Initial soil condition, stand age, and aridity alter the pathways for modifying the soil carbon under afforestation.

Afforestation is a crucial pathway for ecological restoration and has the potential to modify soil microbial community, thereby impacting the cycling and accumulation of carbon in soil across diverse patterns. However, the overall patterns of how afforestation impacts below-ground carbon cycling processes remain uncertain. In this comprehensive meta-analysis, we systematically evaluated 7045 observations from 210 studies worldwide to evaluate the influence of afforestation on microbial communities, enzyme activities, microbial functions, and associated physicochemical properties of soils. Afforestation increases microbial biomass, carbon and nitrogen hydrolase activities, and microbial respiration, but not carbon oxidase activity and nitrogen decomposition rate. Conversely, afforestation leads to a reduction in the metabolic quotient, with significant alteration of bacterial and fungal community structures and positive effects on the fungi: bacteria ratio rather than alpha and beta diversity metrics. We found a total 77 % increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) content after afforestation, which varied depending on initial SOC content before afforestation, afforestation stand age, and aridity index of afforestation sites. The modified SOC is associated with bacterial community composition along with intracellular metabolic quotient and extracellular carbon degrading enzyme activity playing a role. These findings provide insights into the pathways through which afforestation affects carbon cycling via microorganisms, thus improving our knowledge of soil carbon reservoir's responses to afforestation under global climate change.

Effect of atomization on the composition and structure of recombinant humanized collagen type III.

Atomization is a treatment method to make inhaled liquids into aerosols and transport them to target organs in the form of fog or smoke. It has the advantages of improving the bioavailability of drugs, being painless, and non-invasive, and is now widely used in the treatment of lung and oral lesions. Aerosol inhalation as the route of administration of therapeutic proteins holds significant promise due to its ability to achieve high bioavailability in non-invasive pathways. Currently, a great number of therapeutic proteins such as alpha-1 antitrypsin and Dornase alfa are effective. Recombinant humanized collagen type III (rhCol III) as a therapeutic protein is widely used in the biomedical field, but atomization is not a common route of administration for rhCol III, presenting great potential for development. However, the structural stability of recombinant humanized collagen after atomization needs further investigation. This study demonstrated that the rhCol III subjected to atomization through compressed air had retained its original molecular weights, triple helical structures, and the ability to promote cell adhesion. In other words, the rhCol III can maintain its stability after undergoing atomization. Although more research is required to determine the efficacy and safety of the rhCol III after atomization, this study can lay the groundwork for future research.

Analysis of the current situation and trend of home-based individualized nursing for residents in a certain area in China.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the perception, willingness to engage, and demand of community residents regarding the 'internet + nursing service' in a designated pilot area, aiming to offer insights for the widespread adoption of the 'internet + nursing service' throughout China. METHODS: A survey pertaining to the 'internet + nursing service' was conducted from March to April 2022. The study specifically targeted residents within two sub-districts of a city in the Jiangsu province. The sampling technique employed in this study was stratified random sampling. RESULTS: Out of a total of 400 community residents selected from two sub-districts in this region, 378 provided valid responses, resulting in an effective rate of 94.5%. Within the study cohort, 80 participants (21.16%) demonstrated familiarity with the concept of 'internet + nursing service.' Additionally, 231 participants (61.11%) conveyed their willingness to adopt such services. Regarding service preferences, the primary demands were for health guidance, vital sign monitoring, and basic care. Challenges in implementing the service were attributed to concerns related to medical risks, personal safety for both nurses and patients, and potential breaches of privacy. CONCLUSIONS: Residents in the pilot area exhibited a moderate awareness of the 'internet + nursing service,' with a relatively high willingness to embrace the program. There is a need for further refinement of pertinent laws, widespread dissemination of policies, and enhancements in the quality of nursing services. These measures aim to ensure that a greater number of community residents can avail themselves of improved home-based nursing services.

In Vitro Stability and Pharmacokinetic Study of Pedunculoside and Its Beta-CD Polymer Inclusion Complex.

Pedunculoside, a triterpene saponin derived from various Ilex species, holds potential as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases. However, its clinical application is hindered by poor bioavailability, rapid elimination, and extensive intestinal metabolism to rotundic acid. To address these issues, a water-soluble inclusion complex of pedunculoside, namely, the beta-CD polymer inclusion complex of pedunculoside (pedunculoside-ßCDP), was prepared in this study, and a comparative in vitro stability and pharmacokinetic behavior study was performed between pedunculoside and pedunculoside-ßCDP. Both pedunculoside and pedunculoside-ßCDP exhibited the highest stability in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid but were readily metabolized when co-incubated with Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium breve. An LC-MS/MS analytical method for the simultaneous determination of pedunculoside and rotundic acid in rat plasma was successfully established, validated, and applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior after rats were intravenously administered with pedunculoside or pedunculoside-ßCDP. The results indicated that pedunculoside-ßCDP could significantly improve the pharmacokinetic profile of pedunculoside by increasing plasma exposure, retarding elimination, and reducing intestinal metabolism. This study enhances our understanding of pedunculoside-ßCDP's metabolic fate and pharmacokinetic properties and potentially advances its further research, development, and clinical application.

UPLC/Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics and molecular docking analysis of Bifidobacterium adolescentis exposure to levofloxacin.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common adverse reaction caused by the widespread use of antibiotics. The decrease in probiotics is one of the reasons why antibiotics cause drug-induced diarrhea. However, few studies have addressed the intrinsic mechanism of antibiotics inhibiting probiotics. To investigate the underlying mechanism of levofloxacin against Bifidobacterium adolescentis, we used a metabolomics mass spectrometry-based approach and molecular docking analysis for a levofloxacin-induced B. adolescentis injury model. The results showed that levofloxacin reduced the survival rate of B. adolescentis and decreased the number of B. adolescentis. The untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 27 potential biomarkers, and many of these metabolites are involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and the lipid metabolism pathway. Molecular docking showed that levofloxacin can bind with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and lactic acid dehydrogenase. This result provides a novel insight into the mechanism of the adverse reactions of levofloxacin.

Valence-Ordered Thin-Film Nickelate with Tri-component Nickel Coordination Prepared by Topochemical Reduction.

The metal-hydride-based "topochemical reduction" process has produced several thermodynamically unstable phases across various transition metal oxide series with unusual crystal structures and nontrivial ground states. Here, by such an oxygen (de-)intercalation method we synthesis a samarium nickelate with ordered nickel valences associated with tri-component coordination configurations. This structure, with a formula of Sm9Ni9O22 as revealed by four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), emerges from the intricate planes of {303}pc ordered apical oxygen vacancies. X-ray spectroscopy measurements and ab initio calculations show the coexistence of square planar, pyramidal, and octahedral Ni sites with mono-, bi-, and tri-valences. It leads to an intense orbital polarization, charge-ordering, and a ground state with a strong electron localization marked by the disappearance of ligand-hole configuration at low temperature. This nickelate compound provides another example of previously inaccessible materials enabled by topotactic transformations and presents an interesting platform where mixed Ni valence can give rise to exotic phenomena.

Targeting MMP9 in CTNNB1 mutant hepatocellular carcinoma restores CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumour immunity and improves anti-PD-1 efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: The gain of function (GOF) CTNNB1 mutations (CTNNB1 GOF ) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cause significant immune escape and resistance to anti-PD-1. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of CTNNB1 GOF HCC-mediated immune escape and raise a new therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy in HCC. DESIGN: RNA sequencing was performed to identify the key downstream genes of CTNNB1 GOF associated with immune escape. An in vitro coculture system, murine subcutaneous or orthotopic models, spontaneously tumourigenic models in conditional gene-knock-out mice and flow cytometry were used to explore the biological function of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) in tumour progression and immune escape. Single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics were used to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of MMP9. RESULTS: MMP9 was significantly upregulated in CTNNB1 GOF HCC. MMP9 suppressed infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells, which was critical for CTNNB1 GOF to drive the suppressive tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and anti-PD-1 resistance. Mechanistically, CTNNB1 GOF downregulated sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), resulting in promotion of ß-catenin/lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D) complex formation that fostered the transcriptional activation of MMP9. The secretion of MMP9 from HCC mediated slingshot protein phosphatase 1 (SSH1) shedding from CD8+ T cells, leading to the inhibition of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-mediated intracellular of G protein-coupled receptors signalling. Additionally, MMP9 blockade remodelled the TIME and potentiated the sensitivity of anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: CTNNB1 GOF induces a suppressive TIME by activating secretion of MMP9. Targeting MMP9 reshapes TIME and potentiates anti-PD-1 efficacy in CTNNB1 GOF HCC.

The Influence of Victim Self-Disclosure on Bystander Intervention in Cyberbullying.

The frequent occurrences of cyberbullying on social platforms have sparked a great deal of social conflict, and bystander intervention plays a crucial role in preventing the escalation of cyberbullying. This research examines the impact of victim self-disclosure on bystander intervention in cyberbullying through two experimental studies. The studies collected data from March to July of 2022, utilizing a convenience sampling approach to recruit university students as experiment participants. Study 1 recruited 247 valid participants, while Study 2 recruited 522 eligible participants. The results of Study 1 indicate that the perceptible dimensions (frequency, privacy, and valence) of victim self-disclosure impact bystander intervention. Specifically, in a low privacy context, positive self-disclosure increases bystander intervention, while negative self-disclosure does the opposite. The results of Study 2 suggest that the valence of self-disclosure affects bystander intervention through the mediation of victim blaming, with interpersonal distance moderating the impact of victim self-disclosure valence on the extent of victim blaming. This moderated mediation model clarifies the psychological process by which the valence of victim self-disclosure affects bystander intervention. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the social psychological process behind bystander intervention, providing a scientific basis and pathway for reducing cyberbullying and fostering a harmonious online environment.

Spontaneous regression of an isolated retinal astrocytic hamartoma in a newborn: a case report.

BACKGROUND: To report the spontaneous regression of an isolated retinal astrocytic hamartoma in a newborn. During the seven-month follow-up duration, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography examinations were performed. CASE PRESENTATION: An isolated retinal astrocytic hamartoma was detected in the nasal retina of the left eye of a 4-day-old male infant. At the time of initial presentation, we detected a solitary yellowish-white flat mass with an approximate size of 1.5 disc diameters in the nasal retina. Fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed a diffuse hyperfluorescence with slight fluorescence leakage. Seven months later, the fundus examination showed no lesion in the left eye, FA revealed mild tortuous vessels without leakage. CONCLUSIONS: In the present case, we established that the isolated retinal astrocytic hamartoma in this infant has underwent spontaneous regression. This case can point out that follow -up reexaminations are advisable for a solitary yellowish-white flat mass of the fundus in a newborn.

Effects of rare-earth magnetism on the superconducting upper critical field in infinite-layer nickelates.

The search for superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelates was motivated by analogy to the cuprates, and this perspective has framed much of the initial consideration of this material. However, a growing number of studies have highlighted the involvement of rare-earth orbitals; in that context, the consequences of varying the rare-earth element in the superconducting nickelates have been much debated. Here, we show notable differences in the magnitude and anisotropy of the superconducting upper critical field across the La-, Pr-, and Nd-nickelates. These distinctions originate from the 4f electron characteristics of the rare-earth ions in the lattice: They are absent for La3+, nonmagnetic for the Pr3+ singlet ground state, and magnetic for the Nd3+ Kramer's doublet. The unique polar and azimuthal angle-dependent magnetoresistance found in the Nd-nickelates can be understood to arise from the magnetic contribution of the Nd3+ 4f moments. Such robust and tunable superconductivity suggests potential in future high-field applications.

Improved measurement method for roadbed bearing capacity based on PFWD dynamic modulus control.

To address current challenges of difficult standardisation of dynamic determination of roadbed bearing capacity and excessive deviations in deflection control, this paper proposes a improved measurement method for roadbed load-bearing capacity based on the dynamic modulus control using a portable falling weight deflectometer (PFWD). The detection range of PFWD is determined by theoretical analysis. Based on the range, a finite element numerical model was developed, the spatial distribution and attenuation of the dynamic stress of the roadbed soil in the depth and horizontal directions are determined. The variation of the vertical dynamic stress with depth is not characterized by a gradual decrease, as is commonly believed, but rather by an increase followed by a decrease. The underlying reasons for the difference between static and dynamic indicators are explored. Using the improved method, a prediction model with dynamic bending as the detection index and static rebound modulus as the control index was developed. The proposed model can improve precision accuracy as well as detection efficiency, verify the effectiveness of the improved method, which is important for accurate dynamic measurement and evaluation of highway roadbed bearing capacity.

Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) as an Independent Diagnosis: Differences in Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being between CPTSD and PTSD.

Although many studies have differentiated complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), few studies have explored the differences in positive adaptation between the two. The present study aimed to determine whether there are distinctions between PTSD and CPTSD in hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The present study used a Chinese young adult sample with childhood adversity experiences (n = 1451), including 508 males and 943 females, with an average age of 20.07 years (SD = 1.39). PTSD and CPTSD symptoms were measured by the International Trauma Questionnaire. Eudaimonic well-being was measured by the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and hedonic well-being, including life satisfaction and happiness, was assessed by the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the face scale. Analysis of variance showed that the CPTSD group had lower hedonic and eudaimonic well-being than the PTSD group. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis showed that disturbances in self-organization (DSO) symptoms in CPTSD were negatively associated with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, while PTSD was positively associated with eudaimonic well-being. These findings indicate that the core symptoms of CPTSD might hinder individuals from living fulfilling lives. The positive association between eudaimonic well-being and PTSD symptoms may be a manifestation of posttraumatic growth. Based on the perspective of positive adaptation, these results provide new evidence of the importance of considering CPTSD as an independent diagnosis and suggest that future well-being interventions should be implemented in people with DSO symptoms.

Efficacy and Safety of Ticagrelor versus Aspirin and Clopidogrel for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, it is still controversial to treat stroke with ticagrelor alone. The purpose of our study was to systematically review and analyze the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor on cerebrovascular outcomes in patients with vascular risk factors. METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were systematically searched using the keywords stroke, ticagrelor, clopidogrel, and aspirin to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Primary outcomes included reported stroke, ischemic stroke, and complex events; the secondary outcome was hemorrhagic stroke. The safety outcomes included major bleeding events, major or minor bleeding, and intracranial bleeding. The pooled odds ratio (OR), hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. We used I2 statistics to assess statistical heterogeneity. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 15 RCTs involving 63,865 patients. Compared to the control group, ticagrelor reduced the risk of stroke (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81-0.99, p = 0.03; I2 = 3%), ischemic stroke (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74-0.90, p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%). Ticagrelor was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.84-1.06, p = 0.31; I2 = 62%), major bleeding (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.97-1.15, p = 0.20; I2 = 17%), hemorrhagic strokes (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.76-1.96, p = 0.41; I2 = 0%), and intracranial hemorrhage (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.78-1.43, p = 0.71; I2 = 12%). There was an increased risk of major or minor bleeding with ticagrelor compared to the control group (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.19-1.66, p < 0.0001; I2 = 56%). Additional analyses demonstrated that ticagrelor reduced the risk of incident recurrent stroke (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75-0.93, p = 0.0009; I2 = 0%), recurrent ischemic stroke (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71-0.89, p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%) among patients with a history of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). There were no significant differences in safety outcomes. CONCLUSION: Ticagrelor is slightly better than clopidogrel and aspirin in preventing stroke, especially ischemic stroke, with significant safety risks. For patients with a history of AIS/TIA, the use of ticagrelor was superior to the use of clopidogrel or aspirin in reducing the risk of subsequent stroke. We believe that ticagrelor is a potential alternative to aspirin or clopidogrel in some cases, especially for patients with CYP2C19 deficiency.

Resolving the polar interface of infinite-layer nickelate thin films.

Nickel-based superconductors provide a long-awaited experimental platform to explore possible cuprate-like superconductivity. Despite similar crystal structure and d electron filling, however, superconductivity in nickelates has thus far only been stabilized in thin-film geometry, raising questions about the polar interface between substrate and thin film. Here we conduct a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the prototypical interface between Nd1-xSrxNiO2 and SrTiO3. Atomic-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope reveals the formation of a single intermediate Nd(Ti,Ni)O3 layer. Density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard U term show how the observed structure alleviates the polar discontinuity. We explore the effects of oxygen occupancy, hole doping and cation structure to disentangle the contributions of each for reducing interface charge density. Resolving the non-trivial interface structure will be instructive for future synthesis of nickelate films on other substrates and in vertical heterostructures.

Unintended consequences of combating desertification in China.

Since the early 2000s, China has carried out extensive "grain-for-green" and grazing exclusion practices to combat desertification in the desertification-prone region (DPR). However, the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of these practices remain unclear. We quantify and compare the changes in fractional vegetation cover (FVC) with economic and population data in the DPR before and after the implementation of these environmental programmes. Here we show that climatic change and CO2 fertilization are relatively strong drivers of vegetation rehabilitation from 2001-2020 in the DPR, and the declines in the direct incomes of farmers and herders caused by ecological practices exceed the subsidies provided by governments. To minimize economic hardship, enhance food security, and improve the returns on policy investments in the DPR, China needs to adapt its environmental programmes to address the potential impacts of future climate change and create positive synergies to combat desertification and improve the economy in this region.

The structural and functional properties of soybean protein-polyglutamic acid complex effected the stability of W/O/W emulsion encapsulated Nattokinase.

Nattokinase (NK) derived from food is a sustainable thrombolytic agent. In this study, to protect vulnerable biological activity of NK, the targeted modified W/O/W emulsions were fabricated from complexes of soybean isolate protein (SPI) and polyglutamic acid (PGA). The results showed that the SPI-PGA complex formed a tighter internal structure through non-covalent bonds. The secondary structure, α-helix and ß-sheet content of the 1:3 (v/v) ratio complex of SPI to PGA increased by 6.14% and 8.62%, respectively. The emulsification and stability of the complexes were improved by refining structural properties as against SPI. The W/O/W emulsions coated by complexes formed the stronger network structure with higher encapsulation efficiency, better interfacial features, and better storage stability. Moreover, the highest bioavailability was achieved by W/O/W emulsions coated with 1:3 ratio complex at 80.69%. This study provided a new strategy towards tailoring ideal emulsion vehicles and expanded the NK application in food formulations.

Quantitative determination of galacturonic acid in pectin and pectin products by combined pectinase hydrolysis and HPLC determination.

Pectin is a complex heteropolysaccharide with a predominantly galacturonic acid (GalA) main chain and various branching sugars, leading to some analytical and quantitative determination challenges. By comparison with various acid hydrolysis methods, an effective and precise hydrolysis method for GalA determination from pectin was investigated using a combination of pectinase hydrolysis (PH) and HPLC determination, which was named the PH-HPLC method. With a pectinase loading of 2250 U/g pectin, 4.0 g/L commercial pectin was almost completely hydrolysed to the intact and detectable GalA at 50 °C after 24 h, for quantitative determination by HPLC. Acid-catalysis methods showed obvious disadvantages in terms of GalA degradation or incomplete hydrolysis of pectin, resulting in imprecise determination results. Moreover, the PH-HPLC method was employed for the quantitative determination of GalA in three common natural pectin feedstocks and indicated 45.5-233.1% higher content of GalA than the acid hydrolysis method. Thus, the PH-HPLC method is demonstrated to be a precise approach for analysing and quantifying the GalA of pectin and respective feedstock.

What Skills Could Distinguish Developmental Dyscalculia and Typically Developing Children: Evidence From a 2-Year Longitudinal Screening.

Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a mathematics learning disorder that affects approximately 5% to 7% of the population. This study aimed to detect the underlying domain-specific and domain-general differences between DD and typically developing (TD) children. We recruited 9-year-old primary school children to form the DD group via a 2-year longitudinal screening process. In total, 75 DD children were screened from 1,657 children after the one-time screening, and 13 DD children were screened from 1,317 children through a consecutive 2-year longitudinal screening. In total, 13 experimental tasks were administered to assess their cognitive abilities to test the domain-specific magnitude representation hypothesis (including symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparisons) and four alternative domain-general hypotheses (including working memory, executive function, attention, and visuospatial processing). The DD group had worse performance than the TD group on the number sense task, finger sense task, shifting task, and one-back task after both one-time and two-time screening. Logistic regressions further indicated the differences on the shifting task and the nonsymbolic magnitude comparison task could distinguish DD and TD children. Our findings suggest that domain-specific nonsymbolic magnitude representation and domain-general executive function both contribute to DD. Thus, both domain-specific and domain-general abilities will be necessary to investigate and to intervene in DD groups in the future.

The application value of the Modified Early Warning Score combined with age and injury site scores in the evaluation of injuries in emergency trauma patients.

Objective: To explore the application value of the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) combined with age and injury site scores in predicting the criticality of emergency trauma patients. Methods: The traditional MEWS was modified by combining it with age and injury site scores to form a new MEWS combined scoring standard. The clinical data were collected from a total of 372 trauma patients from the emergency department of the Nantong First People's Hospital between June and December 2019. A retrospective analysis was conducted, and the patients were scored using the MEWS combined with age and injury site scores. The patients were grouped according to their prognoses and clinical outcomes. A statistical analysis was conducted based on the ranges of the combined scores, and the results of the combined scores of the different groups were compared. Results: Among the 372 patients, the average score was 3.68 ± 1.25 points in the survival group, 8.33 ± 2.24 points in the death within 24 h group, and 8.38 ± 1.51 points in the death within 30 days of hospitalization group, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The average score was 2.74 ± 0.69 points in the outpatient treatment group, 4.19 ± 0.72 points in the emergency stay group, 5.40 ± 0.70 points in the specialist inpatient group, 8.71 ± 2.31 points in the ICU group, and 7.82 ± 1.66 points in the specialist unplanned transfer to ICU group, with the differences between the groups being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The average length of hospital stay for patients with a joint score within the range of 6-8 points was 10.86 ± 2.47 days, with a direct ICU admission rate of 22.00% and an unplanned ICU admission rate of 16.00%. Patients with a joint score >8 points had an average length of hospital stay of 27.05 ± 4.85 days, with a direct ICU admission rate of 66.67% and an unplanned ICU admission rate of 33.33%. Conclusion: Age and injury site are important high-risk indicators for trauma assessment, and using them in combination with the MEWS could improve the assessment of emergency patients with trauma, increasing the accuracy of pre-screening triage and reducing rescue time. Therefore, this joint scoring method might be worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5-Fermented Soymilk on the Gut Microbiota by In Vitro Fecal Fermentation.

The gut microbiota of soymilk intervention is beneficial to maintaining human health. Bacillus subtilis fermented soymilk has brought much interest, due to its richness of thrombolytic nattokinase and the strain of potential probiotic properties. In this study, soymilk was fermented by B. subtilis BSNK-5, and the BSNK-5-fermented soymilk (SMF) on the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the regulation of fecal microbiota was initially evaluated by in vitro fecal fermentation. SMF supplementation obviously increased the levels of SCFAs from 32.23 mM to 49.10 mM, especially acetic acid, propionic acid, and isobutyric acid. Additionally, SMF changed the composition and microbial diversity of gut microbiota. After 24 h of anaerobic incubation in vitro, SMF decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio favoring weight loss, increased Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004 and the other beneficial bacteria producing SCFAs, as well as suppressing pathogenic Streptococcus genus. These results revealed the potential use of BSNK-5-fermented soymilk as a potential candidate to promote gut health.