Self-Focused Pulse Propagation Is Mediated by Spatiotemporal Optical Vortices.

We show that the dynamics of high-intensity laser pulses undergoing self-focused propagation in a nonlinear medium can be understood in terms of the topological constraints imposed by the formation and evolution of spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs). STOVs are born from pointlike phase defects on the sides of the pulse nucleated by spatiotemporal phase shear. These defects grow into closed loops of spatiotemporal vorticity that initially exclude the pulse propagation axis, but then reconnect to form a pair of toroidal vortex rings that wrap around it. STOVs constrain the intrapulse flow of electromagnetic energy, controlling the focusing-defocusing cycles and pulse splitting inherent to nonlinear pulse propagation. We illustrate this in two widely studied but very different regimes, relativistic self-focusing in plasma and nonrelativistic self-focusing in gas, demonstrating that STOVs mediate nonlinear propagation irrespective of the detailed physics.

Guided Mode Evolution and Ionization Injection in Meter-Scale Multi-GeV Laser Wakefield Accelerators.

We show that multi-GeV laser wakefield electron accelerators in meter-scale, low density hydrodynamic plasma waveguides operate in a new nonlinear propagation regime dominated by sustained beating of lowest order modes of the ponderomotively modified channel; this occurs whether or not the injected pulse is linearly matched to the guide. For a continuously doped gas jet, this emergent mode beating effect leads to axially modulated enhancement of ionization injection and a multi-GeV energy spectrum of multiple quasimonoenergetic peaks; the same process in a locally doped jet produces single multi-GeV peaks with <10% energy spread. A three-stage model of drive laser pulse evolution and ionization injection characterizes the beating effect and explains our experimental results.

Loss-free shaping of few-cycle terawatt laser pulses.

We demonstrate loss-free generation of 3 mJ, 1 kHz, few-cycle (5 fs at 750 nm central wavelength) double pulses with a pulse peak separation from 10 to 100 fs, using a helium-filled hollow core fiber (HCF) and chirped mirror compressor. Crucial to our scheme are simulation-based modifications to the spectral phase and amplitude of the oscillator seed pulse to eliminate the deleterious effects of self-focusing and nonlinear phase pickup in the chirped pulse amplifier. The shortest pulse separations are enabled by tunable nonlinear pulse splitting in the HCF compressor.

Beneficial effects of pulmonary embolism response team establishment in patients with pulmonary embolism in a developing country: a single-center experience.

Objective: The impact of establishing a pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) has been proven in many developed countries. However, the efficacy of a PERT largely depends on expertise and infrastructure. This study explored the benefit of establishing a PERT in developing countries with limited healthcare resources by comparing the outcomes of patients with acute PE before and after PERT establishment at University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. Methods: We conducted a single-center observational study from January 1, 2019, to August 1, 2021. All patients with PE confirmed on computed tomography were included. Patients admitted before PERT establishment were treated by cardiologists alone, while those hospitalized after PERT establishment were managed by the PERT. Results: A total of 130 patients were included (pre-PERT estab-lishment: 51 patients; post-PERT establishment: 79 patients). The demographic characteristics, severity of PE, and clinical and laboratory findings were similar between the two groups. The post-PERT establishment group had a lower incidence rate of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (11.3% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.005) and required more interventional therapies (16.5% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.046) than did the pre-PERT establishment group. The in-hospital mortality rate decreased in the post-PERT establishment group compared with that in the pre-PERT establishment group (8.9% vs. 21.6%, p = 0.041). Conclusions: Involvement of the PERT in PE management was associated with improved outcomes of patients with PE, including reduced bleeding and mortality rates in a resource-constrained hospital.

Mutations Causing X-Linked Amelogenesis Imperfecta Alter miRNA Formation from Amelogenin Exon4.

Amelogenin plays a crucial role in tooth enamel formation, and mutations on X-chromosomal amelogenin cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Amelogenin pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) is highly alternatively spliced, and during alternative splicing, exon4 is mostly skipped, leading to the formation of a microRNA (miR-exon4) that has been suggested to function in enamel and bone formation. While delivering the functional variation of amelogenin proteins, alternative splicing of exon4 is the decisive first step to producing miR-exon4. However, the factors that regulate the splicing of exon4 are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between known mutations in exon4 and exon5 of X chromosome amelogenin that causes X-linked AI, the splicing of exon4, and miR-exon4 formation. Our results showed mutations in exon4 and exon5 of the amelogenin gene, including c.120T>C, c.152C>T, c.155C>G, and c.155delC, significantly affected the splicing of exon4 and subsequent miR-exon4 production. Using an amelogenin minigene transfected in HEK-293 cells, we observed increased inclusion of exon4 in amelogenin mRNA and reduced miR-exon4 production with these mutations. In silico analysis predicted that Ser/Arg-rich RNA splicing factor (SRSF) 2 and SRSF5 were the regulatory factors for exon4 and exon5 splicing, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that SRSF2 binds to exon4 and SRSF5 binds to exon5, and mutations in each exon can alter SRSF binding. Transfection of the amelogenin minigene to LS8 ameloblastic cells suppressed expression of the known miR-exon4 direct targets, Nfia and Prkch, related to multiple pathways. Given the mutations on the minigene, the expression of Prkch has been significantly upregulated with c.155C>G and c.155delC mutations. Together, we confirmed that exon4 splicing is critical for miR-exon4 production, and mutations causing X-linked AI in exon4 and exon5 significantly affect exon4 splicing and following miR-exon4 production. The change in miR-exon4 would be an additional etiology of enamel defects seen in some X-linked AI.

Low-dose intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke without large vessel occlusion screened by 3T MRI.

OBJECTIVE: Globally, there are more than six million deaths due to cerebrovascular disease, which is the second leading cause of death. Although the imaging findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are more accurate than computed tomography for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), it is uncommon in recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA) treatment. Alteplase is not only strongly recommended treatment for acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours, but also decreases the disability and mortality rate. Besides, low-dose rTPA was associated with significant reductions in symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), compared with standard one. However, the benefits of low-dose rTPA for the treatment of AIS without large vessel occlusion (LVO) have not been fully demonstrated. We evaluated whether the low-dose rTPA in AIS without LVO could improve prognosis in patients three months post-treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on patients with AIS treated within 4.5 hours of symptom onset admitted to Can Tho S.I.S General Hospital between February 2019 and July 2021. The eligibility criteria were patients aged > 18 years treated with low-dose rTPA (0.6 mg/kg) and screened by 3T MRI. Patients with a pre-hospital modified Rankin score (mRS) ≥ 2 points, intracranial hemorrhage, LVO, or ≥ 3 microbleeds on brain MRI were excluded. The primary outcomes were the favorable outcome rate at three months and safety, which were evaluated by the rates of intracranial hemorrhage and mortality at three months. RESULTS: This study enrolled 92 eligible patients between February 2019 and July 2021. Their National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were 7.5 ± 3.7 at admission, 3.3 ± 3.5 at discharge or seven days after discharge, and 2.2 ± 2.8 at three months. Their mRS were 2.9 ± 0.8 at admission, 1.4 ± 1.3 at discharge or seven days after discharge, and 1.1 ± 1.1 at three months. Elevated cardiac enzymes, age ≥ 75 years, and body mass index ≥ 25 were associated with increased poor outcomes at three months. While AIS was more common in men than women, a similar number of men (33.3%) and women had poor mRS. Three patients had complications associated with low-dose rTPA treatment: one (1.1%) had intracranial hemorrhage, one (1.1%) had new infarcts, and one (1.1%) had gastrointestinal bleeding. No deaths occurred within three months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the efficacy and safety of low-dose rTPA treatment for AIS without LVO within 4.5 hours. Patient selection for rTPA by 3T MRI decreased complications and mortality.

Fade In, Fade Out: Do Shifts in Visual Perspective Predict the Consistency of Real-World Memories?

Memories of our personal past are not exact accounts of what occurred. Instead, memory reconstructs the past in adaptive-though not always faithful-ways. Using a naturalistic design, we asked how the visual perspective adopted in the mind's eye when recalling the past-namely, an "own eyes" versus "observer" perspective-relates to the stability of autobiographical memories. We hypothesized that changes in visual perspective over time would predict poorer consistency of memories. Young adults (N = 178) rated the phenomenology of and freely recalled self-selected memories of everyday events at two time points (10 weeks apart). Multilevel linear modeling revealed, as expected, that greater shifts in visual perspective over time predicted lower memory consistency, particularly for emotional details. Our results offer insight into the factors that predict the fidelity of memories for everyday events. Moreover, our results may elucidate new metrics that are useful in interpreting eyewitness testimony or experiences relayed in clinical contexts.

Uncovering hypercoagulation status using rotational thromboelastometry in patients with sepsis presented with hypocoagulation based on conventional coagulation tests: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Conventional coagulation tests (CCTs) cannot identify hypercoagulation, despite being common in patients with sepsis. Moreover, CCTs overdiagnose hypocoagulation, which increases unnecessary blood transfusion. Therefore, we aimed to use rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to classify the coagulation status of patients with sepsis with abnormal CCTs and to identify the main coagulation components that affect coagulation status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was part of an observational study to investigate ROTEM use in 161 patients with sepsis with the Sepsis-3 criteria. They underwent concurrent CCTs and ROTEM assessments within 24 hours of Intensive Care Unit admission at the University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, from June 2020 to December 2021. This study only extracted data from patients with sepsis with abnormal CCTs, including activated partial thromboplastin time ratio, international normalized ratio (INR), platelet count, and fibrinogen concentration. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients with sepsis with abnormal CCTs had a median age of 69, and 48.7% were women. Of 34 patients with INR ≥1.6, ROTEM identified 11.8% with hypercoagulation and 20.6% with normal coagulation. Of 29 patients with platelet counts <100 (103/mm3), ROTEM identified 3.5% with hypercoagulation and 24.1% with normal coagulation. In the ROTEM-based hypercoagulability group, an increase in maximum clot firmness was observed in 95.1% of cases; also, this group had significantly higher plasma fibrinogen concentrations than other groups (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: ROTEM can reveal hypercoagulability in patients with sepsis with hypocoagulation based on CCTs. Hyperfibrinogenemia causes hypercoagulation in patients with sepsis.

First-principles investigation of a type-II BP/Sc2CF2 van der Waals heterostructure for photovoltaic solar cells.

Constructing heterostructures has proven to be an effective strategy to manipulate the electronic properties and enlarge the application possibilities of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, we perform first-principles calculations to generate the heterostructure between boron phosphide (BP) and Sc2CF2 materials. The electronic characteristics and band alignment of the combined BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure, as well as the effects of an applied electric field and interlayer coupling, are examined. Our results predict that the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure is energetically, thermally and dynamically stable. All considered stacking patterns of the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure possess semiconducting behavior. Furthermore, the formation of the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure gives rise to the generation of type-II band alignment, which causes photogenerated electrons and holes to move in opposite ways. Therefore, the type-II BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure could be a promising candidate for photovoltaic solar cells. More interestingly, the electronic properties and band alignment in the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure can be tuned by applying an electric field and modifying the interlayer coupling. Applying an electric field not only causes modulation of the band gap, but also leads to the transition from a semiconductor to a gapless semiconductor and from type-II to type-I band alignment of the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure. In addition, changing the interlayer coupling gives rise to modulation of the band gap of the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure. Our findings suggest that the BP/Sc2CF2 heterostructure is a promising candidate for photovoltaic solar cells.

Acute mastoiditis in children: A tertiary care center experience in 2015-2021.

Background: Acute mastoiditis is a suppurative infection of mastoid air cells and is the most common intratemporal complication of otitis media. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of children with acute mastoiditis (AM). Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized pediatric patients aged between 1 month and 18 years with a diagnosis of AM between May 2015 and December 2021. Results: A total of 28 hospitalized children with AM were enrolled in this study, of whom 22 (78.6%) were males and 6 (21.4%) were females with a mean ± standard deviation age of 93.5 ± 53.2 months (range = 6 months-16.1 years). The most common clinical symptoms were postauricular erythema (n = 17, 60.7%), tenderness (n = 16, 57.1%), swelling (n = 14, 50%), fever (n = 14, 50%), and auricular protrusion (n = 7, 25%). Mastoiditis complications occurred in 10 (35.7%) children. The most common extracranial complication was subperiosteal abscess (n = 8, 28.6%). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the rate of antibiotic use before hospitalization were higher in patients with complicated mastoiditis (P = 0.006 and P = 0.039, respectively). Surgery was performed in 12 (42.9%) patients. Statistically, more surgical interventions were performed in patients who developed complications (P = 0.003). Conclusion: AM continues as an important disease of childhood. Successful results are obtained with systemic antibiotic therapy and additional surgical intervention as necessary. A careful evaluation of patients with a high ESR and those who received antibiotic therapy before hospitalization is appropriate due to the correlation between these factors and the risk of complication development.

[Human immunodeficiency virus and venous thromboembolism: Role of direct oral anticoagulants]. / Modalités du traitement de la maladie veineuse thromboembolique du patient VIH par les anticoagulants oraux directs.

Nowadays, thanks to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is transforming into a chronic disease. The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PWH) has increased, as well as their risk of developing several co-morbidities, in particular cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased in PWH with a 2 to 10 times higher incidence when compared to the general population. Over the last decade, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been widely used in the treatment and prevention of VTE and non-valvular atrial fibrillation. DOACs are characterized by a rapid onset of activity, a predictable response and a relatively wide therapeutic window. Nevertheless, drug interactions exist between HAART and DOACs, exposing PWH to a theoretically increased bleeding or thrombotic risk. DOACs are substrates of the transport protein P-glycoprotein and/or of isoforms of cytochromes P450 pathway, which can be affected by some antiretroviral drugs. Limited guidelines are available to assist physicians with the complexity of those drug-drug interactions. The aim of this paper is to provide an updated review on the evidence of the high risk of VTE in PWH and the place of DOAC therapy in this population.

CRISPR/Cas9-based Engineering of Immunoglobulin Loci in Hybridoma Cells.

Development of the hybridoma technology by Köhler and Milstein (1975) has revolutionized the immunological field by enabling routine use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in research and development efforts, resulting in their successful application in the clinic today. While recombinant good manufacturing practices production technologies are required to produce clinical grade mAbs, academic laboratories and biotechnology companies still rely on the original hybridoma lines to stably and effortlessly produce high antibody yields at a modest price. In our own work, we were confronted with a major issue when using hybridoma-derived mAbs: there was no control over the antibody format that was produced, a flexibility that recombinant production does allow. We set out to remove this hurdle by genetically engineering antibodies directly in the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus of hybridoma cells. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) and homology-directed repair (HDR) to modify antibody's format [mAb or antigen-binding fragment (Fab')] and isotype. This protocol describes a straightforward approach, with little hands-on time, leading to stable cell lines secreting high levels of engineered antibodies. Parental hybridoma cells are maintained in culture, transfected with a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting the site of interest in the Ig locus and an HDR template to knock in the desired insert and an antibiotic resistance gene. By applying antibiotic pressure, resistant clones are expanded and characterized at the genetic and protein level for their ability to produce modified mAbs instead of the parental protein. Finally, the modified antibody is characterized in functional assays. To demonstrate the versatility of our strategy, we illustrate this protocol with examples where we have (i) exchanged the constant heavy region of the antibody, creating chimeric mAb of a novel isotype, (ii) truncated the antibody to create an antigenic peptide-fused Fab' fragment to produce a dendritic cell-targeted vaccine, and (iii) modified both the constant heavy (CH)1 domain of the heavy chain (HC) and the constant kappa (Cκ) light chain (LC) to introduce site-selective modification tags for further derivatization of the purified protein. Only standard laboratory equipment is required, which facilitates its application across various labs. We hope that this protocol will further disseminate our technology and help other researchers. Graphical abstract.

Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis of Oldenlandia corymbosa reveals the biosynthesis and mode of action of anti-cancer metabolites.

Plants accumulate a vast array of secondary metabolites, which constitute a natural resource for pharmaceuticals. Oldenlandia corymbosa belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and has been used in traditional medicine to treat different diseases, including cancer. However, the active metabolites of the plant, their biosynthetic pathway and mode of action in cancer are unknown. To fill these gaps, we exposed this plant to eight different stress conditions and combined different omics data capturing gene expression, metabolic profiles, and anti-cancer activity. Our results show that O. corymbosa extracts are active against breast cancer cell lines and that ursolic acid is responsible for this activity. Moreover, we assembled a high-quality genome and uncovered two genes involved in the biosynthesis of ursolic acid. Finally, we also revealed that ursolic acid causes mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells and identified three high-confidence protein binding targets by Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) and reverse docking. Altogether, these results constitute a valuable resource to further characterize the biosynthesis of active metabolites in the Oldenlandia group, while the mode of action of ursolic acid will allow us to further develop this valuable compound.

COVID-19 vaccination: public preference and intention in Vietnam.

Backgrounds: Understanding public opinion in relation to vaccination is critical, as there are several COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in Vietnam. This study aimed to assess public COVID-19 vaccine preferences and intention in Can Tho, Vietnam. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was performed between September 20 and October 20, 2021. in people aged 18 and over living in Can Tho, Vietnam, A questionnaire captured demographic information, vaccination intention, preference for vaccine selection, and barriers and motivations related to COVID-19 vaccination. Predictors for vaccination willingness among unvaccinated people were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Out of the proposed vaccines that have been approved by the Vietnam Ministry of Health, AstraZeneca (31.4%), Pfizer (23.5%), and Moderna (14.7%) were the most preferred by participants. Out of 1,470 respondents, 35.8% have received at least one vaccine dose, and of these, 76.9% intended to continue to receive vaccinations. Among the unvaccinated, 74.8% reported that they would be willing to complete the vaccination. Most participants stated that they would receive a COVID-19 vaccine if provided with adequate information on effectiveness and safety (92.7%). The possibility of side effects after vaccination (75.4%) was the most important barrier to vaccination. Education, health status, and prior flu-vaccination were associated with the intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccination among those who had not previously received one. Conclusions: Many unvaccinated adults were willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccination, with AstraZeneca being the preferred choice. These findings could help in the planning of vaccination campaigns to increase vaccination uptake in Vietnam.

LY3041658/ interleukin-8 complex structure as targets for IL-8 small molecule inhibitors discovery using a combination of in silico methods.

Since interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) and its receptor, CXCR1 and CXCR2, were known in the early 1990s, biological pathways related to these proteins were proven to have high clinical value in cancer and inflammatory/autoimmune conditions treatment. Recently, IL-8 has been identified as biomarker for severe COVID-19 patients and COVID-19 prognosis. Boyles et al. (mAbs 12 (2020), pp. 1831880) have published a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the LY3041658 Fab in a complex human CXCL8. They described the ability to bind to IL-8 and the blocking of IL-8/its receptors interaction by the LY3041658 monoclonal antibody. Therefore, the study has been designed to identify potential small molecules inhibiting interleukin-8 by targeting LY3041658/IL-8 complex structure using an in silico approach. A structure­based pharmacophore and molecular docking models of the protein active site cavity were generated to identify possible candidates, followed by virtual screening with the ZINC database. ADME analysis of hit compounds was also conducted. Molecular dynamics simulations were then performed to survey the behaviour and stability of the ligand-protein complexes. Furthermore, the MM/PBSA technique has been utilized to evaluate the free binding energy. The final data confirmed that one newly obtained compound, ZINC21882765, may serve as the best potential inhibitor for IL-8.

Rescue intracranial stenting in acute ischemic stroke: a preliminary Vietnamese study.

OBJECTIVE: In cases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by intracranial large vessel occlusion, rescue intracranial stenting (RIS) has recently emerged as a treatment option for achieving recanalization when mechanical thrombectomy (MT) fails. However, few studies to date have reported on the beneficial outcomes of RIS. Our goal was to analyze whether RIS use can improve prognosis in patients 3 months post-treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on a prospective cohort of patients with AIS treated with RIS at Can Tho S.I.S General Hospital. The study inclusion criteria were evidence of intracranial large vessel occlusion, absence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and severe stenosis or reocclusion after MT. Patients with tandem occlusions, failure to follow up after discharge, or severe or fatal illness concomitant with AIS were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was the "non-poor" prognosis status rate at 3 months after RIS and post-procedural symptomatic ICH (sICH). RESULTS: The post-treatment outcomes of 85 eligible patients who received RIS between August 2019 and May 2021 were assessed. Of the 85 included patients, 82 (96.5%) achieved successful recanalization, and 4 (4.7%) experienced sICH. At 3-months post-treatment, 47 (55.3%) patients had "non-poor" outcomes, whereas 35 (41.2%) had good outcomes. The use of dual antiplatelet therapy was associated with new infarcts (relative risk [RR]: 0.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.7) and sICH occurrence (RR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.01-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that despite the occurrence of post-procedural sICH in a small proportion of cases, RIS could serve as a useful alternative or additional treatment in the event of MT failure.

Memory for forgetting in adults with persistent symptoms following concussion.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent memory complaints following concussion often do not coincide with evidence of objective memory impairment. To the extent this clinical presentation represents Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD), we would expect preservation or even enhancement of memory for instances of forgetting, based on two lines of prior evidence. First, emotional arousal enhances autobiographical memory. People who experience memory lapses as worrisome may better remember them. Second, individuals with FCD can paradoxically provide detailed accounts of memory lapses compared to patients with neurodegenerative disease, who tend to provide vague examples. The current study aimed to better characterize the recall of forgetting events in people with subjective memory problems following concussion. METHODS: The study sample consisted of adults with chronic post-concussion symptoms (N = 37, M = 42.7 years old; 70.27% women; M = 24.9 months post-injury) and normal-range performance on conventional neuropsychological tests. Participants completed a measure of memory complaint severity and the Autobiographical Interview (AI). The AI was used to quantify the richness of narrative recollections of recent instances when they forgot something and (control) personal events that did not involve forgetting. Linear regression modeling assessed the relationship between memory complaint severity and AI variables, including narrative details, valence, arousal, and rehearsal of memories. RESULTS: There was no association between memory complaint severity and memory for forgetting vs. control events. We further found no association between memory complaint severity and AI performance overall (collapsing across forgetting and control events). Participants with greater memory complaints experienced past memory lapses as more negative than control memories, but did not consistently differ on other AI phenomenological variables. CONCLUSION: Autobiographical recall of memory lapses appears preserved but not selectively heightened in people who report experiencing severe memory problems long after concussion. This inconsistency supports conceptualization of persistent memory complaints after concussion as FCD.

The impact of COVID-19 on the practice of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology in the United States and Canada.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the delivery of healthcare, including oral healthcare services. The restrictions imposed for mitigating spread of the virus forced dental practitioners to adopt significant changes in their workflow pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the practice of oral and maxillofacial pathology in two countries in regard to educational activities, and clinical and diagnostic pathology services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed to oral and maxillofacial pathologists in the United States and Canada. The survey was designed by combining dichotomous, multiple choice, and Likert response scale questions. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with SPSS software. RESULTS: Most pathologists, at the time of survey completion, were teaching synchronously, primarily with case-based learning and live lectures. During lockdown, 52.4% and 50.0% of those with trainees expected their residents to show up for clinic- and laboratory-related procedures respectively. The pathologists were most concerned for their residents' inadequate clinical exposure, future placement, and face-to-face teaching time. About 89.0% pathologists were able to provide emergent care, with 82.4% and 23.5% having performed telehealth consultations and oral biopsy procedures, respectively. During the lockdown, the pathology laboratories for 90.9% of participants received biopsy specimens that predominantly comprised of potentially malignant or malignant lesions. However, a reduction in the number of biopsy submissions was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Given the challenges of the pandemic, oral and maxillofacial pathologists in the United States and Canada successfully continued their pursuits in education, clinical care, and diagnostic pathology services.

Perspectives on COVID-19 prevention and treatment using herbal medicine in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The significance of herbal medicine (HM) during the COVID-19 pandemic has been confirmed. Nevertheless, limited studies have included the people perspectives on COVID-19 prevention/treatment using herbal medicine in Vietnam. Thus, this study tackled the aforementioned issue. Methods: Online-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Vietnamese adults between February-April 2021. Descriptive analysis, regression and Chi-squared tests were implemented for the statistical purposes. Results: total of 787 respondents attended the study, 368 (46.8%) confirmed that they use herbal medicine/nutritional supplements for COVID-19 prevention/treatment. Over 50% of the respondents possessed positive perspective on vitamin C ingestion. Using herbal medicine for external use as a disinfectant was mostly preferred. Respondents who had a 'very good' health self-perception or who lived in rural areas, were more likely to have a positive opinion in the COVID-19 prevention/treatment using herbal medicine. The main barrier for herbal medicine utilization was the deficiency of personal experience or expert advice. Conclusion: The Vietnamese people commonly utilize herbal medicine for the COVID-19 prevention/treatment. These data might help policy-makers in managing the public knowledge and practice on herbal medicine use in Vietnam.

Development of a high-resolution typing method for SLA-3, swine MHC class I antigen 3.

We developed a high-resolution and comprehensive typing method for swine leukocyte antigen 3 (SLA-3), an MHC class I gene, employing locus-specific genomic PCR followed by subsequent direct sequencing. A total of 292 individuals from nine pure, one cross-breed and six cell lines were successfully typed. A total of 21 SLA-3 alleles were identified, of which four were found to be novel alleles. However, the allelic diversity of SLA-3 was lower than that of previously reported class I genes, SLA-1 and -2. More SLA-3 alleles were observed in the Landrace and Yorkshire breeds than the other breeds. SLA-3*04:01 was identified in seven out of nine breeds and was the most widely distributed allele across all breeds. Therefore, the typing method reported in this study completes our efforts to develop high-resolution typing methods for major SLA molecules, facilitating the combined analysis of major SLA genes from field samples, which is important to understand the relationship between the adaptive immune responses against pathogens and the immunogenetic makeup of an individual.