Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio associated with long-term adverse clinical outcomes in patients deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines on coronary intermediate lesions strongly recommend deferred revascularization after detecting a normal fractional flow reserve (FFR). Researches about triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) on cardiovascular diseases has also been well conducted. However, the association of TG/HDL-C and long-term adverse clinical outcomes remains unknown for patients deferred revascularization following FFR. METHODS: This study retrospectively included 374 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with non-significant coronary lesions diagnosed by coronary angiography (CAG) and FFR. The main outcome measure was the combination of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). All patients were categorized into three subgroups in terms of TG/HDL-C tertiles (T1 < 0.96, 0.96 ≤ T2 < 1.58, T3 ≥ 1.58). Three different Cox regression models were utilized to reveal the association between TG/HDL-C and prevalence of MACCEs. RESULTS: 47 MACCEs were recorded throughout a median monitoring period of 6.6 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a higher MACCEs rate occurred in the higher TG/HDL-C group (5.6% vs. 12.9% vs. 19.4%, log-rank P < 0.01). After adjustment, patients in T3 suffered a 2.6-fold risk compared to the T1 group (T3 vs. T1: HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.05-6.21, P = 0.038; T2 vs. T1: HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.65-4.49, P = 0.075; P for trend = 0.001). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis demonstrated that the HR for MACCEs rose as TG/HDL-C increased. Both the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent ROC proved the excellent predictive ability of TG/HDL-C. CONCLUSION: The study illustrates that TG/HDL-C correlates with the risk of MACCEs in CAD patients deferred revascularization following FFR. TG/HDL-C could serve as a dependable predictor of cardiovascular events over the long term in this population.

A high level of uric acid is associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients who received fractional flow reserve with coronary intermediate stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of fractional flow reserve (FFR) in coronary intermediate lesions is widely recommended by guidelines. The effect of uric acid (UA) on cardiovascular events is also well known. However, the relationship between UA and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients who received FFR with intermediate lesions remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively included 428 patients who underwent both coronary angiography (CAG) and FFR. Participants were stratified into two groups based on the median UA. The primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), including repeat revascularization, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and all-cause death. A Cox proportional hazards model was utilized to analyze the association between UA and the prevalence of MACCEs. During a median follow-up of 5.8 years, a higher MACCEs rate occurred in the high UA group compared to the low UA group (16.8% vs. 5.1%, p log-rank<0.01). Elevated UA was independently linked to a higher incidence of MACCEs, whether UA was treated as a categorical or continuous variable (hazard ratio [HR] 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-6.03 or HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis illustrated that the HR for MACCEs increased with increasing UA. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that UA is associated with MACCEs risk and suggests that UA is a reliable predictor of long-term cardiovascular events in coronary intermediate stenosis patients.

Case Report: Fluoroless implantation of left branch bundle pacing in a pregnant patient.

A pregnant patient had symptomatic atrial standstill and indications for pacing therapy with an expected high ventricular pacing ratio. With the consideration of potential pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in the future we conducted zero-fluoro left bundle branch pacing (zLBBP) implantation for heart failure prevention. An ex vivo 3D cardiac model (Medtronic, USA) was used preoperatively to simulate the zLBBP implantation to improve procedure safety and efficiency. Intraoperatively, the simulation steps were followed, and a combination of electroanatomic navigation systems (EANS) and intracardiac echocariography (ICE) were used to ensure that the procedure was performed efficiently and safely.

Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio predicts poor outcomes in ischaemic heart failure patients combined with diabetes: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of ischaemic heart failure (HF) continues to increase. Diabetes mellitus (DM) concomitant with ischaemic HF increases the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). As a promising predictor for cardiovascular diseases, the predictive value of the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) for MACE in the ischaemic HF with DM cohort has never been investigated before. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the MHR as a predictor for MACE in ischaemic HF patients with DM who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: This observational study enrolled 1049 patients with ischaemic HF and DM undergoing PCI from June 2017 to June 2019. The baseline data were collected. MACEs, including all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and any revascularization, were recorded within the 36-month follow-up. The characteristics and incidence of MACE were analysed in four groups stratified by the quartiles of MHR. The hazard ratio for MACE was analysed with Cox regression models. The incidence of MACE in the four groups was evaluated by Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis. Restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to determine the nonlinear correlation between the MHR and MACE. RESULTS: After the 36-month follow-up, 407 patients (38.8%) experienced MACEs. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher among patients in the upper MHR quartile than among those in the lower MHR quartiles (23.4% vs. 36.0% vs. 41.4% and 54.6%; P < 0.001, respectively), which was consistent with the Kaplan‒Meier survival analyses (P < 0.0001). A multivariate Cox regression model showed that the MHR was an independent risk factor for MACE after variables were adjusted (adjusted HR: 2.11; 95% CI 1.47-3.03; P < 0.001). Its predictive effects on MACE showed no interaction with hypercholesterolemia (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The MHR was a significant and independent predictor of MACEs in ischaemic HF patients with DM undergoing PCI.

Uric Acid to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio is a Novel Marker to Predict Functionally Significant Coronary Artery Stenosis.

Background: Intermediate coronary stenosis (ICS) is defined as a visually estimated percentage of diameter stenosis ranging between 40% and 70% by conventional coronary angiography (CAG). Whether to perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for these lesions is a challenge in clinical practice. The fractional flow reserve (FFR) can guide treatment by determining the functional significance of ICS. Studies have shown that some clinical indicators can be used to predict FFR. However, there is little research on this in the Chinese population. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 690 patients who underwent FFR measurements to determine the functional significance of a single ICS. Patients were divided into 2 groups: FFR ≤0.8 (n = 280) and FFR >0.8 (n = 410). We compared the clinical factors between the two groups and performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the risk factors. In addition, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for FFR ≤0.8 diagnoses. Results: The mean UHR (uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio) level was significantly higher in the FFR ≤0.8 group (p < 0.001). UHR corrects negatively with FFR (r = -0.44, p < 0.001). High-level UHR was an independent risk factor for the FFR ≤0.8 (OR = 7.17, 95% CI 4.17-12.34). The area under the curve (AUC) of the UHR diagnostic capacity for the FFR ≤0.8 is 0.77, with 77.3% sensitivity and 68.2% specificity. Conclusion: UHR levels were significantly increased in patients with hemodynamically significant coronary lesions. UHR is a novel predictor of functionally significant lesions in patients with a single-vessel disease of ICS.

Increased cytochrome C threonine 50 phosphorylation in aging heart as a novel defensive signaling against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis.

Previous studies have shown that aging promotes myocardial apoptosis. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Our recent studies revealed that aging not only activates apoptosis, but also activates some anti-apoptotic factors. By quantitative phosphoproteomics, here we demonstrated that aging increases cytochrome c (Cytc) phosphorylation at threonine 50 (T50), a post-translational modification with unknown functional impact. With point mutation and lentivirus transfection, cardiomyocytes were divided into four groups: empty vector group, WT (wild type), T50E (as a phosphomimic variant), and T50A (non-phosphorylatable). TUNEL staining and flow cytometry were used to determine the apoptosis ratio in different groups after hypoxic/reoxygenated (H/R) treatment. The results showed that T50-phosphorylated Cytc suppressed myocardial apoptosis induced by H/R. Furthermore, Western Blot and ELISA measurements revealed that Cytc T50 phosphorylation inhibited caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity without altering caspase-8, BCL-2, BCL-XL, and Bax expression. In our study, we demonstrated that aging increases phosphorylation Cytc at T50 and this aging-increasing phosphorylation site can suppress H/R-induced apoptosis.

lncRNA NONHSAT069381 and NONHSAT140844 Increase in Aging Human Blood, Regulating Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis.

Aging augments postischemic apoptosis via incomplete mechanisms. Our previous animal study suggests that in addition to proapoptotic effects, lncRNAs also exert antiapoptotic effects in cardiomyocytes. However, whether this unexpected phenomenon exists in humans is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between aging and apoptosis regulation in human blood samples and confirmed their role by utilizing the cardiomyocyte lines (AC16 cells). Human blood samples were collected from 20 pairs of older adult and young volunteers. Age-different apoptotic regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs were identified by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The results indicated that lncRNA (NONHSAT069381 and NONHSAT140844) and miRNA (hsa-miR-124-5p and hsa-miR-6507-5p) were increased in aging human blood, confirmed by both bioinformatics analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overexpression of NONHSAT069381 in AC16 cells increased caspase-3 levels and increased cardiomyocyte apoptotic cell death (determined by TUNEL staining and caspase activity assays) after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), while overexpression of NONHSAT140844 increased X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) content and decreased the myocardial apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay revealed that hsa-miR-124-5p might be a mediator between NONHSAT069381 and mCASP3 and hsa-miR-6507-5p might be a mediator between NONHSAT140844 and mXIAP. Overexpression of hsa-miR-124-5p decreased caspase-3 levels and overexpression of hsa-miR-6507-5p decreased XIAP content in AC16 cells. We have found evidence that lncRNAs are important regulatory molecules in aging-mediated effects upon apoptosis. More interestingly, besides apoptosis-promoting effects, aging also inhibits myocardial apoptosis after H/R. This phenomenon also exists in the human cardiomyocyte line.

An epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch as a new human-machine interface for patients with loss of voice.

Throat cancer treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor, leaving patients with facial disfigurement as well as temporary or permanent loss of voice. Surface electromyography (sEMG) generated from the jaw contains lots of voice information. However, it is difficult to record because of not only the weakness of the signals but also the steep skin curvature. This paper demonstrates the design of an imperceptible, flexible epidermal sEMG tattoo-like patch with the thickness of less than 10 µm and peeling strength of larger than 1 N cm-1 that exhibits large adhesiveness to complex biological surfaces and is thus capable of sEMG recording for silent speech recognition. When a tester speaks silently, the patch shows excellent performance in recording the sEMG signals from three muscle channels and recognizing those frequently used instructions with high accuracy by using the wavelet decomposition and pattern recognization. The average accuracy of action instructions can reach up to 89.04%, and the average accuracy of emotion instructions is as high as 92.33%. To demonstrate the functionality of tattoo-like patches as a new human-machine interface (HMI) for patients with loss of voice, the intelligent silent speech recognition, voice synthesis, and virtual interaction have been implemented, which are of great importance in helping these patients communicate with people and make life more enjoyable.