Genomic identification of cotton SAC genes branded ovule and stress-related key genes in Gossypium hirsutum.

SAC genes have been identified to play a variety of biological functions and responses to various stresses. Previously, SAC genes have been recognized in animals and Arabidopsis. For the very first time, we identified 157 SAC genes in eight cotton species including three diploids and five tetraploids with 23 SAC members in G. hirsutum. Evolutionary analysis classified all cotton SAC gene family members into five distinct groups. Cotton SAC genes showed conserved sequence logos and WGD or segmental duplication. Multiple synteny and collinearity analyses revealed gene family expansion and purifying selection pressure during evolution. G. hirsutum SAC genes showed uneven chromosomal distribution, multiple exons/introns, conserved protein motifs, and various growth and stress-related cis-elements. Expression pattern analysis revealed three GhSAC genes (GhSAC3, GhSAC14, and GhSAC20) preferentially expressed in flower, five genes (GhSAC1, GhSAC6, GhSAC9, GhSAC13, and GhSAC18) preferentially expressed in ovule and one gene (GhSAC5) preferentially expressed in fiber. Similarly, abiotic stress treatment verified that GhSAC5 was downregulated under all stresses, GhSAC6 and GhSAC9 were upregulated under NaCl treatment, and GhSAC9 and GhSAC18 were upregulated under PEG and heat treatment respectively. Overall, this study identified key genes related to flower, ovule, and fiber development and important genetic material for breeding cotton under abiotic stress conditions.

The mechanism research of Xiaoyan Lidan formula for the intervention of chronic intrahepatic cholestasis based on metabolomics combined with molecular docking analysis / 药学学报

In this study, the mechanism of Xiaoyan Lidan formula (XYLDF) against 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-collidine (DDC)-induced chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (CIHC) in mice was investigated based on metabolomics, molecular docking and pharmacological methods. In the pharmacodynamics study, a dosage of 5 g·kg-1 (clinical equivalent) XYLDF was administered in DDC-induced mice, then the effect of XYLDF against CIHC was evaluated by measuring the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) as well as total bilirubin (TBIL) in serum and observing liver histopathological changes. All experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee Experimental Animal Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ZYD-2021-001). The serum metabolites of mice in each group were detected and identified based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, and the relevant biological pathways and molecular key targets were further enriched. Molecular docking technology was used to further evaluate the binding activity of the main active ingredients of XYLDF with potential targets. Subsequently, the in vitro experiment was conducted for the validation of the vital target. The results showed that compared with the model group, XYLDF significantly decreased the levels of ALT, AST, AKP and TBIL in the serum of CIHC mice, as well as alleviated inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis in liver tissue. According to the metabonomic study, a total of 35 differential metabolites was identified as biomarkers associated with cholestasis, 12 of which were significantly recovered by XYLDF treatment. These biomarkers were involved in the pathways of primary bile acid biosynthesis and linoleic metabolism, which are closely related to the mechanism of XYLDF against CIHC. Protein-protein interaction network indicated that cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) are significant potential targets with good binding properties with six major active ingredients of XYLDF. Furthermore, it was found that 4-methoxy-5-hydroxycanthin-6-one, dehydroandrographolide and isodocarpin, three of the main active components in XYLDF, markedly induced the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA in vitro. This study revealed that XYLDF mainly mediates the biosynthesis of bile acids in CIHC mice to improve liver tissue lesions and bile efflux disorders, among which, CYP3A4 is the key target in the protection of XYLDF against CIHC. This research provides a reference for further elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism of XYLDF.

Research Progress in Adjacent Anatomical Structure and Location of Cricothyroid Membrane / 中国医学科学院学报

Cricothyroid membrane puncture and incision,the key techniques to save the lives of the patients in the Can't Intubate,Can't Oxygenate (CICO) emergency,need to be mastered by all the airway management staff.However,the decision to carry out cricothyroid membrane puncture or incision is often delayed due to the unfamiliarity with the adjacent anatomical structure of the cricothyroid membrane and the inability to accurately locate the cricothyroid membrane.As a result,serious complications and rescue failure occur.Therefore,airway management staff should be familiar with the adjacent structure and positioning methods of the cricothyroid membrane,so as to improve the success rate of emergency airway rescue,reduce complications,and protect the airway and life safety of the patients.

Determination of 10 mycotoxins in Hippophae Fructus medicinal and edible products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry / 中国中药杂志

An analytical method for 10 mycotoxins in Hippophae Fructus medicinal and edible products was established in this study, and the contamination of their mycotoxins was analyzed. First of all, the mixed reference solution of ten mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and dexoynivalenol was selected as the control, and the Hippophae Fructus medicinal and edible products were prepared. Secondly, based on the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) technology, 10 mycotoxins in Hippophae Fructus medicinal and edible products were quantitatively investigated and their content was determined. Finally, the contamination of mycotoxins was analyzed and evaluated. The optimal analysis conditions were determined, and the methodological inspection results showed that the 10 mycotoxins established a good linear relationship(r>0.99). The method had good repeatability, test sample specificity, stability, and instrument precision. The average recovery rates of 10 mycotoxins in Hippophae Fructus medicinal products, edible solids, and edible liquids were 90.31%-109.4%, 87.86%-107.8%, and 85.61%-109.1%, respectively. Relative standard deviation(RSD) values were 0.22%-10%, 0.75%-13%, and 0.84%-8.5%, repsectively. Based on UPLC-MS/MS technology, the simultaneous determination method for the limits of 10 mycotoxins established in this study has fast detection speed, less matrix interference, high sensitivity, and accurate results, which is suitable for the limit examination of 10 mycoto-xins in Hippophae Fructus medicinal and edible products.

Interaction between gut microbiota and tumour chemotherapy

Chemotherapeutic drugs play an important role in the treatment of cancer, but the individual differences of patients' sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and the drug resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs have always been a thorny problem in clinical treatment. In recent years, with the progress in research on human microbiota, gut microbiome plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Studies have shown that gut microbiota can regulate the tumour microenvironment and affect the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy through a variety of mechanisms. This paper focuses on the specific mechanism that gut microbiota uses to influence chemotherapy and the potential therapeutic effect of supplementing with probiotics, to provide an important basis for individualised treatment strategies to be used when treating malignant tumours (AU)

Study on the fecal metabolomics of CUMS-susceptible and CUMS-resilient rats / 药学学报

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics was applied to characterize the fecal metabolic profiles of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-depression (CUMS-D) and CUMS-resilience (CUMS-R) rats. The fecal biomarkers and metabolic pathways involved in CUMS-D and CUMS-R were screened and identified, revealing the underlying mechanisms of two different responses of the body to the same stresses. Firstly, the classic depression model, i.e. CUMS, was constructed. According to the fecal metabolomics profiles, the model rats were divided into two groups, i.e. the CUMS-D group and the CUMS-R group. And then, the depression statuses of CUMS-D rats and CUMS-R rats were verified by their sucrose preference rates. Lastly, multivariate data analysis was applied to clarify the fecal biomarkers and corresponding metabolic pathways involving in CUMS-D and CUMS-R. The results show that compared with the control rats, the sucrose preference rates of CUMS-D rats were significantly reduced. By contrast, the sucrose preference rates of CUMS-R rats had no significant difference. At the same time, CUMS-D and CUMS-R showed both unique and shared biomarkers and pathways. Three pathways are significantly related to CUMS-D, including taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Glycerolipid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism are specific pathways related to CUMS-R. This study explores the mechanisms of the emergence of susceptible and resilience of rats under the same stimulus from a metabolomics perspective. The current findings provide not only a new perspective for studying depression, and personalized and precision treatments in clinic, but also the research and development of antidepressants.

Analysis of risk factors for patients with metastatic prostate cancer to progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) patients who underwent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).Methods:One hunred mPCa patients underwent ADT were followed up from January 2014 to December 2020 in the Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical University. Retrospective analyze the patient′s Gleason score, initial PSA value, minimum prostate specific antigen (nPSA) and time when PSA drops to the lowest point (TTN), and record the state of lymph node metastasis and bone metastasis. Single factor Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to explore the related risk factors affecting the progress of CRPC.Results:A total of 82 cases (82%) of ADT patients progressed to CRPC. Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Gleason score, PSA initial value, lowest nPSA and time to TTN, lymph node metastasis and bone metastasis are risk factors for CRPC ( P<0.01 or<0.05); Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Gleason score, initial PSA value, nPSA and TTN are independent risk factors for PCa patients to progress to CRPC ( P<0.01 or<0.05). Conclusions:This study demonstrated that Gleason score, lymph node metastasis, bone metastasis, initial PSA value, nPSA and TTN are risk factors for the progression of CRPC. Patients with higher Gleason grade, higher nPSA, shorter TTN, lymph node and bone metastasis have shorter PFS and higher risk of progression to CRPC.

Influencing factors of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for gastric cancer / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Gastric cancer has high morbidity and mortality, and limited treatment options for advanced cancer. In recent years, with the advent of targeted drugs (including VEGFR-2 antagonists, anti-HER-2 antibodies) and immunotherapeutics (such as anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies), the efficacy of advanced gastric cancer has been increased. Currently, the clinical data of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 inhibitors have achieved phased success, but which factors affect the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy, and how to select the benefited patient population and establish the prognosis evaluation system are the urgent problems to be solved. Therefore, this review elaborated the factors affecting the immunotherapy effects of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors from the aspects of systemic chemotherapy, intestinal microbiota, MSI, Hp infection, Epstein-Barr virus, TMB, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, in order to provide new ideas for clinical work.

" Multi-hits" based SD rat models of cognitive dysfunction and research on related mechanisms / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To establish Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat models of cognitive impairment through repeated stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the early brain development, and to inquire into the effect of " multi-hits" mediated by inflammatory response on the histology and behavior of SD rat models and related molecular mechanisms.Methods:This study adopted a group design for experiments.The " multi-hits" SD rat models were established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS.According to the random number table method, 24 pregnant rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, LPS1 group, LPS2 group and LPS3 group, 6 rats in each group.In the control group, saline was intraperitoneally injected into rats with gestational age of 18 days and 20-day-old neonatal rats.Rats with gestational age of 18 days were intraperitoneally injected with saline in the LPS1 group, 0.05 mg/kg LPS in the LPS2 group, and 0.1 mg/kg LPS in the LPS3 group.The pups in LPS1-3 groups were all injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg/kg LPS at the postnatal age of 20 days.The motor and cognitive function of the pups were evaluated overall by behavioral experiments such as forelimb suspension tests, grid tests and water maze tests.The relative expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Notch1 and Jagged1 in brain tissue of pups was mainly detected by Western blot (WB) and histological experiments.One-way ANOVA analysis of variance and independent samples t- test were used to compare data among groups and between groups, respectively. Results:(1) Behavioral experiments: compared with the control group, LPS1-3 groups showed progressive decrease in forelimb suspension time [(34.81±5.66) s, (22.47±4.35) s, and (13.20±4.25) s vs.(43.88 ± 4.85) s], and the number of missteps in the grid experiment increased progressively (16.13±2.90, 20.75±3.10, 25.13±4.45 vs.9.00±2.72). The differences were statistically significant ( F=69.77, 35.59, all P<0.001). Both the escape latency and total distance in Morri′s water maze test increased progressively ( P<0.05). (2) WB experiment: the relative expression levels of GFAP, Notch1 and Jagged1 proteins in LPS1-3 groups were significantly higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05). (3) Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and electron microscope pathology: compared with the control group, LPS1-3 groups had more loosely arranged frontal cortices and more obvious cell pyknosis.Under the electron microscope, the cytoplasm was swelling to varying degrees, mitochondrial cristae were broken, and part of the nuclear membrane was damaged. Conclusions:In the " multi-hits" cognitive impairment model, the damage to the brain tissue structure and behavioral changes of pups may be related to the up-regulation of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway mediated by repeated exposure to LPS.

The expression of collagen type Ⅰ alpha 2 chain in glioma and its influence on the migration and invasion of glioma / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the expression and clinical significance of collagen type Ⅰ alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) in glioma , and its effect on the migration and invasion of glioma cell lines.Methods:Through in-depth mining of the data related to COL1A2 in the Oncomine database, meta-analysis of its expression in different types of tumors, different grades and different molecular types of glioma, and then through the Chinese glioma genome map project (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas, CGGA) database to explore the relationship between its expression level and the prognosis of glioma patients. The COL1A2 gene was functionally annotated by gene ontology (GO) and Pathway analysis. The annotation content includes cell components, biological processes, molecular functions and related signal pathways.Results:A total of 426 research results on COL1A2 in different types of tumors were collected in the Oncomine database, 114 of which were statistically different, 103 studies with increased COL1A2 expression, and 11 studies with decreased expression; the analysis shows there were 22 studies on high expression of COL1A2 in tumors, and no studies on low expression. Analysis of different grades of glioma and different molecular types of glioma Compared with the control group, COL1A2 was highly expressed in various types of glioma. Through the analysis of the gene chip data of the CGGA database, it was found that in glioblastoma, low expression levels of COL1A2 were significantly associated with an improved prognosis in patients with glioma ( P<0.05). Next, through GO and Pathway annotations, it was found that COL1A2 was involved in the biological processes of NAD metabolic salvage pathway, cell and cell signal transduction, circadian rhythm regulation and so on. Finally, through the construction of overexpression and knockdown cell lines in glioblastoma cell lines U87 and T98, scratch experiments and transwell cell function experiments confirmed that COL1A2 can significantly promote the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cell lines. Conclusions:Low expression levels of COL1A2 were significantly associated with improved prognosis in patients with glioma. Knockdown and overexpression of COL1A2 on glioblastoma cell lines U87 and T98 manifested that COL1A2 can promote glioblastoma cell lines migration and invasion ability. Based on the above results, COL1A2 may be used as an indicator for judging the prognosis of glioblastoma and as a potential biological target for therapy.

Changes in the Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Patients With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation by Resting-State Functional MRI.

INTRODUCTION: Dapoxetine is considered a first-line treatment for patients with lifelong premature ejaculation (PE), and current researches have showed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that patients with lifelong PE might have abnormal brain function, but differences in brain function before and after administration have not been reported. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine some objective differences in brain function between patients with lifelong PE before and after administration and healthy individuals. METHODS: In this study, 17 patients with lifelong PE and 11 healthy controls underwent clinical assessments and resting-state fMRI examination. After 4 weeks of treatment with dapoxetine 30 mg as needed, patients with PE underwent the same fMRI examination again 3 hours after dapoxetine administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The data were preprocessed using a data processing assistant for resting-state fMRI, and voxelwise amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) maps was calculated to identify abnormal neural activity in the brain. RESULTS: (a) The ALFF of patients with PE was significantly lower in the bilateral hippocampus and thalamus and higher in the left fusiform and lingual gyrus than that of healthy controls; (b) decreased and increased ALFF in patients with PE recovered after dapoxetine administration. CONCLUSION: We preliminarily identified the relevant sites by analyzing changes in the ALFF in patients with lifelong PE. Analyzing ALFF changes in the brain by resting-state fMRI is an effective method to study PE, and it might provide a reference for disease diagnosis and future research. Yubo M, Lianjia H, Cuiping M, et al. Changes in the Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Patients With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation by Resting-State Functional MRI. Sex Med 2021;9:100287.

Safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride combined with midazolam in fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children: a prospective randomized controlled study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride combined with midazolam in fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children.@*METHODS@#A total of 118 children who planned to undergo fiberoptic bronchoscopy from September 2018 to February 2021 were enrolled. They were divided into a control group (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly decreased MAP at T@*CONCLUSIONS@#Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride combined with midazolam is a safe and effective way to administer general anesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children, which can ensure stable vital signs during examination, reduce intraoperative adverse reactions and postoperative agitation, shorten examination time, and increase amnesic effect.

Mechanism of Xiaoyao San in treatment of depression,breast hyperplasia,and functional dyspepsia based on network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Xiaoyao San(XYS) in the treatment of three diseases of liver depression and spleen deficiency, ie, depression, breast hyperplasia, and functional dyspepsia, and to provide a theoretical basis for the interpretation of the scientific connotation of "treating different diseases with the same method" of traditional Chinese medicines. Traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform(TCMSP) was used to screen the active components of XYS which underwent principal component analysis(PCA) with the available drugs for these three diseases to determine the corresponding biological activities. The targets of XYS on depression, breast hyperplasia, and functional dyspepsia were obtained from GeneCards, TTD, CTD, and DrugBank databases. Cytoscape was used to plot the "individual herbal medicine-active components-potential targets" network. The resulting key targets were subjected to Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway analysis and gene ontology(GO) enrichment analysis. A total of 121 active components of XYS and 38 common targets in the treatment of depression, breast hyperplasia, and functional dyspepsia were collected. The key biological pathways were identified, including advanced glycation and products(AGEs)-receptor for advanced glycation and products(RAGE) signaling pathway in diabetic complications, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and cancer-related pathways. The key targets of XYS in the treatment of depression, breast hyperplasia, and functional dyspepsia included IL6, IL4, and TNF, and the key components were kaempferol, quercetin, aloe-emodin, etc. As revealed by the molecular docking, a strong affinity was observed between the key components and the key targets, which confirmed the results. The therapeutic efficacy of XYS in the treatment of diseases of liver depression and spleen deficiency was presumedly achieved by reducing the inflammatory reactions. The current findings are expected to provide novel research ideas and approaches to classify the scientific connotation of "treating different diseases with the same method" of Chinese medicines, as well as a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of XYS and exploring its clinical applications.

Effect of shear stress on eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells by metabolomics approach / 生理学报

The article aims to study the effect and mechanism of shear stress on eicosanoids produced by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in endothelial cells. First, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated by control (Static), laminar shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS) for 6 h. Then the endothelial cells were incubated with fresh M199 medium for 3 h, and the cell culture medium was collected. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer was used to detect the level of eicosanoid metabolites secreted by endothelial cells. The results showed that under different shear stress, the level of eicosanoid metabolites were changed significantly. We found 10 metabolites were significantly up-regulated by OSS compared with those in LSS group, including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α and PGJ2 produced by cyclooxygenase; 11-HETE, 15-HETE, 13-HDoHE produced by lipoxygenase or spontaneous oxidation; 12,13-EpOME, 9,10-EpOME, 9,10-DiHOME produced by cytochrome P450 oxidase and soluble epoxide hydrolase. The transcription levels of these up-regulated eicosanoids metabolic enzyme-related genes were also increased in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that OSS may promote the increase of metabolites by up-regulating the transcription level of metabolic enzyme-related genes, which playing a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. This study reveals the effect of shear stress on eicosanoid metabolism in endothelial cells, which provides a novel supplement to the systems biology approach to study systemic hemodynamics.

Research progress on mechanism of TBX1 gene affecting phenotype of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome / 医学研究生学报

22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a genetic syndrome caused by the deletion of 22q11.21-q11.23 in the proximal long arm microfragment of chromosome 22 for human. TBX1 belongs to the T-box family and is located in 22q11.2 of chromosome. Studies have shown that haploinsufficiency of TBX1 is the main cause of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, which is of great significance for the appearance of its phenotype. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of TBX1 in the mechanism of cardiac disease, pulmonary artery phenotype, thymus development, pharyngeal and palatal development, lymphatic formation, and low proliferation of parathyroid tumors.

Research progress on mechanism of TBX1 gene affecting phenotype of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome / 医学研究生学报

22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a genetic syndrome caused by the deletion of 22q11.21-q11.23 in the proximal long arm microfragment of chromosome 22 for human. TBX1 belongs to the T-box family and is located in 22q11.2 of chromosome. Studies have shown that haploinsufficiency of TBX1 is the main cause of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, which is of great significance for the appearance of its phenotype. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of TBX1 in the mechanism of cardiac disease, pulmonary artery phenotype, thymus development, pharyngeal and palatal development, lymphatic formation, and low proliferation of parathyroid tumors.

Research progress in combination applications of antidepressant drugs / 中国中药杂志

Depression is a common affective disorder. The application of antidepressants can significantly alleviate the symptoms of depression, which is the most important way to treat depression in clinical practice. Due to the complex etiology, wide variety, as well as diversity and severity of serious concomitant symptoms, rational addition of other drugs into antidepressants can significantly improve the cure rates of depression, reduce adverse reactions, and improve patient compliances. Therefore, the combined applications of differential drugs have been commonly used in clinic. In this paper, more than 600 literatures about depression from 2010 to 2019 were collected based on the key words of antidepressant, depression, combined medication, synergism and increase efficiency. Based on this, by summarizing and classifying the existing combinations of antidepressant drugs, this paper systematically expounds the current combined applications of antidepressant drugs in three categories, i.e. western medicines combined with western medicines, western medicines combined with traditional Chinese medicines, and traditional Chinese medicines combined with traditional Chinese medicines, in the expectation of providing the direction and basis for the selection of rational combinations of antidepressant drugs in clinic.

Association between total cholesterol and type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study / 中华疾病控制杂志

@#Objective To explore the association between total cholesterol and type 2 diabetes ( T2DM) ． Methods Non－diabetic people who aged 20 to 90 years at the baseline and who had physical examination more than 2 times were screened． Comparisons of the baseline characteristics were conducted with Student－t test or Pearson chi－square test． Generalized estimating equation ( GEE) was used to analyze the effect of total cholesterol of quantiles groups ( 2．10－ mmol /L，4．16－ mmol /L，4．76－ mmol /L and 5．42 －13．29 mmol /L) to type 2 diabetes． Results The cohort with an average age of 3．53 years per person in- cluded 12 928 subjects and 45 626 person－years． During the follow－up，447 cases of new－onset diabetes occurred and the incidence density was 9. 80‰． The high incidence of type 2 diabetes increased with the increase of total cholesterol． After adjusting the factors including age，high density lipoprotein，hypertension and obesity，based on the 2. 10－ mmol /L group，the relative risk ( RR) of the 4. 16－ mmol /L，4. 76－ mmol/L and 5. 42－13. 29 mmol /L group were 1. 24( 95% CI: 0. 83－1. 86) ，1. 75 ( 95% CI: 1. 19－2. 56) and 3. 60( 95% CI: 2. 51－5. 17) ，respectively． Conclusions Total cholesterol is associated with type 2 diabetes，and as the total cholesterol increases，the risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases．

Role of mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis in reduction of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity by lipid emulsion in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the role of mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis in reduction of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity by lipid emulsion in rats.Methods Forty-five healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-350 g,were divided into 3 groups by a random number table method:sham operation group (Sham group,n =5),bupivacaine group (B group,n =20),and lipid emulsion group (L group,n =20).Cardiac arrest was induced by intravenously injecting 0.4％ bupivacaine 30mg/kg over 20 s to establish the cardiotoxicity model.Twenty percent lipid emulsion was intravenously injected in a dose of 5 ml/kg during resuscitation in group L,and normal saline was intravenously injected in a loading dose of 5 ml/kg during resuscitation in group B,followed by a 3-min infusion of 1 ml · kg-1 · min-1 in two groups.The successful resuscitation and survival rate at 120 min of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were recorded.Systolic blood pressure,heart rate,mean arterial pressure,rate-pressure product (RPP) and ratio of RPP at each time point after recovery of spontaneous heart beat to baseline value (RPPh) were recorded every 10 min after ROSC.The time from administration to cardiac arrest (T0),time from beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to appearance of the first spontaneous heart beat (Ts) and time from beginning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to appearance of ROSC (Tr) were recorded.Rats were sacrificed at 120 min of ROSC,and left ventricular tissues were obtained for determination of the expression of Bax,Bcl-2,cleaved caspase-9,cleaved caspase-3,cytochrome C (Cyt c) in cytoplasm and mitochondria (by Western blot) and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction) and for examination of myocardial ultrastructure.Results Compared with Sham group,the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA and mitochondrial Cyt c was significantly down-regulated,and the expression of Bax protein and mRNA,cleaved caspase-9,cleaved caspase-3 and cytoplasmic Cyt c was up-regulated in B group (P＜0.05).Compared with B group,the rate of successful resuscitation and survival rate were signif-icantly increased,Tr was shortened,systolic blood pressure,heart rate,RPP and RPPh were increased after ROSC,the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA and mitochondrial Cyt c was up-regulated,the expression of Bax protein and mRNA,cleaved caspase-9,cleaved caspase-3 and cytoplasmic Cyt c was downregulated (P＜0.05),no significant change was found in To or Ts (P＞0.05),and the pathological changes of myocardium were significantly attenuated in L group.Conclusion The mechanism by which lipid emulsion reduces bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity may be related to inhibiting mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis in rats.

Sex Recognition of Skulls in Chinese Uygur / 法医学杂志

Objective Logistic regression method was used to establish a multiple regression sex discriminant function to discriminate the complete skull model and the incomplete skull model without frontal bone, occipital bone and mandible of Uygur adults in Turpan, Xinjiang. Methods A total of 117 （60 male and 57 female） three-dimensional skull models were collected by CT. Sixteen cranial measurement indexes were measured and calculated by computer software. The multivariate regression sex discriminant function was established with Logistic regression method and retrospectively tested. Results Among the 16 measurement indexes, except for nose width （x7） and maximum frontal breadth （x13）, the remaining 14 indexes had statistical significance of differences between male and female （P<0.05）. For the discriminant function of complete skull established by eyebrow arch convexity （x4）, mastoid width （x6）, maximum cranial length （x12）, cranial base length （x15）, cranial circumference （x16）, the male and female discrimination accuracy was 90.0% and 94.7%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without frontal bone established by mandibular angle width （x10）, mandibular height （x11） and cranial circumference （x16）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 85.0% and 84.2%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without occipital bone established by the index of eyebrow arch convexity （x4）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 80.0% and 73.7%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without mandible established by frontal chord （x5） and occipital protrusion angle （x9）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 85.0% and 78.9%, respectively. Conclusion The computer software and system developed in our study can achieve sex discrimination of complete skulls and incomplete skulls without frontal bone, occipital bone or mandible.