Encoded-Fusion-Based Quantum Computation for High Thresholds with Linear Optics.

We propose a fault-tolerant quantum computation scheme in a measurement-based manner with finite-sized entangled resource states and encoded-fusion scheme with linear optics. The encoded fusion is an entangled measurement devised to enhance the fusion success probability in the presence of losses and errors based on a quantum error-correcting code. We apply an encoded-fusion scheme, which can be performed with linear optics and active feedforwards to implement the generalized Shor code, to construct a fault-tolerant network configuration in a three-dimensional Raussendorf-Harrington-Goyal lattice based on the surface code. Numerical simulations show that our scheme allows us to achieve up to 10 times higher loss thresholds than nonencoded fusion approaches with limited numbers of photons used in fusion. Our scheme paves an efficient route toward fault-tolerant quantum computing with finite-sized entangled resource states and linear optics.

Fourier Surfaces Reaching Full-Color Diffraction Limits.

Optical Fourier surfaces (OFSs), characterized by sinusoidally profiled diffractive optical elements, can outperform traditional binary-type counterparts by minimizing optical noise through selectively driving diffraction at desired frequencies. While scanning probe lithography (SPL), gray-scale electron beam lithography (EBL), and holographic inscriptions are effective for fabricating OFSs, achieving full-color diffractions at fundamental efficiency limits is challenging. Here, an integrated manufacturing process is presented, validated theoretically and experimentally, for fully transparent OFSs reaching the fundamental limit of diffraction efficiency. Leveraging holographic inscriptions and soft nanoimprinting, this approach effectively addresses challenges in conventional OFS manufacturing, enabling scalable production of noise-free and maximally efficient OFSs with record-high throughput (1010-1012 µm2 h-1), surpassing SPL and EBL by 1010 times. Toward this end, a wafer-scale OFSs array is demonstrated consisting of full-color diffractive gratings, color graphics, and microlenses by the one-step nanoimprinting, which is readily compatible with rapid prototyping of OFSs even on curved panels, demanding for transformative optical devices such as augmented and virtual reality displays.

Achieving Optical Refractive Index of 10-Plus by Colloidal Self-Assembly.

This study demonstrates the developments of self-assembled optical metasurfaces to overcome inherent limitations in polarization density (P) and high refractive indices (n) within naturally occurring materials. The Maxwellian macroscopic description establishes a link between P and n, revealing a static limit in natural materials, restricting n to ≈4.0 at optical frequencies. Previously, it is accepted that self-assembly enables the creation of nanogaps between metallic nanoparticles (NPs), boosting capacitive enhancement of P and resultant exceptionally high n at optical frequencies. The work focuses on assembling gold (Au) NPs into a closely packed monolayer by rationally designing the polymeric ligand to balance attractive and repulsive forces, in that polymeric brush-mediated self-assembly of the close-packed Au NP monolayer is robustly achieved over a large-area. The resulting monolayer of Au nanospheres (NSs), nanooctahedras (NOs), and nanocubes (NCs) exhibits high macroscopic integrity and crystallinity, sufficiently enough for pushing n to record-high regimes. The systematic comparisons between each differently shaped Au NP monolayers elucidate the significance of capacitive coupling in achieving an unnaturally high n. The achieved n of 10.12 at optical frequencies stands as a benchmark, highlighting the potential of polyhedral Au NPs in advancing optical metasurfaces.

AAV-aMTD-Parkin, a Therapeutic Gene Delivery Cargo, Enhances Motor and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases.

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), have a global prevalence and profoundly impact both motor and cognitive functions. Although adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy has shown promise, its application for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases faces several challenges, including effective delivery of AAV vectors across the blood-brain barrier, determining optimal dosages, and achieving targeted distribution. To address these challenges, we have developed a fusion delivery therapeutic cargo called AAV-aMTD-Parkin, which combines a hydrophobic cell-penetrating peptide sequence with the DNA sequences of AAV and Parkin. By employing this fusion delivery platform at lower dosages compared to zolgensma, we have achieved significant enhancements in cell and tissue permeability, while reducing the occurrence of common pathological protein aggregates. Consequently, motor and cognitive functions were restored in animal models of PD and AD. With its dual functionality in addressing PD and AD, AAV-aMTD-Parkin holds immense potential as a novel class of therapeutic biologics for prevalent CNS diseases.

Efficacy of robot arm-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection in live porcine stomach (with video).

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is technically challenging and requires a high level of skill. However, there is no effective method of exposing the submucosal plane during dissection. In this study, the efficacy of robot arm-assisted tissue traction for gastric ESD was evaluated using an in vivo porcine model. The stomach of each pig was divided into eight locations. In the conventional ESD (C-ESD) group, one ESD was performed at each location (N = 8). In the robot arm-assisted ESD (R-ESD) group, two ESDs were performed at each location (N = 16). The primary endpoint was the submucosal dissection speed (mm2/s). The robot arm could apply tissue traction in the desired direction and successfully expose the submucosal plane during submucosal dissection in all lesion locations. The submucosal dissection speed was significantly faster in the R-ESD group than in the C-ESD group (p = 0.005). The blind dissection rate was significantly lower in the R-ESD group (P = 0.000). The robotic arm-assisted traction in ESD enabled a significant improvement in submucosal dissection speed, blind dissection rate which suggests the potential for making ESD easier and enhancing procedural efficiency and safety.

Kinetic and competitive effects of sorption on multi-element migration through crushed granite and biotite gneiss in Ca-HCO3-SO4 type groundwater.

Crystalline rock is used as the host rock for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Two cationic elements (Cs(I) and Ni(II)) and three anionic elements (Se(IV/VI), Mo(VI), and U(VI)) were selected to comprehensively evaluate the sorption behaviors of these radionuclides on crystalline granite and biotite gneiss. The anionic elements showed weak sorption (log Kd (L·kg-1) < 1) and little competition effect, while the cationic elements (log Kd (L·kg-1) = 2-3) showed clear competition (18-98% in Kd values) even at low concentrations. Analysis by pseudo-second-order kinetics showed that Cs(I) sorbed at similar rates on both rocks (20% faster on biotite gneiss), but Ni(II) sorbed 190% faster on biotite gneiss than on granite. That is why the retardation factors for Cs(I) and Ni(II) were reversed in the biotite gneiss column compared to their distribution coefficients. Therefore, the sorption kinetics cannot be neglected in groundwater systems with high flow rates. In the desorption column test, the retardation followed the order of the distribution coefficient. The desorption column test revealed that the distribution coefficient determines the strength of sorption on crystalline rocks.

Increasing the stability of electrolyte-gated organic synaptic transistors for neuromorphic implants.

Electrolyte-gated organic synaptic transistors (EGOSTs) can have versatile synaptic plasticity in a single device, so they are promising as components of neuromorphic implants that are intended for use in neuroprosthetic electronic nerves that are energy-efficient and have simple system structure. With the advancement in transistor properties of EGOSTs, the commercialization of neuromorphic implants for practical long-term use requires consistent operation, so they must be stable in vivo. This requirement demands strategies that maintain electronic and ionic transport in the devices while implanted in the human body, and that are mechanically, environmentally, and operationally stable. Here, we cover the structure, working mechanisms, and electrical responses of EGOSTs. We then focus on strategies to ensure their stability to maintain these characteristics and prevent adverse effects on biological tissues. We also highlight state-of-the-art neuromorphic implants that incorporate these strategies. We conclude by presenting a perspective on improvements that are needed in EGOSTs to develop practical, neuromorphic implants that are long-term useable.

Early Rhythm Control and Incident Dementia in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Prior Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Although early rhythm control (ERC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) reduces the risk of stroke, there is no evidence thus far on whether ERC reduces the risk of developing dementia in patients with AF and prior stroke. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate whether ERC reduces the risk of developing dementia in patients with new-onset AF and prior stroke. METHODS: Using the Korean nationwide claims database, we identified patients with new-onset AF and prior stroke between 2010 and 2016. Patients who received rhythm control therapy within 1 year after AF onset were defined as the ERC group, otherwise patients were categorized as the usual care group. A propensity score weighting method was used to balance the 2 groups. Incident dementia defined by relevant diagnostic codes was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 41,370 patients were included (mean age 70 ± 11 years; mean CHA2DS2-VASc score 5.3 ± 1.6): 10,213 in the ERC group and 31,157 in the usual care group. Compared with usual care, ERC was associated with lower risks of all dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, and vascular dementia (weighted HR: 0.825 [95% CI: 0.776-0.876], 0.831 [95% CI: 0.774-0.893], and 0.800 [95% CI: 0.702-0.913], respectively, all P < 0.001). The benefit of ERC was slightly accentuated in the younger age group (<65 years). The beneficial effect of ERC in reducing the risk of dementia was consistent regardless of the characteristics of prior stroke. CONCLUSIONS: ERC might be beneficial in the prevention of dementia in patients with AF and prior stroke. To prevent the progression of cognitive dysfunction, ERC should be considered in this population.

Diamond-lattice photonic crystals assembled from DNA origami.

Colloidal self-assembly allows rational design of structures on the micrometer and submicrometer scale. One architecture that can generate complete three-dimensional photonic bandgaps is the diamond cubic lattice, which has remained difficult to realize at length scales comparable with the wavelength of visible or ultraviolet light. In this work, we demonstrate three-dimensional photonic crystals self-assembled from DNA origami that act as precisely programmable patchy colloids. Our DNA-based nanoscale tetrapods crystallize into a rod-connected diamond cubic lattice with a periodicity of 170 nanometers. This structure serves as a scaffold for atomic-layer deposition of high-refractive index materials such as titanium dioxide, yielding a tunable photonic bandgap in the near-ultraviolet.

IL-7-primed bystander CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes optimize the antitumor efficacy of T cell engager immunotherapy.

Bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) show promising clinical efficacy in blood tumors, but their application to solid tumors remains challenging. Here, we show that Fc-fused IL-7 (rhIL-7-hyFc) changes the intratumoral CD8 T cell landscape, enhancing the efficacy of TCE immunotherapy. rhIL-7-hyFc induces a dramatic increase in CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in various solid tumors, but the majority of these cells are PD-1-negative tumor non-responsive bystander T cells. However, they are non-exhausted and central memory-phenotype CD8 T cells with high T cell receptor (TCR)-recall capacity that can be triggered by tumor antigen-specific TCEs to acquire tumoricidal activity. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals that rhIL-7-hyFc-induced bystander CD8 TILs transform into cycling transitional T cells by TCE redirection with decreased memory markers and increased cytotoxic molecules. Notably, TCE treatment has no major effect on tumor-reactive CD8 TILs. Our results suggest that rhIL-7-hyFc treatment promotes the antitumor efficacy of TCE immunotherapy by increasing TCE-sensitive bystander CD8 TILs in solid tumors.

An algorithm to identify patients aged 0-3 with rare genetic disorders.

BACKGROUND: With over 7000 Mendelian disorders, identifying children with a specific rare genetic disorder diagnosis through structured electronic medical record data is challenging given incompleteness of records, inaccurate medical diagnosis coding, as well as heterogeneity in clinical symptoms and procedures for specific disorders. We sought to develop a digital phenotyping algorithm (PheIndex) using electronic medical records to identify children aged 0-3 diagnosed with genetic disorders or who present with illness with an increased risk for genetic disorders. RESULTS: Through expert opinion, we established 13 criteria for the algorithm and derived a score and a classification. The performance of each criterion and the classification were validated by chart review. PheIndex identified 1,088 children out of 93,154 live births who may be at an increased risk for genetic disorders. Chart review demonstrated that the algorithm achieved 90% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 94% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: The PheIndex algorithm can help identify when a rare genetic disorder may be present, alerting providers to consider ordering a diagnostic genetic test and/or referring a patient to a medical geneticist.

Clinical Impact of Early Rhythm Control and Healthy Lifestyles in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding the combined effect of early rhythm control (ERC) and healthy lifestyle (HLS) behaviors on the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate how the combination of ERC and HLS behaviors affects the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with AF. METHODS: Using the Korean National Health Insurance database, we included patients with new-onset AF between 2009 and 2016 (n = 208,662). Patients who received rhythm control therapy within 2 years after AF diagnosis were defined as the ERC group. Patients with ≥2 HLS behaviors were defined as the HLS group. Patients were categorized into 4 groups: group 1, without ERC and without HLS (n = 46,972); group 2, with HLS alone (n = 110,479); group 3, with ERC alone (n = 15,133); and group 4, with both ERC and HLS (n = 36,078). The primary outcome was ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Compared to group 1, group 2 and group 3 were associated with a lower risk of stroke (HR: 0.769 [95% CI: 0.728-0.881] and HR: 0.774 [95% CI: 0.703-0.852], respectively). Group 4 showed the lowest risk of stroke (HR: 0.575; 95% CI: 0.536-0.617). After propensity score weighting, the incorporation of additional ERC alongside HLS was associated with a relative risk reduction of 22% for stroke, and additional HLS alongside ERC were associated with a relative risk reduction of 27% for stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Each of ERC and HLS might reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with new-onset AF. The presence of both ERC and HLS is associated with an enhanced benefit for stroke prevention in this population.

Empowering powdered activated carbon (PAC) with 3D printing: Achieving highly efficient and reusable cationic dye removal.

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) has been extensively used as an effective adsorbent. Despite its excellent adsorption ability, PAC has drawbacks, including difficulty in filtration and reactivation after use, limitations of mass transfer in deeper areas because of its aggregated powder form, and limited applicability in high-flow systems. To overcome these limitations, we used a three-dimensional (3D) printing system to fabricate PAC into a 3D structure. Spectral and microscopic analyses indicated that PAC was embedded into 3D monolith and exhibited high porosity suitable for facile mass transfer. The designed 3D PAC filter effectively removed 200 ppm-methylene blue (MB) within 8 h and showed an adsorption efficiency of 93.4 ± 0.9%. The adsorption of MB onto the 3D PAC filter was described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. The negatively charged 3D PAC filter might attract the positively charged MB, thus favoring the physical adsorption of MB onto the 3D PAC filter. The adsorption performance of the 3D PAC filter was tested at various pH levels of 4-10 and against MB spiked in seawaters and freshwaters to evaluate its feasibility for use in real environments. Finally, the reproducibility and reusability of the 3D PAC filter were demonstrated through repeated adsorption and desorption processes against MB.

Surface potential-adjusted surface states in 3D topological photonic crystals.

Surface potential in a topological matter could unprecedentedly localize the waves. However, this surface potential is yet to be exploited in topological photonic systems. Here, we demonstrate that photonic surface states can be induced and controlled by the surface potential in a dielectric double gyroid (DG) photonic crystal. The basis translation in a unit cell enables tuning of the surface potential, which in turn regulates the degree of wave localization. The gradual modulation of DG photonic crystals enables the generation of a pseudomagnetic field. Overall, this study shows the interplay between surface potential and pseudomagnetic field regarding the surface states. The physical consequences outlined herein not only widen the scope of surface states in 3D photonic crystals but also highlight the importance of surface treatments in a photonic system.

Van der Waals Colloidal Crystals.

A general guiding principle for colloidal crystallization is to tame the attractive enthalpy such that it slightly overwhelms the repulsive interaction. As-synthesized colloids are generally designed to retain a strong repulsive potential for the high stability of suspensions, encoding appropriate attractive potentials into colloids has been key to their crystallization. Despite the myriad of interparticle attractions for colloidal crystallization, the van der Waals (vdW) force remains unexplored. Here, it is shown that the implementation of gold cores into silica colloids and the resulting vdW force can reconfigure the pair potential well depth to the optimal range between -1 and -4 kBT at tens of nanometer-scale colloidal distances. As such, colloidal crystals with a distinct liquid gap can be formed, which is evidenced by photonic bandgap-based diffractive colorization.

Tissue-resident memory T cells in protective immunity to influenza virus.

Influenza virus is an important human pathogen with significant pandemic potential. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) in the lung provide critical protection against influenza, but unlike Trm at other mucosal sites, Trm in the respiratory tract (RT) are subject to rapid attrition in mice, mirroring the decline in protective immunity to influenza virus over time. Conversely, dysfunctional Trm can drive fibrosis in aged mice. The requirement for local antigen to induce and maintain RT Trm must be considered in vaccine strategies designed to induce this protective immune subset. Here, we discuss recent studies that inform our understanding of influenza-specific respiratory Trm, and the factors that influence their development and persistence. We also discuss how these biological insights are being used to develop vaccines that induce Trm in the RT, despite the limitations to monitoring Trm in humans.

Combination of early rhythm control and healthy lifestyle on the risk of stroke in elderly patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

Background: The impact of early rhythm control (ERC) combined with healthy lifestyle (HLS) on the risk of ischemic stroke in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unaddressed. Objective: To evaluate the impact of combined ERC and HLS on the risk of stroke in elderly patients with new-onset AF. Methods: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we included patients aged ≥75 years with new-onset AF from January 2009 to December 2016 (n = 41,315). Patients who received rhythm control therapy within 2 years of AF diagnosis were defined as the ERC group. Non-smoking, non-to-mild alcohol consumption (<105 g/week), and regular exercise were defined as HLS. Subjects were categorized into four groups: group 1 (without ERC and HLS, n = 25,093), 2 (HLS alone, n = 8,351), 3 (ERC alone, n = 5,565), and 4 (both ERC and HLS, n = 2,306). We assessed the incidence of ischemic stroke as the primary outcome, along with admissions for heart failure, all-cause death, and the composite of ischemic stroke, admission for heart failure, and all-cause death. Results: Median follow-up duration of the study cohort was 3.4 years. After adjusting for multiple variables, groups 2 and 3 were associated with a lower stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.867, 0.794-0.948 and 0.713, 0.637-0.798, respectively) than that of group 1. Compared to Group 1, group 4 showed the lowest stroke risk (aHR: 0.694, 95% CI: 0.586-0.822) among all groups, followed by group 3 (0.713, 0.637-0.798) and group 2 (0.857, 0.794-0.948), respectively. Group 4 was associated with the lowest risk of all-cause death (aHR: 0.680, 95% CI: 0.613-0.754) and the composite outcome (aHR: 0.708, 95% CI: 0.649-0.772). Conclusion: ERC and HLS were associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke in elderly patients with new-onset AF. Concurrently implementing ERC and maintaining HLS was associated with the lowest risk of death and the composite outcome, with a modest synergistic effect on stroke prevention.

Harnessing the Power of IL-7 to Boost T Cell Immunity in Experimental and Clinical Immunotherapies.

The cytokine IL-7 plays critical and nonredundant roles in T cell immunity so that the abundance and availability of IL-7 act as key regulatory mechanisms in T cell immunity. Importantly, IL-7 is not produced by T cells themselves but primarily by non-lymphoid lineage stromal cells and epithelial cells that are limited in their numbers. Thus, T cells depend on cell extrinsic IL-7, and the amount of in vivo IL-7 is considered a major factor in maximizing and maintaining the number of T cells in peripheral tissues. Moreover, IL-7 provides metabolic cues and promotes the survival of both naïve and memory T cells. Thus, IL-7 is also essential for the functional fitness of T cells. In this regard, there has been an extensive effort trying to increase the protein abundance of IL-7 in vivo, with the aim to augment T cell immunity and harness T cell functions in anti-tumor responses. Such approaches started under experimental animal models, but they recently culminated into clinical studies, with striking effects in re-establishing T cell immunity in immunocompromised patients, as well as boosting anti-tumor effects. Depending on the design, glycosylation, and the structure of recombinantly engineered IL-7 proteins and their mimetics, recombinant IL-7 molecules have shown dramatic differences in their stability, efficacy, cellular effects, and overall immune functions. The current review is aimed to summarize the past and present efforts in the field that led to clinical trials, and to highlight the therapeutical significance of IL-7 biology as a master regulator of T cell immunity.

Correlation between early postnatal body weight changes and lung ultrasound scores as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A secondary analysis of a prospective study.

Recent research links early weight changes (EWC) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm neonates, while lung ultrasound score (LUS) has shown promise in predicting BPD. We aimed to explore the correlation between LUS and EWC as markers of extravascular lung edema and to investigate the correlation between LUS and EWC in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome regarding future BPD development. This secondary analysis of a prospective study involved infants ≤ 28 weeks gestation. Enrolled infants underwent lung ultrasound assessment on postnatal days 3, 7 and 14, measuring LUS. EWC was computed on the same time points. Infants were classified as either having BPD or not. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis were utilized. Of 132 infants, 70 (53%) had BPD. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in LUS and EWC at days 3, 7, and 14 between BPD and no-BPD groups (p < 0.001). A statistically significant but weak positive correlation existed between LUS and EWC (r0.37, r0.29, r0.24, and p < 0.01) at postnatal days 3, 7, and 14, respectively. AUROC analysis indicated LUS having superior predictive capacity for the need for invasive mechanical ventilation at day 14 as well as the later BPD development compared to EWC (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of extreme preterm infants, our study revealed a positive yet weak correlation between LUS and EWC, suggesting that EWC was not the major contributing to the evolving chronic lung disease. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Recent evidence links Early Weight-Changes with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm neonates. • Lung ultrasound score has shown promise in early prediction of the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. No studies have examined the correlation between Early Weight-Changes and Lung ultrasound score in preterm infants during first 2 weeks after birth. WHAT IS NEW: • Our study demonstrated a positive and statistically significant correlation between early LUS and EWC, indicating their potential role as early predictors for the subsequent development of BPD in extreme preterm infants. • The weak correlation between the two parameters may stem from the possible restricted influence of EWC, given that it may not be the primary factor contributing to the evolving chronic lung disease.