Observation system for the technical-tactical analysis of judo by the Rio 2016 Olympic champions.

An observational methodology system has been designed which allows the observation and analysis of the technical-tactical behaviour and interaction of judokas during competition. The observation instrument (JUTACTIC) is composed of 8 fixed criteria that provide information related to the competition and the competitors and 13 variable criteria that, throughout the intrasessional monitoring of each combat, allow the behaviour displayed by both judokas and their interaction to be recorded. From an observational sample consisting of matches from the Rio 2016 Olympic champions and the corresponding samples made using the LINCE PLUS software, evidence of validity, reliability, generalizability and applicability of the observation system is provided. The content validity of the observation instrument has been endorsed by a panel of experts (n = 11). Intra and inter-observer reliability has been guaranteed from the results obtained in the Fleiss Kappa and the Krippendorff Alpha. The generalizability analysis with the design structure [Category] [Participants] / [Matches] has confirmed that around seven matches are needed to accurately analyse the behaviour of the competitor under study. The practical application possibilities of the observation instrument has been shown with an example of the results obtained and the regular behaviour structures detected (T-patterns) using the THEME software.

A Log-Linear Analysis of Efficiency in Wheelchair Basketball According To Player Classification.

Within the framework of observational methodology, we conducted a log-linear analysis to study efficiency in relation to players' functional ability in wheelchair basketball by analyzing associations between the position of the last pass before a shot, a shot position, and a shot result (favorable or unfavorable). The observation sample contained all offensive sequences ending in a shot by the US men's wheelchair basketball team, who won the gold medal at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. Data were annotated and coded in the Lince software program and their reliability confirmed by measuring interobserver agreement using Cohen's kappa statistics. Log-linear modeling showed that the models generated to explain offensive sequences ending in a shot by players with greater functional ability were closest to models observed for professional basketball players and were the only models to show significant effects in terms of efficiency.

Observational Analysis of Lateral Preference in Kumite Initiation: A Starting Point in the Longitudinal Programming of Formative Karate.

We used observational methodology to analyze lateral conditioning in the technical-tactical performance of high level 8-9-year-old karatekas, specifically in relation to the guard action that supports the technical action and the body segment with which it is performed. We designed an ad hoc observation instrument to analyze lateral preference in the technical-tactical actions that take place during the kumite. We relied on LINCE software for data registration, and we found good inter-observer reliability, calculated with Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Generalizability Theory supported the homogeneity of the behavior deployed by these combatants. Our results represent a starting point in the longitudinal programming of karate. By relating our results and those of other studies that have addressed lateral performance in formative karate in the kumite modality, we are able to draw a roadmap of a karateka's path towards the equilaterality that is inherent in an elite competitor: (a) the 8-9 year old karateka must overcome a conditioned lateral prevalence by adopting a forward non-dominant leg guard so as to then attack with the dominant body segment; (b) the eqilateral use of the right or left fist must occur later, between the 12-13 year age group and the senior category; and (c) there will then be less decisive lateral conditioning in the execution of offensive leg techniques.

Revisión Sistemática en Fútbol Sala desde los Mixed Methods / Systematic Review in Futsal from the Mixed Methods

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en realizar una systematic mixed study review en fútbol sala, centrándonos en las aportaciones realizadas desde la metodología observacional y desde una posición de integración entre elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos. La búsqueda de documentos primarios se realizó, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses Guidelines (PRISMA), en Web of Science core colletion, Scopus, ProQuest, Medline, Google Scholar, Scielo y Dianet. Los documentos primarios seleccionados fueron 37 artículos científicos de un total de 2410, a partir de los requisitos metodológicos establecidos en las Guidelines for reporting evaluations based on observational methodology (GREOM) (Portell et al., 2015), que han permitido verificar la estructura metodológica de dichos trabajos. Se han analizado los documentos primarios en lo relativo a idioma, país de origen de las instituciones de afiliación de los autores, revistas en que se publicaron y su factor de impacto, autoría individual/compartida, muestras, objeto de estudio y competiciones. En cuanto al objeto de estudio se han tenido en cuenta las acciones ofensivas, goles, táctica, pases, contraataques, rendimiento, tiros de esquina, aprendizaje, sistemas de juego, regate y sistemas de interacción. Desde la vertiente metodológica, y después de analizar cada documento primario desde los criterios GREOM, se han propuesto diversos perfiles procedimentales, a partir de los cuales se ha llevado a cabo un análisis cuantitativo de comparación de proporciones de la estructura metodológica de los documentos primarios. Se ha constatado que seis documentos primarios se ajustan satisfactoriamente al planteamiento que exige la metodología observacional considerada como mixed methods en sí misma, así como a los estándares de publicación.(AU)

Observational Studies in Male Elite Football: A Systematic Mixed Study Review.

Objective: This systematic mixed study review, focuses on the use of observation methodology in elite men's football matches, which constitutes an innovative approach, that opens up a new panorama of useful and productive research. Method: The methods used in this study follow the recommendations for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines (PRISMA). The search was carried out in five databases. Ninety-four articles out of 3,195 were selected and analyzed. In order to achieve a quality assessment, the guide was used to inform evaluations based on observation methodology (GREOM) (Portell et al., 2015), recognized by the EQUATOR network. Results: From the methodological review analysis, information obtained indicates that 97% of the researches used direct observation and 3% indirect observation. On the other hand, 56.5% of the articles explain the instrument used and 77% justify the applied observational design. A quantitative comparison of the proportions was made in several methodological aspects, which resulted in only 15.21% reviewing the quality of the data, and that 67.3% of the articles contributed to the mixed methods approach. The methodological review allowed us to establish procedural profiles. The results indicate that 67% of the articles have been published in English, and of these, 77% were published in journals that have an impact factor. The majority of the researchers, 53.26%, belong to Spanish entities. The most studied substantive aspects were goal (34%), possession of the ball (28%), and corner (27%). The most observed events were Leagues, World Cups, individual players and other events. Conclusions: The results obtained refer to both substantive and methodological aspects and allow us to configure a systematic review of mixed studies, in which we emphasize the aspects of a "systematic review" and a "mixed study," within an integrated perspective.

Corrigendum: Observational Studies in Male Elite Football: A Systematic Mixed Study Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02077.].

Successful and Unsuccessful Offensive Sequences Ending in a Shot in Professional and Elite Under-16 Basketball.

Following observational methodology, we analyzed successful and unsuccessful offensive attacks by professional and elite under-16 (U16) basketball players in Spain using an adapted ad hoc observation instrument designed to study efficiency in basketball. We identified both similarities and differences between how players from both categories built their attacks. The synchronic statistical analysis based on frequency counts showed that shots were more efficient in professional basketball and that U16 basketball was less static and had a higher frequency of fast breaks. Diachronic analysis, which consisted of T-pattern detection using Theme software, allowed us to identify characteristic successful and unsuccessful offensive sequences in professional and elite U16 basketball. These results have practical implications as they can be used to design training drills and prepare for competitions in U16 and professional basketball.

Analysis of diachronic relationships in successful and unsuccessful behaviors by world fencing champions using three complementary techniques / Análisis de las relaciones diacrónicas en los comportamientos de éxito y fracaso de campeones del mundo de esgrima utilizando tres técnicas complementarias

The aim of this study was to investigate diachronic relationships in successful and unsuccessful behaviors by world fencing champions using three complementary techniques: T-pattern analysis, lag sequential analysis, and polar coordinate analysis. We employed a nomothetic, point, multidimensional observational design in which we analyzed 24 bouts fenced by six world fencing champions in 2014. The actions were recorded and coded using LINCE software. The results revealed a series of behaviors that were significantly associated with successful outcomes, and also identified actions that contributed to poorer performance. One key conclusion to be drawn from the study is that the use of these complementary techniques is perfectly feasible and holds great potential in the field of sport. Lag sequential analysis of occurrences at lag 0 (co-occurrences) and analysis of basic T-patterns provided tactical insights into the different fencing actions employed. This analysis is focused on the actions and reactions of each fencer and his rival during each exchange. Insights into combat strategy, by contrast, were provided by lag sequential analysis of occurrences at lags -1 to -5 and lags +1 to +5, analysis of T-pattern clusters, and polar coordinate analysis. In the last case, we observed how prospective and retrospective behaviors, reflected in the modification or extension of certain behaviors during each bout, improved the efficacy of actions performed throughout the competition (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las posibles relaciones diacrónicas en las conductas de éxito y fracaso en campeones del mundo de esgrima desde tres técnicas analíticas complementarias: detección de Tpatterns, análisis secuencial de retardos y análisis de coordenadas polares. Se utilizó un diseño observacional nomotético, puntual y multidimensional en el registro de 24 asaltos de los seis esgrimistas campeones del mundo de 2014. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el software LINCE. Los resultados revelaron una serie de comportamientos que estaban estadísticamente asociados con la mejora del rendimiento deportivo y también se identificaron acciones que contribuyeron a empeorarlo. Una de las principales conclusiones que pueden extraerse de este estudio es que el uso de estas técnicas complementarias de análisis es perfectamente factible y tiene un gran potencial en el ámbito del deporte. El análisis secuencial en el retardo 0 (coocurrencias) y de las configuraciones básicas de los T-patterns proporcionan conocimientos tácticos sobre las diferentes acciones de esgrima empleadas. Este análisis se produce en el marco de la interacción entre las técnicas ejecutadas por cada tirador y su rival en cada acción del asalto. El análisis secuencial en los retardos -1 a -5 y +1 a +5, las agrupaciones de clusters de los T-patterns y el análisis de coordenadas polares contribuyen al análisis de la estrategia de combate. En este caso, se observaron cómo las conductas prospectivas y retrospectivas determinaron la consolidación o modificación de ciertos comportamientos durante cada asalto, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de las acciones realizadas a lo largo de toda la competición (AU)

Detection and Selection of Behavioral Patterns Using Theme: A Concrete Example in Grassroots Soccer.

Observational methodology provides a rigorous yet flexible framework for capturing behaviors over time to allow for the performance of subsequent diachronic analyses of the data captured. Theme is a specialized software program that detects hidden temporal behavioral patterns (T-patterns) within data sets. It is increasingly being used to analyze performance in soccer and other sports. The aim of this study was to show how to select and interpret T-patterns generated by the application of three "quantitative" sort options in Theme and three "qualitative" filters established by the researchers. These will be used to investigate whether 7-a-side (F7) or 8-a-side (F8) soccer is best suited to the learning and skills development needs of 7- and 8-year-old male soccer players. The information contained in the T-patterns generated allowed us to characterize patterns of play in children in this age group. For both formats, we detected technical-tactical behaviors showing that children of this age have difficulty with first-touch actions and controlling the ball after a throw-in. We also found that ball control followed by a pass or a shot at the goal are common in the central corridor of the pitch. Further, depth of play is achieved by ball control, followed by dribbling and a pass or shot. In F8, we saw that depth of play was achieved through ball control, followed by dribbling and passing of one or more opponents leading to a pass or shot. However, in F7, we saw that players succeeded in advancing from their goal area to the rival goal area through a sequence of actions.

Optimization of Game Formats in U-10 Soccer Using Logistic Regression Analysis.

Small-sided games provide young soccer players with better opportunities to develop their skills and progress as individual and team players. There is, however, little evidence on the effectiveness of different game formats in different age groups, and furthermore, these formats can vary between and even within countries. The Royal Spanish Soccer Association replaced the traditional grassroots 7-a-side format (F-7) with the 8-a-side format (F-8) in the 2011-12 season and the country's regional federations gradually followed suit. The aim of this observational methodology study was to investigate which of these formats best suited the learning needs of U-10 players transitioning from 5-aside futsal. We built a multiple logistic regression model to predict the success of offensive moves depending on the game format and the area of the pitch in which the move was initiated. Success was defined as a shot at the goal. We also built two simple logistic regression models to evaluate how the game format influenced the acquisition of technicaltactical skills. It was found that the probability of a shot at the goal was higher in F-7 than in F-8 for moves initiated in the Creation Sector-Own Half (0.08 vs 0.07) and the Creation Sector-Opponent's Half (0.18 vs 0.16). The probability was the same (0.04) in the Safety Sector. Children also had more opportunities to control the ball and pass or take a shot in the F-7 format (0.24 vs 0.20), and these were also more likely to be successful in this format (0.28 vs 0.19).

Ad hoc procedure for optimising agreement between observational records / Procedimiento ad hoc para optimizar el acuerdo entre registros observacionales

Observational studies in the field of sport are complicated by the added difficulty of having to analyse multiple, complex events or behaviours that may last just a fraction of a second. In this study, we analyse three aspects related to the reliability of data collected in such a study. The first aim was to analyse and compare the reliability of data sets assessed quantitatively (calculation of kappa statistic) and qualitatively (consensus agreement method). The second aim was to describe how, by ensuring the alignment of events, we calculated the kappa statistic for the order parameter using SDIS-GSEQ software (version 5.1) for data sets containing different numbers of sequences. The third objective was to describe a new consultative procedure designed to remove the confusion generated by discordant data sets and improve the reliability of the data. The procedure is called "consultative" because it involves the participation of a new observer who is responsible for consulting the existing observations and deciding on the definitive result

Habitualmente, los estudios observacionales desarrollados en el ámbito deportivo, se encuentran con la dificultad añadida que supone la elevada complejidad de las diferentes conductas que constituyen el registro, así como de la velocidad a la que éstas se suceden. El presente trabajo pretende satisfacer tres objetivos en relación con la fiabilidad de los datos observacionales. El primero consiste en implementar de forma conjunta en un mismo estudio, para facilitar así su comparación, formas de concordancia cuantitativa (coeficiente kappa de Cohen) y cualitativa (concordancia por consenso). El segundo persigue detallar el proceso de obtención del coeficiente kappa de Cohen, bajo el parámetro orden -mediante el software SDIS-GSEQ, versión 5.1.- con paquetes de datos constituidos por un nú- mero diferente de secuencias, incidiéndose en la forma en la que se garantiza su alineación. En el tercer objetivo, que persigue superar la confusión generada por dos registros diferentes, se presenta un procedimiento de mejora de la fiabilidad del dato. El procedimiento ha sido denominado "consultivo", al ser un nuevo observador el que determina qué conducta de las registradas es la que verdaderamente ha tenido lugar y, por lo tanto, procede incluir en el registro definitivo

Complementariedad entre las relaciones diacrónicas de los T-Patterns y los patrones de conducta en acciones de esgrima de espada masculina de élite / Complementarity between diachronic T-pattern relationships and behavioral patterns in elite male fencing / Complementaridade entre as relações diacrónicas dos T-Patterns e os padrões de conduta em ações de esgrima de espada masculina de elite

El objetivo de este artículo es establecer las posibles relaciones diacrónicas detectadas en el análisis táctico de los asaltos de esgrima de espada masculina, desde tres técnicas analíticas complementarias. Se utilizó un diseño observacional nomotético, puntual y multidimensional en el registro de ocho asaltos de dos esgrimistas finalistas en los mundiales de Budapest 2013 y Kazán 2014. Se utilizó el instrumento de observación ESGRIMOBS. En el muestreo observacional realizado con LINCE v.1.1 se registraron 407 frases de armas. El análisis metodológico se realizó con los programas THEME v.6 Edu, GSEQ5 y HOISAN. Los resultados concluyen el interés de este análisis complementario a través de dos claras orientaciones. En primer lugar, un análisis táctico (intra-frase de armas), que vincula el pensamiento táctico con la ejecución técnica específica y su eficacia. Este análisis intra-frase de armas se lleva a cabo mediante el análisis secuencial del Retardo 0 (análisis de coocurrencias) y las configuraciones de los T-Patterns. En segundo lugar, un análisis estratégico (inter-frases de armas) que nos informa de la relación bidireccional, prospectiva y retrospectiva, de las acciones de esgrima en relación a su eficacia. Este análisis inter-frases de armas se realiza mediante el análisis secuencial en los retardos -1 a -5 y +1 a +5, las agrupaciones de clusters de los T-Patterns y el análisis de coordenadas polares. Estas herramientas nos permiten establecer relaciones directas entre las distintas acciones tácticas y su eficacia en el marcador, así como sobre las operaciones estratégicas de los tiradores durante la competición, pudiendo constituir un excelente complemento para la mejora de la toma de decisiones de los esgrimistas

The aim of this study was to establish possible diachronic relationships in the tactical analysis of assaults in male fencing using three complementary methods. We employed a nomothetic, point, multidimensional observational design in which we analysed eight assaults by two fencers in the final stages of the Men's World Fencing Championships in Budapest (2013) and Kazan (2014). The ESGRIMOBS observation instrument was used. A total of 407 phrases (sets of related actions and reactions in a fencing conversation) were recorded and coded in LINCE v.1.1. The methodological analysis was performed with the software THEME v.6 Edu, GSEQ5 and HOISAN. This complementary analysis provided interesting tactical and strategic insights. The tactical analysis (intra-phrase analysis) established links between tactical thinking and technical execution (and efficacy). This analysis was performed by lag sequential analysis at lag 0 (co-occurrences) and T-pattern analysis. The strategic analysis (inter-phrase analysis) provided information about the bidirectional relationship (prospective and retrospective) between fencing actions in relation to their efficacy. The inter-phrase analysis was performed by lag sequential analysis at lags -1 to -5 and +1 to +5, analysis of T-pattern clusters, and polar coordinate analysis. The above tools allowed us to identify direct relationships between different tactical actions and their efficacy (in terms of score) and provided information on successful strategies used by fencers during competitions. Information of this kind could help fencers to take better decisions during assaults

O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer as possíveis relações diacrónicas detetadas na análise tática dos assaltos de esgrima de espada masculina a partir de três técnicas analíticas complementárias. Utilizou-se um desenho observacional nomotético, pontual e multidimensional no registo de oito assaltos de dois esgrimistas finalistas dos mundiais de Budapeste 2013 e Kazan 2014. Utilizou-se o instrumento de observação ESGRIMOBS. Na amostra observacional realizada com LINCE v.1.1 registou-se 407 frases d'armas. A análise metodológica foi realizada com o software THEME v.6 Edu, GSEQ5 e HOISAN. Os resultados concluem o interesse desta análise complementaria através de duas orientações evidentes. Em primeiro lugar, uma análise tática (intra-frase de armas), que vincula o pensamento tático com a execução técnica específica e sua eficácia. Esta análise intra-frase de armas leva-se a cabo mediante a análise de retardo 0 (análise de coocurrencias) e as configurações dos T-Patterns. Em segundo lugar, uma análise estratégica (inter-frases de armas) que informa-nos da relação bidirecional, prospetiva y retrospetiva das ações de esgrima em relação à sua eficácia. Esta análise inter-frase d'armas realiza-se através da análise sequencial dos retardos -1 a -5 e +1 a +5, dos agrupamentos de clusters dos T-Patterns e da análise de coordenadas polares. Estas ferramentas permitem estabelecer relações diretas entre as distintas ações táticas e a sua eficácia no marcador, assim como as operações estratégicas dos lançadores durante a competição, podendo constituir um excelente complemento para a melhora da tomada de decisões dos esgrimistas

Detección y aplicación de T-Patterns en la escalada de élite / Detecção e aplicação de T-Patterns em escalada elite / Detection and application of T-Patterns in elite climbing

El presente trabajo constituye un ejemplo de la potencia informativa de los T-patterns -estructuras regulares y temporales de conductas obtenidas mediante el software Theme, versión 6.0- y de su aplicación, por primera vez, al conocimiento estratégico-táctico de un deporte que ha sido residualmente estudiado como es la escalada deportiva. En el seno de la metodología observacional se ha construido ad hoc el instrumento de observación Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT) que ha permitido detectar T-patterns que reflejan el comportamiento desarrollado en la ascensión de la vía -presa, mano de agarre, inicio y final de contacto, chapaje, uso de magnesio y descansos- por los mejores escaladores -modalidad Lead- que participaron en el Campeonato del Mundo de 2011, celebrado en Arco (Italia). Mediante la información contenida en los T-patterns detectados se ha caracterizado la ascensión en tramos (inicial, medio y final), describiéndose operativamente la manera en la que los mejores escaladores del mundo cumplimentan la ascensión de la vía

Este trabalho é um exemplo do poder informativo dos T-patterns -estruturas regulares e temporários de comportamento obtidas por software Theme, versão 6.0- e sua implementação, pela primeira vez, o conhecimento estratégico e tático de um esporte que tem sido pouco estudada como escalada desportiva. No âmbito da metodologia observacional foi construído ad hoc o instrumento de observação Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT), que detectou T-patterns que refletem o comportamento desenvolvido na ascensão da via -presa, aperto de mão, início e fim de contato, chapaje, uso de magnésio e pausas- para os melhores escaladores -modalidade Lead- que participaram no Campeonato do Mundo de 2011, realizada em Arco (Itá- lia). Usando as informações contidas nos T-patterns detectados, a ascensão foi marcada em seções (inicial, meio e fim), descrevendo operacionalmente a maneira pela qual os melhores escaladores do mundo cheio na subida da via (AU)

This work is an example of the informative power of T-patterns -regular and temporal structures of obtained behaviours by the software Theme, version 6.0- and the application for first time, in the strategic and technical knowledge of sport that has been little studied such as sport climbing. Within observational methodology it has been built ad hoc observational instrument Sport Climbing Observation Tool (SCOT) that has detected T-patterns that reflect the behaviour developed in the route ascent - hold, hand, hand contact time, quickdrawing, chalk and rest- for the best climbers -Lead modality- who participated in the 2011 World Championship, held in Arco (Italy). By the information obtain with T-patterns, the ascension was marked in sections (initial, middle and end), describing the manner in which the best climbers in the world complete the ascent of the route (AU)

Application of logistic regression models in observational methodology: game formats in grassroots football in initiation into football / Aplicación de modelos de regresión logística en metodología observacional: modalidades de competición en la iniciación al fútbol

This study shows how simple and multiple logistic regression can be used in observational methodology and more specifically, in the fields of physical activity and sport. We demonstrate this in a study designed to determine whether three-a-side futsal or five-a-side futsal is more suited to the needs and potential of children aged 6-to-8 years. We constructed a multiple logistic regression model to analyze use of space (depth of play) and three simple logistic regression models to determine which game format is more likely to potentiate effective technical and tactical performance

El presente trabajo constituye un ejemplo de las posibilidades de utilización de modelos de regresión logística -múltiple y simple- en el ámbito de la metodología observacional y más concretamente en su aplicación a la actividad física y el deporte. La ejemplificación se concreta en un estudio que pretende discriminar qué modalidad de juego (fútbol 3 o fútbol 5) constituye una propuesta más adaptada a las posibilidades del niño de 6 a 8 años. La satisfacción de ambos objetivos -metodológico y disciplinar- se satisface mediante un modelo de regresión logística múltiple, que va a analizar en qué modalidad el niño obtiene un desempeño espacial de mayor calidad; y tres modelos de regresión logística simple, que van a aportar información relevante acerca de en qué modalidad de fútbol el niño obtiene un desempeño técnico-táctico más eficaz y adaptado

Tactical behaviour of winning athletes in major championship 1500-m and 5000-m track finals.

This article analyses the tactics employed by middle-distance (1500-m) and long-distance (5000-m) runners from an observational methodology perspective. The subject of investigation has received little attention from specialists in the field of athletics, with most research focusing on physiological studies of athlete performance. Using an ad hoc observation tool and a database containing systematically recorded data we detected time patterns (T-patterns) within the data recorded using the Theme software program (version 5.0), and analysed the tactics employed by winners of the men's 1500-m and 5000-m finals of the World Championships in Athletics [Edmonton 2001, Paris 2003, Helsinki 2005 (1500-m final only), Osaka 2007 (1500-m final only), Berlin 2009 and Daegu 2011], the European Athletics Championships (Munich 2002, Göteborg 2006, and Barcelona 2010) and the Olympic Games (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008 and London 2012). T-pattern detection and investigation of the relationship between category systems corresponding to the criteria comprising the observation tool revealed both similarities (starting lane and lane used during race, runner's position during race and sprint zone and lane) and differences (variations in pace, zones in which changes of pace occur, sprint initiation zone and winner's position at the start of the sprint) between the two disciplines.

Degradación de T-patterns en estudios observacionales: Un estudio sobre la eficacia en el ataque de fútbol sala / Degradation of T-patterns in observational studies: A study on the effectiveness in futsal

Una de las técnicas analíticas más novedosas en el ámbito de la metodología observacional es la que permite la detección de T-patterns (estructuras regulares de conducta) mediante el software THEME, que analiza datos observacionales en búsqueda de relaciones de intervalo crítico en sentido ascendente (desde T-pattern simples, dos eventos que se relacionan en un primer nivel, a T-patterns complejos constituidos por diferentes eventos relacionados en distintos niveles). En el presente artículo se analiza esta cuestión, la degradación de los T-patterns, que hasta el momento ha sido puntualmente estudiada. Para ello, se utiliza el muestreo observacional constituido por el conjunto de las secuencias que acaban en gol (n= 23) protagonizadas por el F.C. Barcelona durante el Play Off final de la liga española 2012-13 de fútbol sala. De esta forma este trabajo satisface un segundo objetivo, en este caso disciplinar, de analizar la eficacia en la construcción de la fase ofensiva en el fútbol sala; habiéndose tipificado que las secuencias que finalizan en gol se caracterizan por conseguir, mediante juego combinativo, un lanzamiento desde sector definición-corredor central (AU)

One of the most recent analytical techniques in observational methodology is T-pattern detection and analysis (regular structures of behaviour) with the THEME software. THEME analyses observational data, searching for critical interval relationship between single event types to more complex T-pattern structures. the current study analyses the degradation of T-patterns that have only been studied punctually. With this objective we analyse a sample of sequences from Barcelona FC, from the final playofis in the Spanish Futsal League, that end in a goal (n=23). A second objective of this study is to analyse the efficacy of ofiensive phase in futsal, it having been typified that the sequences that they finish in goal characterize for central definition - broker obtains, by means of game combinativo, a throwing from sector (AU)

Uma das técnicas analíticas mais recentes no âmbito da metodología observacional é a que permite a deteção de T-patterns (estruturas regulares de conduta) através do software THEME. THEME analisa dados observacionais em busca de relações de intervalo crítico no sentido ascendente (a partir dos T-pattern simples, dois eventos que se relacionan num primeiro nivel, até T-patterns complexos constituidos por diferentes eventos que se relacionams em diferentes níveis). No presente artigo analisa-se esta questão -a degradação dos T-patterns- que até ao momento foi estudada de forma pontual. Para isso, utiliza-se a amostragem observacional constituída pelo conjunto de sequências que terminam em golo (n= 23) protagonizadas pelo F.C. Barcelona durante o Play Off final da liga espanhola correspondente à temporada 2012-13. Desta forma este trabalho satisfaz um segundo objetivo, neste caso disciplinar, de analisar a eficácia na construção da fase ofensiva no futsal, tendo estabelecido que as sequências que terminam em gol caracterizam-se por alcançar, usando o jogo combinatório, um lançamento do sector definicion-corredor central (AU)

Detección de T-patterns en la observación de deportes de combate / Detecção de padrões-t na observação de desportos de combate / T-pattern detection in combat sports

El objetivo de esta investigación es implementar el análisis y detección de las estructuras temporales de los acontecimientos deportivos o patrones temporales o T-pattern para detectar los errores técnicos y sus secuencias conductuales en la proyección de judo kosoto-gari y así proponer cambios metodológicos en los procesos de enseñanza del judo. Los participantes (n = 50; 38 hombres y 12 mujeres; M = 19.23 años; DE = 1.12), estudiantes del grado en CAFE sin experiencia previa en judo, se sometieron, a partir de un estudio observacional sistemático, a un registro en video de la ejecución de la técnica de estudio. Los resultados, determinados mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis secuencial de T-Patterns obtenido con el programa Theme 5, corroboran que existe una serie de defectos típicos que comete el sujeto en el aprendizaje de esta proyección, así como unas secuencias de errores en cadena, que básicamente afectan al desequilibrio, a la posición de los pies y cadera-tronco, a la incorrecta acción de siega y a la acción final de los brazos. Estos resultados nos permiten proponer, en el aprendizaje del judo, secuencias de movimientos que garanticen el éxito en la proyección y recomendaciones sobre la utilización del feedback

By identifying and analysing temporal patterns (T-patterns) in behaviour, this study aims to detect technical errors and behavioural sequences in the kosoto gari judo throw, and, based on this, to propose changes to the way in which judo is taught. The participants (n = 50: 38 men and 12 women; Mage = 19.23 years, SD = 1.12) were students studying for a physical education and sports science degree with no previous experience of judo. This was a systematic observational study in which the students were filmed performing the kosoto gari technique. The results, derived from descriptive statistics and a sequential analysis of T-patterns conducted by means of Theme 5, revealed that the students committed a series of typical errors when learning to perform the throw. Furthermore, these errors often appeared in sequence, mainly involving a lack of balance, the position of the feet and hips/trunk, an incorrect reap and the final arm movement. The results can be used to propose movement sequences that would ensure that the throw is learnt correctly, and also to enable recommendations to be made regarding the use of feedback

O objectivo desta investigação é implementar a análise e detecção de estruturas temporais dos acontecimentos desportivos, ou padrões temporais (Padrões-T), para detectar erros técnicos e as suas sequências comportamentais na projecção do judo kosoto-gari e assim sugerir mudanças metodológicas nos processos de ensino do judo. Os participantes (n = 50; 38 homens e 12 mulheres; M = 19.23 anos; DP = 1.12), estudantes do grau em CAFE sem experiência prévia no judo, submeteram-se, a partir de um estudo observacional sistemático, a um registo em vídeo da execução da técnica em estudo. Os resultados, determinados mediante estatística descritiva e análise sequencial de Padrões-T obtidos com o programa Theme 5, corroboram a existência de uma série de erros típicos que os sujeito cometem na aprendizagem desta projecção, assim como uma sequência de erros em cadeia, que basicamente afectam o desequilíbrio, a posição dos pés e do tronco, a incorrecta acção de pega e a acção final dos braços. Estes resultados permitem-nos propor, na aprendizagem do judo, sequências de movimentos que garantam o êxito na projecção e recomendações sobre a utilização do feedback

Observational analysis of the offensive sequences that ended in a shot by the winning team of the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship.

This article analyses the offensive phase of the national team than won the 2010 UEFA Championship. More specifically, the observational sampling includes all plays in which the Spanish national futsal team managed to "shoot" in the competition in question. This data was obtained by adapting an observational and recording tool typically used for football to the technical specifications of futsal; the SOF-CODER (Jonsson et al., 2006). Two types of analysis have been performed. One statistical analysis using the SPSS programme, version 15.0, the most relevant results from which refer to the significant differences found on linking: the zone from which the shot is made and the type of shot (χ² = 55.821, P = 0.006); and the contact surface used and the type of shot (χ² = 30.293, P = 0.017). And another, using the Theme programme, version 5.0, through which regular behaviour structures (temporal patterns) have been detected within the plays that include shooting. The temporal patterns obtained--in addition to elaborating on the relationship between the area from which the shot is made, the contact surface used and the type of shot--enable a tactical interpretation of the technical actions that support the development of the offensive phase of futsal.

Comparative analysis of sequentiality using SDIS-GSEQ and THEME: a concrete example in soccer.

Within an observational design aimed at studying what type of soccer is better adapted to the possibilities of the 11-12 year-old child, a comparison was made of the results obtained using two fully consolidated analysis techniques in observational methods, and which form the basis in the development of two respective software programs: SDIS-GSEQ and THEME, which allow one to detect the existence of sequential patterns hidden in a data set. This work is intended to shed light on the comparison of results obtained using these two analysis techniques. In particular, the data used for the analysis are multicode event data (using the lexicon of the sequential analysis), and do not incorporate the duration parameter. Accordingly, for the detection of regular structures using the THEME program (T-patterns), a constant duration has conventionally been assigned to each occurrence. Using THEME, among the greatest number of sequential structures detected, diachronic and synchronic correspondence was observed (T-patterns reflecting identical multi-events) with each and every one of the sequential patterns obtained using the lag technique, by the SDIS-GSEQ software. This coincidence strengthens the link between the algorithms that support SDIS-GSEQ and THEME. The results indicate that 7-a-side soccer and 9-a-side soccer types facilitate the spatial mastery of the game by the child, compared with the adult form, 11-a-side soccer.