprazole 20 mg: an open-label, randomized sequence, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Mexican adult volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor that acts to reduce acid secretion in the stomach and is used for treating various acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. There are several generic formulations of omeprazole available in Mexico; however, a literature search failed to identify published data concerning the bioavailability of these formulations in the Mexican population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of 2 oral formulations of omeprazole 20-mg capsules, marketed for use in Mexico, in healthy volunteers: Inhibitron (test formulation) and LosecA 20 mg (reference formulation). METHODS: This study used a single-dose, open-label, randomized sequence, 2 x 2 crossover (2 administration periods x 2 treatments) design to compare the 2 formulations. Eligible subjects were healthy adult Mexican volunteers of both sexes. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single 20-mg dose of the test formulation followed by the reference formulation, or vice versa, with a 7-day washout period between administration periods. After a 12-hour (overnight) fast, subjects received a single, 20-mg dose of the corresponding formulation. Plasma samples were obtained over a 12-hour period after administration. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were analyzed by a nonstereospecific high-performance liquid chromatography method. For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(max), AUC from time 0 (baseline) to time t (AUC(0-t)), and AUC from baseline to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), blood samples were drawn at baseline and 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2, 2.50, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after administration. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the natural log (ln)-transformed ratios of C(max) and AUC were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125%, and if P

Bioavailability of two oral suspension and two oral tablet formulations of acyclovir 400 mg: two single-dose, open-label, randomized, two-period crossover comparisons in healthy Mexican adult subjects.

BACKGROUND: Acyclovir is an important antiviral drug, used extensively for treatment of herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Six oral generic formulations of acyclovir are available in Mexico; however, a literature search failed to identify data information concerning the bioavailability of these formulations in the Mexican population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of these 2 studies was to compare the bioavailability of 4 oral formulations of acyclovir 400 mg--2 tablet formulations and 2 suspension formulations--with their corresponding listed drug references in Mexico (a list issued by Mexican Health Authorities). METHODS: Two separate, single-dose, open-label, randomized, 2-period crossover studies were conducted at the Centro de Estudios Científicos y Clínicos Pharma, S.A. de C.V. (clinical unit), Mexico City, Mexico. For each study, a different set of eligible subjects were selected. They included healthy Mexican volunteers of either sex. For each study, subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1 test formulation of acyclovir 400 mg followed by the reference formulation, or vice versa, with a 1-week washout period between doses. After a 12-hour (overnight) fast, subjects received a single 400-mg dose (tablet or 10-mL suspension) of the corresponding formulation. For the analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(max), AUC from time 0 (baseline) to time t (AUC(0-t)), and AUC from baseline to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), blood samples were drawn at baseline, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after dosing. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the natural logarithm (ln)-transformed ratios of Cmax and AUC were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125% and if P

Bioavailability of two oral formulations of loratadine 20 mg with concomitant ketoconazole: an open-label, randomized, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Mexican adult volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Loratadine is a long-acting antihistamine with selective peripheral histamine H(1)-receptor antagonistic activity and fewer sedative effects compared with conventional antihistamines, and is widely used in Mexico. Although several generic formulations of loratadine are available in Mexico, based on a literature search, information concerning the bioavailability of each formulation in the Mexican population is not available. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability and tolerability of 2 oral formulations of loratadine 20 mg (two 10-mg tablets) used in Mexico: Sensibit (test formulation; Laboratorios Liomont S.A. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico) and Clarityne (reference formulation; Schering-Plough S.A. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico) in healthy volunteers. METHODS: This open-label, randomized, 2-period crossover study was conducted at Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Eligible subjects were healthy male Mexican volunteers aged > or=18 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single 20-mg dose (two 10-mg tablets) of the test or reference formulation, followed by a 2-week washout period, followed by the same dose of the alternate formulation. A 400-mg dose of ketoconazole (2 doses in 24 hours) was administered to each subject before the administration of each formulation, and a 200-mg dose of ketoconazole was given together with each formulation (ie, a total of 600 mg of ketoconazole was administered). Doses were administered after a 12-hour overnight fast. For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(maX), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity), blood samples were drawn at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 22 hours after dosing. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the geometric mean ratios of C(maX) and AUC were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125%. Tolerability was assessed by monitoring vital signs and subject interview regarding the potential presence of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Thirty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (mean age, 22 years [range, 18-28 years]; mean weight, 68.9 kg [range, 58-79 kg]; mean height, 170.8 cm [range, 158-183 cm]). Sixteen subjects received the test formulation first. No period or sequence effect was observed. The 90% CIs for the corresponding ratios of CmaX, AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) were 81.43% to 106.01%, 83.12% to 100.23%, and 84.06% to 101.10% (all, P < 0.05), meeting the predetermined criteria for bioequivalence. Similar results were found for data without a logarithmic transformation. No AEs were reported throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study in healthy Mexican volunteers, a single, 20-mg dose of the test formulation of loratadine was found to be bioequivalent to that of the reference formulation based on the rate and extent of absorption when concomitantly administered with ketoconazole. Both formulations were well tolerated.

Bioavailability of two oral formulations of azithromycin 500 mg: a randomized, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Mexican adult subjects.

BACKGROUND: Azithromycin is related to erythromycin but is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against streptococci and staphylococci compared with erythromycin. For these reasons, and because of convenience of dosing (QD for 3 days), azithromycin is widely used in Mexico. Although several generic formulations of azithromycin are available in Mexico, information concerning the bioavailability of each formulation in the Mexican population is not available. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability and tolerability of 2 oral formulations of azithromycin 500 mg used in Mexico: Macrozit (trademark of Laboratorios Liomont, S.A. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico; test formulation) and Azitrocin (trademark of Pfizer, S.A. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico; reference formulation). METHODS: This 2 x 2, crossover, randomized, open-label study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Autóma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico. Eligible subjects were healthy volunteers of either sex and with the following characteristics: age > or =19 to 25 years, weight 54 to 77 kg, and height 159 to 177 cm. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive Macrozit followed by Azitrocin, or vice versa, with a 3-week washout period between doses. After a 12-hour (overnight) fast, subjects received a single, 500-mg dose of each formulation. For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, including C(max), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity), blood samples were drawn at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after dosing. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the logarithm (ln)-transformed ratios of C(max) and AUC were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125% and if P < or = 0.05 for the 90% CIs. Tolerability was assessed by monitoring and subject interview regarding the potential presence of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled in the study; 27 completed it (14 men, 13 women; mean age, 21.7 years). Fourteen subjects received the test formulation first. No period or sequence effect was observed. The 90% CIs for the corresponding ratios of C(max), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-infinity) were 80.67 to 107.21, 91.39 to 107.59, and 90.61 to 106.19 (all, P < 0.05). Similar results were found for data without a logarithmic transformation. No AEs were found throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study in healthy Mexican volunteers, a single, 500-mg dose of Macrozit was found to be bioequivalent to that of Azitrocin based on the rate and extent of absorption. Both formulations were well tolerated.