G protein ß subunits regulate Cav3.3 T-type channel activity and current kinetics via interaction with the Cav3.3 C-terminus.

Ca2+ influx through Cav3.3 T-type channel plays crucial roles in neuronal excitability and is subject to regulation by various signaling molecules. However, our understanding of the partners of Cav3.3 and the related regulatory pathways remains largely limited. To address this quest, we employed the rat Cav3.3 C-terminus as bait in yeast-two-hybrid screenings of a cDNA library, identifying rat Gß2 as an interaction partner. Subsequent assays revealed that the interaction of Gß2 subunit was specific to the Cav3.3 C-terminus. Through systematic dissection of the C-terminus, we pinpointed a 22 amino acid sequence (amino acids 1789-1810) as the Gß2 interaction site. Coexpression studies of rat Cav3.3 with various Gßγ compositions were conducted in HEK-293 cells. Patch clamp recordings revealed that coexpression of Gß2γ2 reduced Cav3.3 current density and accelerated inactivation kinetics. Interestingly, the effects were not unique to Gß2γ2, but were mimicked by Gß2 alone as well as other Gßγ dimers, with similar potencies. Deletion of the Gß2 interaction site abolished the effects of Gß2γ2. Importantly, these Gß2 effects were reproduced in human Cav3.3. Overall, our findings provide evidence that Gß(γ) complexes inhibit Cav3.3 channel activity and accelerate the inactivation kinetics through the Gß interaction with the Cav3.3 C-terminus.

In Vivo Reactive Astrocyte Imaging in Patients With Schizophrenia Using Fluorine 18-Labeled THK5351.

Importance: In vivo imaging studies of reactive astrocytes are crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia because astrocytes play a critical role in glutamate imbalance and neuroinflammation. Objective: To investigate in vivo reactive astrocytes in patients with schizophrenia associated with positive symptoms using monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)-binding fluorine 18 ([18F])-labeled THK5351 positron emission tomography (PET). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case-control study, data were collected from October 1, 2021, to January 31, 2023, from the internet advertisement for the healthy control group and from the outpatient clinics of Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea, for the schizophrenia group. Participants included patients with schizophrenia and age- and sex-matched healthy control individuals. Main Outcomes and Measures: Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVrs) of [18F]THK5351 in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampus as primary regions of interest (ROIs), with other limbic regions as secondary ROIs, and the correlation between altered SUVrs and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom scores. Results: A total of 68 participants (mean [SD] age, 32.0 [7.0] years; 41 men [60.3%]) included 33 patients with schizophrenia (mean [SD] age, 32.3 [6.3] years; 22 men [66.7%]) and 35 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 31.8 [7.6] years; 19 men [54.3%]) who underwent [18F]THK5351 PET scanning. Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher SUVrs in the bilateral ACC (left, F = 5.767 [false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P = .04]; right, F = 5.977 [FDR-corrected P = .04]) and left hippocampus (F = 4.834 [FDR-corrected P = .04]) than healthy controls. Trend-level group differences between the groups in the SUVrs were found in the secondary ROIs (eg, right parahippocampal gyrus, F = 3.387 [P = .07]). There were positive correlations between the SUVrs in the bilateral ACC and the PANSS positive symptom scores (left, r = 0.423 [FDR-corrected P = .03]; right, r = 0.406 [FDR-corrected P = .03]) in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions and Relevance: This case-control study provides novel in vivo imaging evidence of reactive astrocyte involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Reactive astrocytes in the ACC may be a future target for the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms.

Evaluation of a novel, low-cost, 3D printed video laryngoscope with borescope in anesthetized Beagle dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a low-cost three-dimensional (3D)-printed video laryngoscope (VLVET) for use with a commercial borescope. STUDY DESIGN: Instrument development and pilot study. ANIMALS: A total of six adult male Beagle dogs. METHODS: The VLVET consisted of a laryngoscope handle and a Miller-type blade, and a detachable camera holder that attached to various locations along the blade. The laryngoscope and camera holder were 3D-printed using black polylactic acid filament. Dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) medetomidine (15 µg kg-1) and anesthesia induced with IV alfaxalone (1.5 mg kg-1). The VLVET, combined with a borescope, was used for laryngeal visualization and intubation. Performance was evaluated by comparing direct and video-assisted views in sternal recumbency. The borescope camera was sequentially positioned at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm from the blade tip (distanceLARYNX-CAM), which was placed on the epiglottis during intubation or laryngoscopy. At the 10 cm distanceLARYNX-CAM, laryngeal visualization was sequentially scored at inter-incisor gaps of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 cm. Laryngeal visualization scores (0-3 range, with 0 = obstructed and 3 = unobstructed views) were statistically analyzed using the Friedman's test. RESULTS: Under direct visualization, the 2 cm distanceLARYNX-CAM had a significantly lower score compared with all other distanceLARYNX-CAM (all p = 0.014) because the view was obstructed by the camera holder and borescope camera. With both direct and camera-assisted views, visualization scores were higher at inter-incisor gaps ≥ 4 cm compared with 2 cm (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: During laryngoscopy and intubation, the VLVET and borescope facilitated both direct and video laryngoscopy at distanceLARYNX-CAM in Beagle dogs when inter-incisor gaps were ≥ 4 cm.

Fronto-striato-thalamic circuit connectivity and neuromelanin in schizophrenia: an fMRI and neuromelanin-MRI study.

Changes in dopamine and fronto-striato-thalamic (FST) circuit functional connectivity are prominent in schizophrenia. Dopamine is thought to underlie connectivity changes, but experimental evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. Previous studies examined the association in some of the connections using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional MRI (fMRI); however, PET has disadvantages in scanning patients, such as invasiveness. Excessive dopamine induces neuromelanin (NM) accumulation, and NM-MRI is suggested as a noninvasive proxy measure of dopamine function. We aimed to investigate the association between NM and FST circuit connectivity at the network level in patients with schizophrenia. We analysed substantia nigra NM-MRI and resting-state fMRI data from 29 schizophrenia patients and 63 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). We identified the FST subnetwork with abnormal connectivity found in schizophrenia patients compared to that of HCs and investigated the relationship between constituting connectivity and NM-MRI signal. We found a higher NM signal (t = -2.12, p = 0.037) and a hypoconnected FST subnetwork (FWER-corrected p = 0.014) in schizophrenia patients than in HCs. In the hypoconnected subnetwork of schizophrenia patients, lower left supplementary motor area-left caudate connectivity was associated with a higher NM signal (ß = -0.38, p = 0.042). We demonstrated the association between NM and FST circuit connectivity. Considering that the NM-MRI signal reflects dopamine function, our results suggest that dopamine underlies changes in FST circuit connectivity, which supports the dopamine hypothesis. In addition, this study reveals implications for the future use of NM-MRI in investigations of the dopamine system.

Aberrant cortico-thalamo-cerebellar network interactions and their association with impaired cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

Evidence indicating abnormal functional connectivity (FC) among the cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum in schizophrenia patients has increased. However, the role of the thalamus and cerebellum when integrated into intrinsic networks and how those integrated networks interact in schizophrenia patients are largely unknown. We generated an integrative network map by merging thalamic and cerebellar network maps, which were parcellated using a winner-take-all approach, onto a cortical network map. Using cognitive networks, the default mode network (DMN), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the salience network (SAL), and the central executive network (CEN) as regions of interest, the FC of 48 schizophrenia patients was compared with that of 57 healthy controls (HCs). The association between abnormal FC and cognitive impairment was also investigated in patients. FC was lower between the SAL-CEN, SAL-DMN, and DMN-CEN and within-CEN in schizophrenia patients than in HCs. Hypoconnectivity between the DMN-CEN was correlated with impaired cognition in schizophrenia patients. Our findings broadly suggest the plausible role of the thalamus and cerebellum in integrative intrinsic networks in patients, which may contribute to the disrupted triple network and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia.

Case report: Generalized lymphatic anomaly of multiple abdominal organs in a young dog.

A 9-month-old, female Pomeranian dog presented with vomiting and lethargy. Ultrasonography revealed multilobulated anechoic round shape structures at the ovarian and uterine locations. Through computed tomography scan, an extensive non-contrast multilobulated fluid-filled mass suspected of originating from the walls of the ovary, uterus, urinary bladder and rectum was observed. Ovariohysterectomy and urinary bladder biopsy were performed. Histopathological examination revealed numerous cystic lesions lined by plump cuboidal cells believed to be of epithelial origin. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the cyst-like lesions lining cells were strongly positive for lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1. Based on these results, lesions were identified as generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA), in which lymphangiomas develop in multiple organs. After 6 months follow-up, the size of the cysts remaining in the region of the bladder did not undergo much change. GLA should be included in the differential diagnosis when multiple cystic lesions are interspersed in multiple organs.

Phosphorylation states greatly regulate the activity and gating properties of Cav 3.1 T-type Ca2+ channels.

Cav 3.1 T-type Ca2+ channels play pivotal roles in neuronal low-threshold spikes, visceral pain, and pacemaker activity. Phosphorylation has been reported to potently regulate the activity and gating properties of Cav 3.1 channels. However, systematic identification of phosphorylation sites (phosphosites) in Cav 3.1 channel has been poorly investigated. In this work, we analyzed rat Cav 3.1 protein expressed in HEK-293 cells by mass spectrometry, identified 30 phosphosites located at the cytoplasmic regions, and illustrated them as a Cav 3.1 phosphorylation map which includes the reported mouse Cav 3.1 phosphosites. Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphosites to Ala residues and functional analysis of the phospho-silent Cav 3.1 mutants expressed in Xenopus oocytes showed that the phospho-silent mutation of the N-terminal Ser18 reduced its current amplitude with accelerated current kinetics and negatively shifted channel availability. Remarkably, the phospho-silent mutations of the C-terminal Ser residues (Ser1924, Ser2001, Ser2163, Ser2166, or Ser2189) greatly reduced their current amplitude without altering the voltage-dependent gating properties. In contrast, the phosphomimetic Asp mutations of Cav 3.1 on the N- and C-terminal Ser residues reversed the effects of the phospho-silent mutations. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the multiple phosphosites of Cav 3.1 at the N- and C-terminal regions play crucial roles in the regulation of the channel activity and voltage-dependent gating properties.

3D visualization of microwave electric and magnetic fields by using a metasurface-based indicator.

Visualizations of the microwave electric and magnetic near-field distributions of radio-frequency (RF) filters were performed using the technique of thermoelastic optical indicator microscopy (TEOIM). New optical indicators based on periodic dielectric-metal structures were designed for electric field visualization. Depending on the structure orientation, such metasurface-based indicators allow separately visualization of the Ex and Ey components of the in-plane electric field. Numerical simulations were conducted to examine the working principle of the designed indicator structures, and the results were compared to the experimental, showing good agreement. In addition, the 3D visualization of the microwave near-field distribution was built, to show the field intensity and distribution dependencies on the distance from the RF filter.

Sites and Regulation of L-Type Ca2+ Channel Cav1.2 Phosphorylation in Brain.

Cav1.2 channel phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating neuronal plasticity by action potential-dependent Ca2+ entry. Most studies of Cav1.2 regulation by phosphorylation have been reported in heart and muscles. Here, we identified phosphorylation sites of neuronal Cav1.2 channel protein purified from rat brain using mass spectrometry. The functional characterization of these phosphorylation sites showed altered voltage-dependent biophysical properties of the channel, without affecting current density. These results show that neuronal Cav1.2 channel is regulated by phosphorylation in a complex mechanism involving multiple phosphorylation sites.

Snapin Specifically Up-Regulates Cav1.3 Ca2+ Channel Variant with a Long Carboxyl Terminus.

Ca2+ entry through Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels plays essential roles in diverse physiological events. We employed yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assays to mine novel proteins interacting with Cav1.3 and found Snapin2, a synaptic protein, as a partner interacting with the long carboxyl terminus (CTL) of rat Cav1.3L variant. Co-expression of Snapin with Cav1.3L/Cavß3/α2δ2 subunits increased the peak current density or amplitude by about 2-fold in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes, without affecting voltage-dependent gating properties and calcium-dependent inactivation. However, the Snapin up-regulation effect was not found for rat Cav1.3S containing a short CT (CTS) in which a Snapin interaction site in the CTL was deficient. Luminometry and electrophysiology studies uncovered that Snapin co-expression did not alter the membrane expression of HA tagged Cav1.3L but increased the slope of tail current amplitudes plotted against ON-gating currents, indicating that Snapin increases the opening probability of Cav1.3L. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Snapin directly interacts with the CTL of Cav1.3L, leading to up-regulation of Cav1.3L channel activity via facilitating channel opening probability.

Prevalence and characteristics of isolated nocturnal hypertension in the general population.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ascertaining the prevalence of isolated nocturnal hypertension (INHT) in the general population and identifying the characteristics of patients with INHT may be important to determine patients who should receive 24- hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of INHT in the general population. METHODS: Of 1,128 participants (aged 20 to 70 years), we analyzed 823 who had valid 24-hour ambulatory BP measurements and were not on antihypertensive drug treatment. RESULTS: The prevalence of INHT in the study was 22.8%. Individuals with INHT had a higher office, 24-hour, and daytime and nighttime ambulatory systolic and diastolic BPs compared to individuals with sustained day-night normotension. INHT was more prevalent in individuals with masked hypertension (MH) than in those with sustained hypertension (59.8% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.001). Among individuals with INHT, 92.6% had MH. Among individuals with office BP-based prehypertension, 34.5% had both INHT and MH. The prevalence of INHT was highest in individuals with office BP-based prehypertension. INHT was an independent determinant of MH after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP, systolic and diastolic BP dipping, and systolic and diastolic BP non-dipping. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that INHT is not uncommon and is a major determinant of MH. Our findings strongly suggest the use of 24-hour ambulatory BP measurement for individuals within the prehypertension range of office BP owing to the high prevalence of INHT and MH in this population.

Visualization of microwave near-field distribution in sodium chloride and glucose aqueous solutions by a thermo-elastic optical indicator microscope.

In this study, a new optical method is presented to determine the concentrations of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions by using a thermo-elastic optical indicator microscope. By measuring the microwave near-field distribution intensity, concentration changes of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions were detected in the 0-100 mg/ml range, when exposed to microwave irradiation at 12 GHz frequency. Microwave near-field distribution intensity decreased as the NaCl or glucose concentration increased due to the changes of the absorption properties of aqueous solution. This method provides a novel approach for monitoring NaCl and glucose in biological liquids by using a CCD sensor capable of visualizing NaCl and glucose concentrations without scanning.

Impacts of undernutrition and maternal oral health status on dental caries in Korean children aged 3-5 years.

INTRODUCTION: The association between nutrition and oral health has been studied in the elderly. This study aimed to examine the impacts of undernutrition and the mothers' socioeconomic and oral health statuses on the incidence of dental caries in Korean preschool children. METHODS: Data of 610 children aged 3-5 years and their mothers who underwent oral examinations and responded to the questionnaires in the 6th KNAHNES were used. Caries prevalence was measured by dft and dt among the primary teeth in children and DMFT among mothers. Dietary reference intake values were used to evaluate nutritional status, a nutritional quality index and the mean nutrient adequacy ratio. Complex sample correlation analysis was performed by using children's dft and dt statuses as dependent variables. Multilevel linear regression was applied to investigate the impacts of undernutrition and mothers' socioeconomic and oral health status on children's dft and dt statuses. Statistical significance was set as P < .05. RESULTS: Factors significantly related to dft in children were age and food. Food insecurity was the only factor significantly associated with dt in children. Children's sex and mother's DMFT were likely to be relevant to dft in children. Children's age and a nutritional quality index value less than 1 were also likely to be relevant to the dt of children. CONCLUSIONS: Children with an undernourished status had a higher caries experience. A comprehensive community dental health promotion programme should be developed to prevent the incidence of dental caries in vulnerable undernourished children.

Real-Time Noninvasive Measurement of Glucose Concentration Using a Modified Hilbert Shaped Microwave Sensor.

We developed a microwave glucose sensor based on the modified first-order Hilbert curve design and measured glucose concentration in aqueous solutions by using a real-time microwave near-field electromagnetic interaction technique. We observed S21 transmission parameters of the sensor at resonant frequencies depend on the glucose concentration. We could determine the glucose concentration in the 0-250 mg/dL concentration range at an operating frequency of near 6 GHz. The measured minimum detectable signal was 0.0156 dB/(mg/dL) and the measured minimum detectable concentration was 1.92 mg/dL. The simulation result for the minimum detectable signal and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.0182 dB/(mg/dL) and 1.65 mg/dL, respectively. The temperature instability of the sensor for human glycemia in situ measurement range (27-34 °C for fingers and 36-40 °C for body temperature ranges) can be improved by the integration of the temperature sensor in the microwave stripline platform and the obtained data can be corrected during signal processing. The microwave signal-temperature dependence is almost linear with the same slope for a glucose concentration range of 50-150 mg/dL. The temperature correlation coefficient is 0.05 dB/°C and 0.15 dB/°C in 27-34 °C and 36-40 °C temperature range, respectively. The presented system has a cheap, easy fabrication process and has great potential for non-invasive glucose monitoring.

Factors Related to the Number of Existing Teeth among Korean Adults Aged 55-79 Years.

This study aimed to determine the association between the number of existing teeth (NET) and socioeconomic status (SES), oral health-related behaviours, and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults aged 55-79 years. The study included 3255 adults who underwent oral health examinations and answered questionnaires regarding SES, oral health-related behaviours, and metabolic diseases in the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). The dependent variable was the binary status based on the median NET in each age group. The independent variables were based on SES, oral health-related behaviours, and the presence of metabolic syndrome. The study findings showed that the factors associated with the NET were sex, household income, education level, region of residence, daily toothbrushing frequency, dental visit within 1 year, smoking, and metabolic syndrome. NET was lower in males (adjusted OR: 0.74), in low household income group (adjusted OR: 0.77), in primary school graduates (adjusted OR: 0.53), in rural residents (adjusted OR: 0.78), and in medicaid beneficiaries (adjusted OR: 0.78). The interventions aimed at preserving existing teeth in elderly population should consider their SES, oral health-related behaviours, and metabolic syndrome and overhauling current oral healthcare system and redefining the roles of oral health professionals.

Association between Periodontitis and Metabolic Syndrome in a Korean Nationally Representative Sample of Adults Aged 35-79 Years.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to investigate risk factors associated with MetS in Korean adults aged 35 to 79 years. Among individuals aged 35-79 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015, 8314 participants who completed the required examinations and questionnaires were included. Confounding variables related to demographic and socioeconomic status and systemic and oral health-related behaviors were age, gender, household income, education level, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and frequency of daily toothbrushing. Of the 8314 participants, 32.2% were diagnosed with MetS. The prevalence of MetS was 26.6% and 41.6% in those without and with periodontitis, respectively. Among individuals with periodontitis, the prevalence of MetS was 44.3% in males and 36.9% in females. Compared to non-periodontitis, periodontitis was associated with MetS (adjusted OR = 1.422, 95% CI: 1.26-1.61). Age, frequency of daily toothbrushing, and periodontitis were associated with MetS in both males and females. While current smoking and alcohol intake more than twice a week were significantly associated with MetS in males, household income and education level were significantly associated with MetS in females. The findings suggest that periodontitis can be associated with MetS.

The potential use of bromelain as a natural oral medicine having anticarcinogenic activities.

Bromelain (BR), a protease extracted from Ananas comosus, reportedly possesses pharmacological activities including the reduction of thrombogenesis, and antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of BR on oral cancer cells. The effect of BR on the viability of Ca9-22 and SCC25 cells was determined using the MTT assay. These cells were also treated with different doses of BR, and Western blotting was conducted to monitor apoptosis. Finally, flow cytometry analysis was performed to identify sub-G1 populations of oral cancer cells. After treatment, the viability of both Ca9-22 and SCC25 cells was markedly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner. BR induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and lamin A/C degradation, and generated cleavage products. Flow cytometry analysis showed that BR treatment significantly increased the sub-G1 population. Our findings therefore indicate that BR has potential as a novel, natural anticarcinogenic medicine.

Reduction of Dental Caries Among Children and Adolescents From a 15-Year Community Water Fluoridation Program in a Township Area, Korea.

Since 2000, a community water fluoridation program (CWFP) has been implemented in Hapcheon for over 15 years. We aimed to evaluate the caries-reducing effect on permanent teeth after this implementation. In 2015, evaluation surveys were conducted by our study group, 498 subjects aged 8, 10, 12, and 15 years. As the control, 952 similarly aged subjects were selected from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015 KNHANES). Data of a prospective cohort of 671 8-,10- and 12-year-olds, collected when CWFP started, were used for the evaluation. Caries-reducing effects were estimated by decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores between CWFP and control groups, pre- and post-program. Confounders including the mean number of sealant teeth and gender were adjusted for. The mean adjusted DMFT scores of 10-, 12- and 15-year-olds in Hapcheon were significantly lower compared to KNHANES DMFT scores; in addition, those of 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds after the 15-year CWFP were significantly lower than in 2000. The caries-reducing effect among 12-year-olds was 37.6% compared to those recorded in KNHANES, and 67.4% compared to those in 2000. In conclusion, the caries-reducing effect was so high that health policy makers should consider CWFP as a priority policy for caries-reducing in Korean children and adolescents.

Association of Self-Perceived Oral Health and Function with Clinically Determined Oral Health Status among Adults Aged 35⁻54 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to analyse the association of self-perceived oral health status (OHS) and functions with clinical OHS in Korean adults aged 35⁻54 years. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study using data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007⁻2009). A total of 6605 subjects aged 35⁻54 years who completed the oral examination and questionnaires were included. An association of self-perceived OHS and functions with clinically determined OHS was confirmed by a complex-samples general linear model. Data on socioeconomic variables, i.e., household income and education level, self-perceived OHS and functions, such as chewing and speaking, were collected by trained interviewers. The clinical OHS was determined by trained dentists and included the number of untreated decayed teeth (DT); decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT); prosthetic and periodontal status. The combined score was estimated as the sum of self-perceived OHS and functions. Based on the estimation coefficient, the clinical variables that were most strongly associated with self-perceived OHS and functions were, in order, periodontal status, prosthetic status, DT, and DMFT. In addition, the combined score for self-perceived OHS and functions was associated with household income, education, and clinically determined OHS.

Neuronal calcium channel α1 subunit interacts with AMPA receptor, increasing its cell surface localisation.

Voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (Cav) play critical roles in excitable cells including neurons. Unlike the well-defined roles of Cav2 for pre-synaptic neurotransmission, the post-synaptic function of Cav2 is unclear. Based on our previous study demonstrating the postsynaptic association of the Cav2 with the AMPA receptor (AMPA-R), in this study we sought to further analyse the Cav2-AMPA-R association. We used a step-by-step dissociation of partially purified native Cav2-AMPA-R complexes and co-immunoprecipitation of the Cav2-AMPA-R complexes expressed in HEK293T cells to demonstrate that the main subunit of Cav, α1, formed a complex with the AMPA-R without the auxiliary subunits ß, α2δ, γ2/3. The α1 subunit increased the cell-surface localisation of the AMPA-R, which could be a post-synaptic function of the Cav2.