The association of comorbidities with sleep quality among Australians with multiple sclerosis: Insights from the Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidities and poor sleep quality are prevalent among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our understanding of the effects of comorbidities on sleep quality in MS remains limited. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate whether the number and presence of specific comorbidities have associations with sleep quality and to assess the relative contribution of comorbidity groups to sleep quality. METHODS: We collected data on sleep quality (using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)) and presence of comorbidities in people with MS (n = 1597). Associations between comorbidities and sleep quality were examined using linear regression and dominance analysis. RESULTS: Having more comorbidities was associated with poorer sleep quality (p for trend < 0.001). All 13 groups of comorbidities explained 12.9% of the variance in PSQI from which half of the variance was contributed by mental health disorders. In total, 16 of the 28 comorbidities were associated with significantly worse sleep quality, with the strongest associations seen for 'other autoimmune diseases' (ß = 1.98), depression (ß = 1.76), anxiety (ß = 1.72) and rheumatoid arthritis (ß = 1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Many individual comorbidities are associated with poorer sleep quality, with mental health disorders making the largest relative contribution. Optimal management of comorbidities that make the greatest contributions could have the largest benefit for improving sleep in MS.

Protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled feasibility study of MS WorkSmart: an online intervention for Australians with MS who are employed.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes a wide variety of symptoms. Loss of income due to sickness and early retirement comprise one-third of the total cost of MS in Australia. An intervention that maximises work productivity and keeps people with MS in the workforce for longer could provide a large societal cost saving and improve quality of life. The aim is to test the feasibility of delivering and evaluating a 10-week digitally delivered intervention called 'MS WorkSmart'. Findings will provide insights into participant profiles and address key methodological and procedural uncertainties (recruitment, retention, intervention adherence and engagement, and selection of primary outcome) in preparation for a subsequent definitive trial. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A parallel-arm randomised controlled feasibility study, comparing those randomised to receive the MS WorkSmart package plus usual care (n=20) to those receiving usual care only (n=20). Australians with MS, aged 18-60 years, who are employed, and self-report work instability will be recruited from the Australian MS Longitudinal Study. Online surveys, at baseline and 1-month postintervention, will include MS-related work productivity loss and risk of job loss, MS work behaviour self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, fatigue severity, MS symptom impact on work, intention to retire due to MS, MS-related work difficulties, and awareness and readiness for change at work. Qualitative feedback will be obtained via a semistructured survey following the intervention (for participants) and via interviews (coaches). Analyses will be primarily descriptive and focus on the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and study procedures. Progression criteria will guide decisions around whether to progress to a full trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by the University of Tasmania Human Research Ethics Committee (H0024544). Findings will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and community presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12622000826741.

Krill Oil for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Knee osteoarthritis is disabling, with few effective treatments. Preliminary evidence suggested that krill oil supplementation improved knee pain, but effects on knee osteoarthritis remain unclear. Objective: To evaluate efficacy of krill oil supplementation, compared with placebo, on knee pain in people with knee osteoarthritis who have significant knee pain and effusion-synovitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 5 Australian cities. Participants with clinical knee osteoarthritis, significant knee pain, and effusion-synovitis on magnetic resonance imaging were enrolled from December 2016 to June 2019; final follow-up occurred on February 7, 2020. Interventions: Participants were randomized to 2 g/d of krill oil (n = 130) or matching placebo (n = 132) for 24 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in knee pain as assessed by visual analog scale (range, 0-100; 0 indicating least pain; minimum clinically important improvement = 15) over 24 weeks. Results: Of 262 participants randomized (mean age, 61.6 [SD, 9.6] years; 53% women), 222 (85%) completed the trial. Krill oil did not improve knee pain compared with placebo (mean change in VAS score, -19.9 [krill oil] vs -20.2 [placebo]; between-group mean difference, -0.3; 95% CI, -6.9 to 6.4) over 24 weeks. One or more adverse events was reported by 51% in the krill oil group (67/130) and by 54% in the placebo group (71/132). The most common adverse events were musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, which occurred 32 times in the krill oil group and 42 times in the placebo group, including knee pain (n = 10 with krill oil; n = 9 with placebo), lower extremity pain (n = 1 with krill oil; n = 5 with placebo), and hip pain (n = 3 with krill oil; n = 2 with placebo). Conclusions and Relevance: Among people with knee osteoarthritis who have significant knee pain and effusion-synovitis on magnetic resonance imaging, 2 g/d of daily krill oil supplementation did not improve knee pain over 24 weeks compared with placebo. These findings do not support krill oil for treating knee pain in this population. Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: ACTRN12616000726459; Universal Trial Number: U1111-1181-7087.

Effect of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid on Total Knee Replacement in Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis and Without Severe Joint Space Narrowing: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Two-Year, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of zoledronic acid (ZA) on the risk of total knee replacement (TKR) in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and without severe joint space narrowing (JSN). METHODS: We included 222 participants (mean age 62 years, 52% female) from the two-year Zoledronic Acid for Osteoarthritis Knee Pain trial (113 received 5 mg of ZA annually and 109 received placebo) conducted between November 2013 and October 2017. Primary TKR were identified until February 22, 2022. The effect of ZA on TKR risk was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Because the treatment effect failed the proportional hazards assumption, a time-varying coefficients analysis for treatment was conducted by splitting the study into two periods (ie, within and after two years of randomization). RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of seven years, 39% and 30% of participants had any TKR in the ZA and placebo groups, and 28% and 18% had TKR in the study knee, respectively. Use of ZA was associated with a higher risk of TKR in any knee (hazard ratio [HR] 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-14.7) and showed a trend in the study knee (HR 6.8, 95%CI 0.9-53.9) during the trial. In the posttrial period, the risk of TKR was similar in the ZA and the placebo groups for any knee (HR 1.2, 95%CI 0.5-1.8) and the study knee (HR 1.4, 95%CI 0.5-2.2). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ZA is not protective against TKR in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and without severe JSN.

Disease-modifying therapies do not affect sleep quality or daytime sleepiness in a large Australian MS cohort.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleep is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and may impact daily functioning. The extent to which disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) contribute to sleep outcomes is under-examined. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of DMTs on sleep outcomes in an Australian cohort of people with MS and investigate associations between DMT use and beliefs about sleep problems and daily functioning (social functioning and activity engagement). METHODS: Sleep outcomes were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. DMT use and functioning were self-reported. RESULTS: Of 1,715 participants, 64% used a DMT. No differences in sleep outcomes were detected between participants who did and did not use DMTs, the type of DMT used (lower vs higher efficacy, interferon-ß vs other DMTs), the timing of administration, or adherence to standard administration recommendations. Beliefs that DMT use worsened sleep were associated with poorer sleep quality and perceptions that sleep problems interfered with daily functioning. CONCLUSION: The use of a DMT does not appear to affect self-reported sleep outcomes in people with MS. However, beliefs that DMT use makes sleep worse were associated with poorer sleep quality and increased interference in daily functioning, suggesting a need for education to diminish negative perceptions of DMT use.

Validation of the EQ-5D-5L and psychosocial bolt-ons in a large cohort of people living with multiple sclerosis in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system which results in disability over time and reduced quality of life. To increase the sensitivity of the EQ-5D-5L for psychosocial health, four bolt-on items from the AQoL-8D were used to create the nine-item EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial. We aimed to externally validate the EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial in a large cohort of people with MS (pwMS) and explore the discriminatory power of the new instrument with EQ-5D-5L/AQoL-8D. METHODS: A large representative sample from the Australian MS Longitudinal Study completed the AQoL-8D and EQ-5D-5L (including EQ VAS) and both instruments health state utilities (HSUs) were scored using Australian tariffs. Sociodemographic/clinical data were also collected. External validity of EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial scoring algorithm was assessed with mean absolute errors (MAE) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Discriminatory sensitivity was assessed with an examination of ceiling/floor effects, and disability severity classifications. RESULTS: Among 1683 participants (mean age: 58.6 years; 80% female), over half (55%) had moderate or severe disability. MAE (0.063) and the distribution of the prediction error were similar to the original development study. Mean (± standard deviation) HSUs were EQ-5D-5L: 0.58 ± 0.32, EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial 0.62 ± 0.29, and AQoL-8D: 0.63 ± 0.20. N = 157 (10%) scored perfect health (i.e. HSU = 1.0) on the EQ-5D-5L, but reported a mean HSU of 0.90 on the alternative instruments. The Sleep bolt-on dimension was particularly important for pwMS. CONCLUSIONS: The EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial is more sensitive than the EQ-5D-5L in pwMS whose HSUs approach those reflecting full health. When respondent burden is taken into account, the EQ-5D-5L-Psychosocial is preferential to the AQoL-8D. We suggest a larger confirmatory study comparing all prevalent multi-attribute utility instruments for pwMS.

Associations between body composition, physical activity, and diet and radial bone microarchitecture in older adults: a 10-year population-based study.

Bone strength is important to prevent osteoporotic fractures and determined by bone mass and microarchitecture. This study suggests that having higher lean mass and lower fat mass, avoiding western dietary patterns, and improving steps per day may all be important for maintaining bone mass and microarchitecture in aging. PURPOSE: To describe associations between exposures of lean mass and fat mass, dietary patterns, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), physical activity and grip strength, and bone outcome measures including bone mineral density and microarchitecture in older adults. METHODS: Data on 201 older adults (mean age 72 years, female 46% at 10.7-year follow-up (phase 4) from a population-based cohort study collected at baseline and follow-up at 2.6 (phase 2), 5.1 (phase 3), and 10.7 years (phase 4) were analyzed. Exposures were lean and fat mass, dietary patterns, physical activity (steps per day), serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and grip strength during follow-ups. Bone measures at phase 4 including areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the spine, hip, and whole body by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and radial cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HRpQCT). The cumulative average values of exposures were calculated. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze associations between exposures and bone measures. RESULTS: Lean mass was beneficially associated with the hip, spine, and total body aBMD, radial cortical and trabecular bone area, and trabecular number and separation (ß ranged from - 0.39/standard deviation (SD) to 0.73/SD). Fat mass was detrimentally associated with radial compact cortical and inner transitional zone bone area, vBMD, and porosity (ß ranged from - 0.21 to 0.22/SD). Western dietary pattern scores were detrimentally associated with radial total and cortical bone vBMD and porosity (ß ranged from - 0.20 to 0.20/SD). Steps per day were beneficially associated with inner transitional zone area and thickness (ß = 0.12/SD and 0.19/SD), but no other measures. Grip strength and serum 25(OH)D were not associated with any radial bone measures. CONCLUSIONS: Lean mass was beneficially associated with aBMD, radial bone area, and trabecular bone microarchitecture. Fat mass had detrimental associations with radial bone area, vBMD, and porosity. A western dietary pattern was detrimental for radial bone microarchitecture while more steps per day (but not grip strength or 25(OH)D) appeared beneficial.

Poor sleep and multiple sclerosis: associations with symptoms of multiple sclerosis and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Sleep difficulties are common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but whether associations between poor sleep quality and quality of life are independent of MS symptoms, obesity and other MS-related factors remains unclear. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of data from the Australian MS Longitudinal Study (n=1717). Sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale; health-related quality of life using the Assessment of Quality-of-Life 8-D. RESULTS: Poor sleep quality was common (67%), and more common than in community samples. Sleep measures clustered independently within MS symptoms. The clusters 'fatigue and cognitive', 'feelings of anxiety and depression', 'pain and sensory', were independently associated with poor sleep quality. Quality-of-Life utility scores were a clinically meaningful 0.19 units lower in those with poor sleep. Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and restless leg syndrome were associated with reduced quality of life, independent of MS-related symptoms and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Poor sleep quality is common in MS and was strongly associated with worse health-related quality of life, independent of other MS symptoms and did not cluster with other common MS symptoms. Improving sleep quality may substantially improve quality of life in people with MS.

Effect of zoledronic acid with or without methylprednisolone on 3D bone area and bone shape in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A post-hoc analysis of the ZAP2 trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of annual infusions of zoledronic acid (ZA) with or without a single injection of methylprednisolone, compared to placebo, on quantitative magnetic resonance imaging 3-D bone area and bone shape in participants with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: This was a post-hoc analysis of the ZAP2 trial. Active appearance modelling was used to assess bone area (mm2) and femur bone shape (B-score) in 262 participants (mean 61.8 ± 8.0 years, 51% female) at baseline, 6, and 24 months. Radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN) was measured at baseline. An 'OA shape' was defined as a B-score of >1.96. RESULTS: At baseline 65% of participants demonstrated an OA shape. Treatment with ZA plus methylprednisolone but not ZA alone, compared to placebo, was associated with significantly slower expansion in bone area at the medial femoral (-33.9 mm2, 95% confidence interval [CI] -61.8 to -6.0) and lateral femoral (-22.0 mm2, 95%CI -40.7 to -3.4) compartments over 24 months. B-score increased in all groups, with no significant between-group differences. There were significant interactions of JSN (grade 0 vs grade 1-2) and B-score (≤1.96 vs >1.96) with treatment effect on bone area (p < 0.05), such that ZA plus methylprednisolone slowed the expansion of medial and lateral femoral bone area over 24 months in participants with JSN grade 1-2 or a B-score of >1.96. CONCLUSIONS: ZA plus methylprednisolone may retard expansion of bone area over 24 months, but ZA alone may not. Neither ZA with or without methylprednisolone slowed progression of bone shape over 6 or 24 months.

Intravenous bisphosphonates do not improve knee pain or bone marrow lesions in people with knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize effects of intravenous bisphosphonates (IVBP) in patients with symptomatic knee OA and bone marrow lesions (BMLs), using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: Literature databases were searched for placebo-controlled RCTs of IVBPs for knee OA from inception, and included validated pain and function scales, BML size and incidence of adverse events. Efficacy was compared using standardized mean differences (SMD) and risk ratios (RR) with fixed-effect or random-effects models. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, heterogeneity was assessed by I2 statistics. RESULTS: We included 428 patients in four RCTs of 2-24 months duration; most patients (84%) received zoledronic acid (ZA). Risk of bias was low-moderate. IVBP had large effect sizes on pain within 3 months [SMD = -2.33 (95% CI: -3.02, -1.65)] mainly driven by neridronate (resulting in substantial heterogeneity, I2 = 92%) with no effect for ZA alone. Differences in knee function were statistically significant at 3 months [SMD = -0.22 (-0.43, -0.01), I2 = 0.2%]. Effect sizes for pain did not reach statistical significance at any other time point. IVBPs improved a semi-quantitative measure of BML size within 6 months [SMD = -0.52 (-0.89, -0.14), I2 = 0%] but not at 12 months or two years. Adverse events [RR = 1.19 (1.00, 1.41) I2 = 52%], occurred more frequently with IVBP. CONCLUSION: ZA has no effect on knee pain, possibly a short-term effect on BML size and higher rates of adverse events. Neridronate may improve pain in the short term, but this is based on a single trial.

Hand Examination, Ultrasound, and the Association With Hand Pain and Function in Community-Based Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe cross-sectional associations between features observed on ultrasound (US) or clinical joint examination and hand symptoms among community-dwelling older adults (n = 519), and to determine whether such associations are independent of age, sex, body mass index, and other imaging features. METHODS: Hand pain, function, and stiffness were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Australian/Canadian Hand Osteoarthritis (AUSCAN) index. Standardized clinical and US examinations were performed, and grip strength was assessed using a dynamometer. Data were analyzed using hurdle and linear models and adjusted for demographic factors and other features. RESULTS: Abnormal findings on joint examination and on US imaging are common in older adults with and without hand pain. Greater numbers of tender joints were associated with greater pain (VAS: ß = 2.63 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.88, 3.39]; AUSCAN pain: ß = 10.57 [95% CI 4.00, 17.13]), poorer AUSCAN function (ß = 4.07 [95% CI 1.28, 6.86]), and poorer grip strength (ß = -0.15 [95% CI -0.27, -0.03]). Power Doppler imaging (PDI) synovitis was associated with greater pain (VAS: ß = 2.61 [95% CI 1.03, 4.19]; AUSCAN pain: ß = 13.07 [95% CI 3.82, 22.32]), but not function. Joint deformity was associated with poorer function (ß = 4.51 [95% CI 1.75, 7.26]) and grip strength (ß = -0.23 [95% CI -0.40, -0.05]), but not pain. Gray-scale synovitis was associated only with poorer grip strength (ß = -0.22 [95% CI -0.41, -0.04]). Associations with function and grip strength were partially mediated by pain. CONCLUSION: Joints that are tender on palpation or have US-identified PDI synovitis are potential treatment targets for hand pain. Treating tender joints and preventing hand deformity is required to improve hand function in community-dwelling older adults.

The association between change in bone marrow lesion size and change in tibiofemoral cartilage volume and knee symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the association between change in subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) and change in tibiofemoral cartilage volume and knee symptoms in patients with symptomatic knee OA. METHODS: In total, 251 participants (mean 61.7 years, 51% female) were included. Tibiofemoral cartilage volume was measured at baseline and 24 months, and BML size at baseline, 6 and 24 months. Knee pain and function scores were evaluated at baseline, 6 and 24 months. Change in total and compartment-specific BML size was categorized according to the Least Significance Criterion. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the associations of change in BMLs over 6 and 24 months with change in cartilage volume over 24 months and knee symptoms over 6 and 24 months. RESULTS: Total BML size enlarged in 26% of participants, regressed in 31% and remained stable in 43% over 24 months. Compared with stable BMLs in the same compartment, enlarging BMLs over 24 months were associated with greater cartilage loss (difference: -53.0mm3, 95% CI: -100.0, -6.0), and regressing BMLs were not significantly associated with reduced cartilage loss (difference: 32.4mm3, 95% CI: -8.6, 73.3) over 24 months. Neither enlargement nor regression of total BML size over 6 and 24 months was associated with change in knee pain and function over the same time intervals. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and BMLs, enlarging BMLs may lead to greater cartilage loss but regressing lesions are not associated with reduced cartilage loss while neither is associated with change in knee symptoms.

Effectiveness of Curcuma longa Extract for the Treatment of Symptoms and Effusion-Synovitis of Knee Osteoarthritis : A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Current pharmacologic therapies for patients with osteoarthritis are suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of Curcuma longa extract (CL) for reducing knee symptoms and effusion-synovitis in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and knee effusion-synovitis. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12618000080224). SETTING: Single-center study with patients from southern Tasmania, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 70 participants with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and ultrasonography-defined effusion-synovitis. INTERVENTION: 2 capsules of CL (n = 36) or matched placebo (n = 34) per day for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: The 2 primary outcomes were changes in knee pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and effusion-synovitis volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The key secondary outcomes were change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and cartilage composition values. Outcomes were assessed over 12 weeks. RESULTS: CL improved VAS pain compared with placebo by -9.1 mm (95% CI, -17.8 to -0.4 mm [P = 0.039]) but did not change effusion-synovitis volume (3.2 mL [CI, -0.3 to 6.8 mL]). CL also improved WOMAC knee pain (-47.2 mm [CI, -81.2 to -13.2 mm]; P = 0.006) but not lateral femoral cartilage T2 relaxation time (-0.4 ms [CI, -1.1 to 0.3 ms]). The incidence of adverse events was similar in the CL (n = 14 [39%]) and placebo (n = 18 [53%]) groups (P = 0.16); 2 events in the CL group and 5 in the placebo group may have been treatment related. LIMITATION: Modest sample size and short duration. CONCLUSION: CL was more effective than placebo for knee pain but did not affect knee effusion-synovitis or cartilage composition. Multicenter trials with larger sample sizes are needed to assess the clinical significance of these findings. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: University of Tasmania and Natural Remedies Private Limited.

Effect of Intravenous Zoledronic Acid on Tibiofemoral Cartilage Volume Among Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis With Bone Marrow Lesions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: A proof-of-principle study suggested that intravenous zoledronic acid may reduce knee pain and the size of bone marrow lesions in people with knee osteoarthritis, but data from large trials are lacking. Objective: To determine the effects of intravenous zoledronic acid on knee cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and bone marrow lesions. Design, Setting, and Participants: A 24-month multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial conducted at 4 sites in Australia (1 research center and 3 hospitals). Adults aged 50 years or older with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and subchondral bone marrow lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled from November 2013 through September 2015. The final date of follow-up was October 9, 2017. Interventions: Intravenous infusion with either 5 mg of zoledronic acid in a 100-mL saline solution (n = 113) or a placebo saline solution (n = 110) at baseline and 12 months. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was absolute change in tibiofemoral cartilage volume assessed using MRI over 24 months (the minimum clinically important difference [MCID] has not been established). Three prespecified secondary outcomes were change in knee pain assessed by a visual analog scale (0 [no pain] to 100 [unbearable pain]; MCID, 15) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (0 [no pain] to 500 [unbearable pain]; MCID, 75) over 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and change in bone marrow lesion size over 6 and 24 months (the MCID has not been established). Results: Of 223 participants enrolled (mean age, 62.0 years [SD, 8.0 years]; 52% were female), 190 (85%) completed the trial. Change in tibiofemoral cartilage volume was not significantly different between the zoledronic acid group and the placebo group over 24 months (-878 mm3 vs -919 mm3; between-group difference, 41 mm3 [95% CI, -79 to 161 mm3]; P = .50). No significant between-group differences were found for any of the prespecified secondary outcomes, including changes in knee pain assessed by a visual analog scale (-11.5 in the zoledronic acid group vs -16.8 in the placebo group; between-group difference, 5.2 [95% CI, -2.3 to 12.8]; P = .17), changes in knee pain assessed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (-37.5 vs -58.0, respectively; between-group difference, 20.5 [95% CI, -11.2 to 52.2]; P = .21), and changes in bone marrow lesion size (-33 mm2 vs -6 mm2; between-group difference, -27 mm2 [95% CI, -127 to 73 mm2]; P = .60) over 24 months. Adverse events were more common with zoledronic acid than with placebo (96% vs 83%, respectively) and consisted mainly of acute reactions (defined as symptoms within 3 days of administration of infusion; 87% vs 56%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis and bone marrow lesions, yearly zoledronic acid infusions, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce cartilage volume loss over 24 months. These findings do not support the use of zoledronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Trial Registration: anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12613000039785.

Association of body composition, physical activity and physical performance with knee cartilage thickness and bone area in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe associations of body composition, physical activity and physical performance with knee cartilage thickness and subchondral bone area in young adults. METHODS: Body composition, physical activity and physical performance were measured 4-5 years prior to knee MRI. Cartilage thickness and bone area were measured quantitatively from MRI. Associations were assessed using linear regression analysis, with mediators being identified using mediation analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 186) were 31-41 years of age when the MRI was acquired and 48% were female. Greater lean mass was positively associated with cartilage thickness [ß = 6.52 µm/kg (95% CI 0.86, 12.18)] and bone area [ß = 13.37 mm2/kg (95% CI 5.43, 21.31)]. Physical performance measures were positively associated with cartilage thickness [long jump: ß = 2.44 µm/cm (95% CI 0.70, 4.18); hand grip strength: 7.74 µm/kg (95% CI 1.50, 13.98); physical work capacity: 1.07 µm/W (95% CI 0.29, 1.85)] and bone area [long jump: ß = 3.99 mm2/cm (95% CI 0.64, 7.34); hand grip strength: 19.06 mm2/kg (95% CI 7.21, 30.92); leg strength: 3.18 mm2/kg (95% CI 1.09, 5.28); physical work capacity: 3.15 mm2/W (95% CI 1.70, 4.60)]. Mediation analysis suggested these associations were mediated by lean mass (effect mediated: 27-95%). CONCLUSION: Greater lean mass and better physical performance measured 4-5 years prior were associated with greater knee cartilage thickness and subchondral bone area in young adults, and the associations of physical performance were largely mediated by lean mass. These findings suggest lean mass may play an important role in maintaining knee joint health in young adults.

Association of glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome with knee cartilage defects and cartilage volume in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the associations of glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) measures with knee cartilage defects and cartilage volume in young adults. METHODS: Fasting blood biochemistry, waist circumference and blood pressure measures were collected 4-5 years prior to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Blood measures included levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Homeostatic model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), HOMA2-beta cell function (HOMA2-ß), HOMA2-insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) and MetS were calculated or defined. Knee cartilage defects and cartilage volume were measured from MRI scans. Data were analysed using log binomial or linear regressions. RESULTS: Among 328 participants (47.3% were females, aged 26-36 years at baseline), 40 (12.7%) had hyperglycaemia and 21 (6.7%) had MetS. Glucose homeostasis measures (except fasting glucose) were associated with tibiofemoral cartilage defects (fasting insulin: relative risk (RR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.08; HOMA2-IR: 1.44, 1.08 to 1.92; HOMA2-ß: 2.59, 1.33 to 5.07; HOMA2-S: 0.36, 0.18 to 0.72), but not patellar cartilage defects. There were no associations between glucose homeostasis measures and knee cartilage volume. High waist circumference (RR 2.32, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.54) and low HDL-C (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.69) were associated with tibiofemoral cartilage defects, but no other associations were observed between MetS or its components and cartilage defects or volume. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance, high waist circumference and low HDL-C were associated with higher risk of tibiofemoral cartilage defects, suggesting glucose homeostasis and some MetS components may affect early cartilage damage in young adults.

Zoledronic acid plus methylprednisolone versus zoledronic acid or placebo in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid (ZA) plus intravenous methylprednisolone (VOLT01) to ZA, and placebo for knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: A single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out. Adults (aged ⩾50 years) with knee osteoarthritis, significant knee pain [⩾40 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS)], and magnetic resonance imaging-detected bone marrow lesion (BML) were randomized to receive a one-off administration of VOLT01, ZA, or placebo. The primary hypothesis was that VOLT01 was superior to ZA in having a lower incidence of acute phase responses (APRs) over 3 days. Secondary hypotheses were that VOLT01 was noninferior to ZA, and both treatments were superior to placebo in decreasing BML size over 6 months and in improving knee pain [Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and VAS] and function (WOMAC) over 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients (62.2 ± 8.1 years, 63 women) were enrolled. The incidence of APRs was similar in the VOLT01 (90%) and ZA (87%) groups (p = 0.74). VOLT01 was superior to ZA in improving knee pain and function after 6 months and noninferior to ZA in reducing BML size. However, BML size change was small in all groups and there were no between-group differences. Compared with placebo, VOLT01 but not ZA improved knee function and showed a trend toward improving knee pain after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Administering intravenous methylprednisolone with ZA did not reduce APRs or change knee BML size over 6 months, but in contrast to ZA or placebo, it may have a beneficial effect on symptoms in knee osteoarthritis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000039785.

The Cost of Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, and Associated Fractures in Australia in 2017.

Osteoporosis and osteopenia are increasingly prevalent conditions among older adults. Not only do the fractures associated with poor bone health have significant health consequences for the individual, but also their economic impact is placing increasing financial burden on governments and society. This study aimed to determine the direct economic cost of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and fractures among Australians aged 50 years and older in 2017. This study uses previous Australian data on the incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia together with recent Australian data on health service utilization after fracture to provide an estimate of the economic burden of osteoporosis. A bottom-up costing approach was used to determine the average direct health care and non-health care total costs of a fracture, as well as the average community health service costs of managing individuals with osteoporosis or osteopenia. The total direct cost of osteoporosis in Australia in 2017 was estimated to be $3.44 billion (AUD 2017, USD 2.77 billion). Treatment of fractures accounted for 68% of total direct costs, and non-fracture management of osteoporosis accounted for 32%. Hip fractures accounted for the highest proportion (43%) of the total direct cost of fractures, although fractures at "other" sites accounted for 38.5%. Fractures among individuals aged 70 years and older accounted for 74% of the direct costs (55% and 19% in women and men, respectively). Fracture costs in those with osteopenia accounted for 50% of direct fracture treatment costs. This up-to-date cost analysis estimated that costs in 2017 were three times higher than in 2007. These estimates will aid clinicians, policy makers, researchers, and health care organizations to acknowledge the economic importance of reducing osteoporosis-related fractures and associated costs. This provides a strong public health case to promote bone health that will assist in reducing future fracture-related costs. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Association of adiposity measures in childhood and adulthood with knee cartilage thickness, volume and bone area in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the associations of childhood and adulthood adiposity measures with knee cartilage thickness, volume and bone area in young adults. METHODS: Childhood and adulthood adiposity measures (weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference) of 186 participants were collected in 1985 (aged 7-15 years) and during 2004-2006 (aged 26-36 years). Knee magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during 2008-2010 (aged 31-41 years) and cartilage thickness, volume and bone area were measured using a quantitative approach (Chondrometrics, Germany). Linear regressions were used to examine the above associations. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 7.6% in childhood and 42.1% in adulthood. Childhood weight (ß = - 5.57 mm2/kg) and body mass index (BMI) (ß = - 11.55 mm2/kg/m2) were negatively associated with adult patellar bone area, whereas adult weight was positively associated with bone area in medial femorotibial compartment (MFTC) (ß = 3.37 mm2/kg) and lateral femorotibial compartment (LFTC) (ß = 2.08 mm2/kg). Adult waist-hip ratio (WHR) was negatively associated with cartilage thickness (MFTC: ß = - 0.011; LFTC: ß = - 0.012 mm/0.01 unit), volume (Patella: ß = - 20.97; LFTC: ß = - 21.71 mm3/0.01 unit) and bone area (Patella: ß = - 4.39 mm2/0.01 unit). The change in WHR z-scores from childhood to adulthood was negatively associated with cartilage thickness (MFTC: ß = - 0.056 mm), volume (patella: - 89.95; LFTC: - 93.98 mm3), and bone area (patella: - 20.74 mm2). All p-values < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood weight and BMI were negatively but adult weight was positively associated with adult bone area. Adult WHR and the change in WHR from childhood to adulthood were negatively associated with cartilage thickness, volume, and bone area. These suggest early-life adiposity measures may affect knee structures in young adults.

A protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare the effect of annual infusions of zoledronic acid to placebo on knee structural change and knee pain over 24 months in knee osteoarthritis patients - ZAP2.

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that slow bone loss and are a promising candidate to treat knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. In a pilot study, we demonstrated that zoledronic acid reduced knee pain and size of subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) over 6 months in knee OA patients with significant knee pain and BMLs. A longer, larger study is required to assess whether decreases in BML size will translate to reductions in cartilage loss over time. We are currently conducting a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial over 24 months that aims to compare the effect of annual infusions of zoledronic acid to placebo on knee structural change (assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) and knee pain in knee OA patients. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-four patients with clinical knee OA, significant knee pain and subchondral BMLs present on MRI will be recruited in Hobart, Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide. They will be randomly allocated to the two arms of the study, receiving an annual identical intravenous infusion of either 100 mL of fluid containing zoledronic acid (5 mg/100 mL) or placebo (0.9% NaCl 100 mL), at baseline and 1 year later. MRI of the study knee will be performed at screening, month 6 and 24. Knee structure, symptoms and function will be assessed using validated methods. The primary outcome is absolute change in tibiofemoral cartilage volume (mm3) over 24 months. Secondary outcomes include improvement in knee pain over 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and reductions in BML size over 6 and 24 months. The primary analyses will be intention-to-treat analyses of primary and secondary outcomes. Per protocol analyses will be performed as the secondary analyses. DISCUSSION: This study will provide high-quality evidence to assess whether zoledronic acid has a novel disease modifying effect in OA by slowing cartilage loss and reducing pain. If zoledronic acid proves effective, it suggests great potential for cost savings through a delay or reduced need for joint replacement surgery, and potential for great improvements in quality of life for OA suffers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000039785 , registered on 14 January 2013.