Study on the removal of Cd from dewatered sludge by combined extraction agents: Peel extract and compound chemical extraction agent.

The recycling of fruit peel resources is a current research hotspot. This study screened and configured a composite extractant consisting of peel and chemical extractant through extraction experiments and explored the heavy metals(HMs) release effect. The results showed that citrus reticulata(CR), citrullus lanatus (CL), 0.16 mol·L-1 nitrilotriacetic acid(NTA) with 0.04 mol·L-1 oxalic acid(NO5), and 0.12 mol·L-1NTA with 0.08 mol·L-1tartaric acid(NT4) had the strongest extraction ability. After the cross-combination was optimized, CR-NO5 (1:50, 6 h, 35 °C) and CL-NT4 (1:50, 36 h, 45 °C) had the highest extraction rates for Cd and Zn, which were 92.6 % and 98.4 %, respectively. The CL series increased the nutrient content of sludge (157.75-177.88 g·kg-1). The four combined extractants increased the proportion of soluble components of HMs in sludge (14-36 %). Therefore, the combined leaching agent will provide a valuable reference for the harmless treatment of HMs in sludge and the resource utilization of peel waste.

Ecological characteristics of tall fescue and spatially organized communities: Their contribution to mitigating cadmium damage.

The threat of cadmium (Cd) stress to agricultural soil environments, as well as their productivity attracting growing global interest. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a strong candidate for the remediation of heavy metals in soil. However, the joint analysis of Cd tolerance, physiological responses, and multifaceted plant microbiomes in tall fescue fields has not been extensively researched. Therefore, this study employed microbial sequencing (i.e., 16S and ITS sequencing) to investigate the differences in microbial community structure among various plant compartments of Cd-resistant tall fescue (cv. 'Arid3') and Cd-sensitive tall fescue (cv. 'Barrington'). Furthermore, we examined the mechanism of resistance to Cd by introducing three different bacteria and a fungus that were isolated from the 'Arid3' rhizosheath soil. It highlighted the potential application of enriched taxa such as Delftia, Novosphingobium, Cupriavidus and Torula in enhancing the activity of antioxidant defense systems, increasing the production of osmotic regulatory substances, and stimulating the expression of Cd-resistance genes. This ultimately promoted plant growth and enhanced phytoremediation efficiency. This study shed light on the response mechanism of the tall fescue microbiome to Cd stress and underscored the potential of tall fescue-microbe co-culture in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated areas.

Strategy to kill two birds with one stone: High internal phase Pickering emulsions to modulate 3D printed pork texture as a dysphagia diet.

This study proposes a kill two birds with one stone strategy to improve the health and safety of pork with high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs). HIPPEs improved the pseudoplasticity and viscosity (from 619.3 to 1712 Pa·s at 0.1 s-1) of the pork, favoring smooth extrusion and adhesion of the ink. Shear recovery of pork gel increased from 39.20 % to 77.78 % by addition of HIPPEs. HIPPEs enhanced the pork gel viscoelastic properties (K4 = 341.29, K5 = 453.11) and yield stress (268.55 Pa). HIPPEs-adjusted pork gel (HPG) has favorable 3D printing, pork aroma, safe swallowing (level 5 food), and high digestibility (80.40 %), demonstrating its potential as a dysphagia diet. HPG reduced the cooking loss of pork (from 30.8 % to 1.9 %), which is suitable for dysphagic patients with reduced salivation. HIPPEs adjusts the properties of pork gel by filling and winding gel networks. These results provide new ideas for the development of special formula foods.

Regulatory mechanism of strigolactone in tall fescue to low-light stress.

Strigolactone (SL), a plant hormone derived from carotenoids, has been recognized for its pivotal role in regulating plant growth. Nevertheless, the influence of SL on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) under low-light conditions remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of SL on various aspects of tall fescue, including its morphological characteristics, photosynthesis, levels of antioxidant and concentrations of SL, under low light intensity (LI). The findings showed that GR24, an artificial analog of SL, positively influenced several parameters of tall fescue under LI. In particular, it enhanced the morphological features such as plant height, leaf width, and biomass, while reducing the number of tillers. Furthermore, it improved the efficiency of photosynthetic by enhancing chlorophyll fluorescence and the gas exchange parameters, mitigating cell damage and improving the contents of antioxidants by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds. Moreover, treatment with SL led to elevated concentrations of this hormone and the levels of gene expression in related pathways. Owing to the immaturity of the genetic transformation system in tall fescue, partial validation through transgenic and mutant materials was obtained using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These findings demonstrate that SL alleviates the physiological indicators of tall fescue under LI stress and enhances its tolerance to shade. Additionally, it suggests that SL may regulate the shade tolerance of tall fescue through the involvement of FaD14.

Allometric comparison of viral dynamics in the nasal cavity-nasopharyngeal mucus layer of human and rhesus monkey by CFD-HCD approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Viral respiratory infections stand as a considerable global health concern, presenting significant risks to the health of both humans and animals. This study aims to conduct a preliminary analysis of the time series of viral load in the nasal cavity-nasopharynx (NC-NP) of the human and rhesus macaque (RM). METHODS: Taking into account the random uniform distribution of virus-laden droplets with a diameter of 10 µm in the mucus layer, this study applies the computational fluid dynamics-host cell dynamics (CFD-HCD) method to 3D-shell NC-NP models of human and RM, analyzing the impact of initial distribution of droplets on the viral dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), estimating parameters in the HCD model based on experimental data, integrating them into simulations to predict the time series of viral load and cell counts, and being visualized. The reproductive number (R0) are calculated to determine the occurrence of infection. The study also considers cross-parameter combinations and cross-experimental datasets to explore potential correlations between the human and RM. RESULTS: The research findings indicate that the uniform distribution of virus-laden droplets throughout the whole NC-NP models of human and RM is reasonable for simulating and predicting viral dynamics. The visualization results offer dynamic insights into virus infection over a period of 20 days. Studies involving parameter and dataset exchanges between the two species underscore certain similarities in predicting virus infections between the human and RM. CONCLUSIONS: This study lays the groundwork for further exploration into the parallels and distinctions in respiratory virus dynamics between humans and RMs, thus aiding in making more informed decisions in research and experimentation.

[A Survey of the Current Status and the Needs of Medical Imaging Technicians in China]. / ä¸­å›½åŒ»å­¦å½±åƒæŠ€æœ¯ä»Žä¸šäººå‘˜çŽ°çŠ¶å’Œéœ€æ±‚è°ƒæŸ¥ç ”ç©¶.

Objective: To investigate the status quo and the needs of medical imaging technicians (MITs) in the radiology department of secondary and tertiary hospitals in China, so as to provide references and support for the development of the medical imaging technology industry and the relevant policymaking by health administrative departments. Methods: The questionnaire was developed by the Chinese Society of Imaging Technology. The radiology department of each hospital involved in the survey recommended one MIT to fill out the online questionnaire. The contents included: (a) the basic information of the hospital; (b) a general overview of the MITs in the hospital; (c) daily work; (d) career development and promotion; (e) research status and needs, etc. Differences in the number of MIT staff were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the selected numbers of MITs in need between regions or between different levels of hospitals. Results: In this investigation, valid questionnaires were finally obtained from a total of 5403 hospitals in 31 provinces in China. The total number of MITs of the hospitals covered in the sample was 67481. The number of MITs in each hospital was 9 (5, 16). The male-to-female ratio was 1.41:1. MITs who were 20 to 40 years old accounted for 78%. The proportions of MITs who had completed doctorate, master's, undergraduate, junior college, and technical secondary school or lower level education were 0.6%, 3.3%, 60.7%, 30.8%, and 4.55%, respectively. The proportions of chief MITs, deputy chief MITs, supervisor MITs, primary MITs, assistant technician and those below were 1.0%, 4.21%, 22.1%, 51.8%, and 20.9%, respectively. The overall professional satisfaction of MITs was good. "Lack of opportunities for learning and communication" was quoted as the main problem MITs encountered in regard to improving their job-related competency. 59.2% of the respondents had not published any academic papers in the past five years, and only 7.0% of the respondents had published in journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI) in the past five years. Conclusion: MITs in China are on average relatively young and the number of MITs has greatly increased. At this stage, more attention should be given to the cultivation of talents and continuing education of MITs and the construction of the discipline should be further strengthened, so as to provide strong support for the development of the medical imaging technology industry in China.

High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by egg yolk-carboxymethyl cellulose as an age-friendly dysphagia food: Tracking the dynamic transition from co-solubility to coacervates.

Although protein-polysaccharide complexes with different phase behaviors all show potential for stabilizing high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs), it is not clarified which aggregation state is more stable and age-friendly. In this study, we investigated and compared the stability and age friendliness of HIPPEs stabilized with egg yolk and carboxymethyl cellulose (EYCMC) in different phase behaviors. The results revealed differences in particle size, aggregation state, charge potential, and stability of secondary and tertiary structures of EYCMC. The behavior of EYCMC at the oil-water interface was mainly divided into three phases: rapid diffusion, permeation, and reorganization. The electrostatic interaction, kinetic hindrance, and depletion attraction were the mechanisms primarily involved in stabilizing HIPPEs by EYCMC. Rheological analysis results indicated that HIPPEs had excellent viscoelasticity, structural recovery properties and yield stress. HIPPEs were used in 3D printing, electronic nose testing, IDDSI testing and in vitro digestive simulations for the elderly, demonstrating a fine appearance, safe consumption and bioaccessibility of ß-carotene. Soluble complexes showed the best stability and age friendliness compared to other aggregated forms. This study serves as a foundational source of information for developing innovative foods utilizing HIPPEs.

Isochlorogenic acid A ameliorated lead-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation via the BDNF/Nrf2/GPX4 pathways.

Lead (Pb) is a common environmental neurotoxicant that causes behavioral impairments in both rodents and humans. Isochlorogenic acid A (ICAA), a phenolic acid found in a variety of natural sources such as tea, fruits, vegetables, coffee, plant-based food products, and various medicinal plants, exerts multiple effects, including protective effects on the lungs, livers, and intestines. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of ICAA against Pb-induced neurotoxicity in ICR mice. The results indicate that ICAA attenuates Pb-induced anxiety-like behaviors. ICAA reduced neuroinflammation, ferroptosis, and oxidative stress caused by Pb. ICAA successfully mitigated the Pb-induced deficits in the cholinergic system in the brain through the reduction of ACH levels and the enhancement of AChE and BChE activities. ICAA significantly reduced the levels of ferrous iron and MDA in the brain and prevented decreases in GSH, SOD, and GPx activity. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that ICAA attenuated ferroptosis and upregulated GPx4 expression in the context of Pb-induced nerve damage. Additionally, ICAA downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 expression while concurrently enhancing the activations of Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, BDNF, and CREB in the brains of mice. The inhibition of BDNF, Nrf2 and GPx4 reversed the protective effects of ICAA on Pb-induced ferroptosis in nerve cells. In general, ICAA ameliorates Pb-induced neuroinflammation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and anxiety-like behaviors through the activation of the BDNF/Nrf2/GPx4 pathways.

Magnolol against enterovirus 71 by targeting Nrf2-SLC7A11-GSH pathway.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a prominent pathogen associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), has been reported worldwide. To date, the advancement of effective drugs targeting EV71 remains in the preliminary experimental stage. In this study, magnolol demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of EV71 replication in vitro. It upregulated the overall expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2) and facilitated its nucleus translocation, resulting in the increased expression of various ferroptosis inhibitory genes. This process led to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by viral infection. Additionally, magnolol exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against enteroviruses. Notably, treatment with magnolol substantially enhanced the survival rate of EV71-infected mice, attenuated viral load in heart, liver, brain, and limb tissues, and mitigated tissue inflammation. Taken together, magnolol emerges as a promising candidate for the development of anti-EV71 drugs.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of pH-Driven Active Film Loading with Curcumin Based on the Egg White Protein and Sodium Alginate Matrices.

The low solubility and stability of fat-soluble curcumin in water limit its application in active packaging. This study explored the use of a pH-driven method to investigate the preparation and enhancement of the performance of films loaded with curcumin in a matrix of sodium alginate (Alg) and egg white protein (EWP). In this study, the EWP, Alg, and curcumin primarily bind through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. Compared to EWP films, the films loaded with curcumin through the pH-driven method exhibited enhanced extensibility and water resistance, with an elongation at break (EB) of 103.56 ± 3.13% and a water vapor permeability (WVP) of 1.67 ± 0.03 × 10-10 g·m/m2·Pa·s. The addition of Alg improved the encapsulation efficiency and thermal stability of curcumin, thereby enhancing the antioxidant activity of the film through the addition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, which resulted in 106.95 ± 2.61 µg TE/g and 144.44 ± 8.89 µg TE/g, respectively. It is noteworthy that the detrimental effect of Alg on the color responsiveness of films containing curcumin has also been observed. This study provides a potential strategy and consideration for the loading of low water-soluble active substances and the preparation of active packaging.

Lead-induced liver fibrosis and inflammation in mice by the AMPK/MAPKs/NF-κB and STAT3/TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathways: the role of Isochlorogenic acid a.

Lead (Pb) is a nonessential heavy metal, which can cause many health problems. Isochlorogenic acid A (ICAA), a phenolic acid present in tea, fruits, vegetables, coffee, plant-based food products, and various medicinal plants, exerts multiple effects, including anti-oxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic functions. Thus, the purpose of our study was to determine if ICAA could prevent Pb-induced hepatotoxicity in ICR mice. An evaluation was performed on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis, and related signaling. The results indicate that ICAA attenuates Pb-induced abnormal liver function. ICAA reduced liver fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress caused by Pb. ICAA abated Pb-induced fibrosis and decreased inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). ICAA abrogated reductions in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Masson staining revealed that ICAA reduced collagen fiber deposition in Pb-induced fibrotic livers. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses showed ICAA increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) expression. ICAA also reduced the expression of collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), p-p38, phosphorylated signal transducer and phosphorylated activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), and p-Smad2/3 in livers of mice. Overall, ICAA ameliorates Pb-induced hepatitis and fibrosis by inhibiting the AMPK/MAPKs/NF-κB and STAT3/TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathways.

Cumulative Systolic Blood Pressure and Incident Stroke Type Variation by Race and Ethnicity.

Importance: Stroke risk varies by systolic blood pressure (SBP), race, and ethnicity. The association between cumulative mean SBP and incident stroke type is unclear, and whether this association differs by race and ethnicity remains unknown. Objective: To examine the association between cumulative mean SBP and first incident stroke among 3 major stroke types-ischemic stroke (IS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-and explore how these associations vary by race and ethnicity. Design, Setting, and Participants: Individual participant data from 6 US longitudinal cohorts (January 1, 1971, to December 31, 2019) were pooled. The analysis was performed from January 1, 2022, to January 2, 2024. The median follow-up was 21.6 (IQR, 13.6-31.8) years. Exposure: Time-dependent cumulative mean SBP. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was time from baseline visit to first incident stroke. Secondary outcomes consisted of time to first incident IS, ICH, and SAH. Results: Among 40 016 participants, 38 167 who were 18 years or older at baseline with no history of stroke and at least 1 SBP measurement before the first incident stroke were included in the analysis. Of these, 54.0% were women; 25.0% were Black, 8.9% were Hispanic of any race, and 66.2% were White. The mean (SD) age at baseline was 53.4 (17.0) years and the mean (SD) SBP at baseline was 136.9 (20.4) mm Hg. A 10-mm Hg higher cumulative mean SBP was associated with a higher risk of overall stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20 [95% CI, 1.18-1.23]), IS (HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.17-1.22]), and ICH (HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.25-1.38]) but not SAH (HR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.99-1.29]; P = .06). Compared with White participants, Black participants had a higher risk of IS (HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.09-1.33]) and ICH (HR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.30-2.13]) and Hispanic participants of any race had a higher risk of SAH (HR, 3.81 [95% CI, 1.29-11.22]). There was no consistent evidence that race and ethnicity modified the association of cumulative mean SBP with first incident stroke and stroke type. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that cumulative mean SBP was associated with incident stroke type, but the associations did not differ by race and ethnicity. Culturally informed stroke prevention programs should address modifiable risk factors such as SBP along with social determinants of health and structural inequities in society.

Simultaneous methane mitigation and nitrogen removal by denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation in lake sediments.

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, with lake ecosystems significantly contributing to its global emissions. Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) process, mediated by NC10 bacteria and ANME-2d archaea, links global carbon and nitrogen cycles. However, their potential roles in mitigating methane emissions and removing nitrogen from lake ecosystems remain unclear. This study explored the spatial variations in activities of nitrite- and nitrate-DAMO and their functional microbes in Changdanghu Lake sediments (Jiangsu Province, China). The results showed that although the average abundance of ANME-2d archaea (5.0 × 106 copies g-1) was significantly higher than that of NC10 bacteria (2.1 × 106 copies g-1), the average potential rates of nitrite-DAMO (4.59 nmol 13CO2 g-1 d-1) and nitrate-DAMO (5.01 nmol 13CO2 g-1 d-1) showed no significant difference across all sampling sites. It is estimated that nitrite- and nitrate-DAMO consumed approximately 6.46 and 7.05 mg CH4 m-2 d-1, respectively, which accordingly achieved 15.07-24.95 mg m-2 d-1 nitrogen removal from the studied lake sediments. Statistical analyses found that nitrite- and nitrate-DAMO activities were both significantly related to sediment nitrate contents and ANME-2d archaeal abundance. In addition, NC10 bacterial and ANME-2d archaeal community compositions showed significant correlations with sediment organic carbon content and water depth. Overall, this study underscores the dual roles of nitrite- and nitrate-DAMO processes in CH4 mitigation and nitrogen elimination and their key environmental impact factors (sediment organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen contents, and water depth) in shallow lake, enhancing the understanding of carbon and nitrogen cycles in freshwater aquatic ecosystems.

Vertically spliced tabletop light field cave display with extended depth content and separately optimized compound lens array.

Tabletop three-dimensional light field display is a kind of compelling display technology that can simultaneously provide stereoscopic vision for multiple viewers surrounding the lateral side of the device. However, if the flat panel light field display device is simply placed horizontally and displayed directly above, the visual frustum will be tilted and the 3D content outside the display panel will be invisible, the large oblique viewing angle will also lead to serious aberrations. In this paper, we demonstrate what we believe to be a new vertical spliced light field cave display system with an extended depth content. A separate optimization of different compound lens array attenuates the aberration from different oblique viewing angles, and a local heating fitting method is implemented to ensure the accuracy of fabrication process. The image coding method and the correction of the multiple viewpoints realize the correct construction of spliced voxels. In the experiment, a high-definition and precisely spliced 3D city terrain scene is demonstrated on the prototype with a correct oblique perspective in 100-degree horizontal viewing range. We envision that our research will provide more inspiration for future immersive large-scale glass-free virtual reality display technologies.

Smooth motion parallax method for 3D light-field displays with a narrow pitch based on optimizing the light beam divergence angle.

The three-dimensional (3D) light field display (LFD) with dense views can provide smooth motion parallax for the human eye. Increasing the number of views will widen the lens pitch, however, resulting in a decrease in view resolution. In this paper, an approach to smooth motion parallax based on optimizing the divergence angle of the light beam (DALB) for 3D LFD with narrow pitch is proposed. DALB is controlled by lens design. A views-fitting optimization algorithm is established based on a mathematical model between DALB and view distribution. Subsequently, the lens is reversely designed based on the optimization results. A co-designed convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to implement the algorithm. The optical experiment shows that a smooth motion parallax 3D image is achievable through the proposed method.

Edible chitosan-based Pickering emulsion coatings: Preparation, characteristics, and application in strawberry preservation.

The long-term application of plant essential oils in food preservation coatings is limited by their poor water solubility and high volatility, despite their recognized synergistic antimicrobial effects in postharvest fruit preservation. To overcome these limitations, a Pickering emulsion loaded with thyme essential oil (TEO) was developed by utilizing hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions to induce cross-linking of chitosan particles. This novel emulsion was subsequently applied in the postharvest storage of strawberries. The shear-thinning behavior (flow index <1) and elastic gel-like characteristics of the emulsion made it highly suitable for spray application. Regarding TEO release, the headspace concentration of TEO increased from 0.21 g/L for pure TEO to 1.86 g/L after two instances of gas release due to the stabilizing effect of the chitosan particles at the oil-water interface. Notably, no phase separation was observed during the 10-day storage of the emulsion. Consequently, the emulsion was successfully employed for the postharvest storage of strawberries, effectively preventing undesirable phenomena such as weight loss, a decrease in firmness, an increase in pH, and microbial growth. In conclusion, the developed Pickering emulsion coating exhibits significant potential for fruit preservation applications, particularly for extending the shelf life of strawberries.

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Secondary to Blinatumomab Therapy: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: With the increasing use of blinatumomab in relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive cases, awareness of its adverse effects has gradually improved. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) associated with blinatumomab therapy is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of PCP in a patient undergoing blinatumomab therapy. A 70-year-old female diagnosed with Philadelphia-like CRLF2 overexpression B-cell precursor ALL received blinatumomab as consolidation therapy after achieving complete remission with prior induction chemotherapy. On the second day of blinatumomab infusion, she developed intermittent low-grade fever, and chest computed tomography (CT) revealed subtle infiltrates and nodules. Despite empiric trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis, she progressed to significant shortness of breath and type I respiratory failure, with increased lactate dehydrogenase and ß-D-glucan assays. Chest CT showed diffuse ground-glass opacities with scattered small nodules. The dry cough prompted next-generation sequencing of peripheral blood, which tested positive for pneumocystis jirovecii without evidence of other pathogens. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with PCP. The first cycle of blinatumomab had to be discontinued, and therapeutic dosages of TMP-SMX and dexamethasone were administered, resulting in full recovery and stable condition during follow-ups. CONCLUSION: PCP is rare in B-cell precursor ALL patients receiving blinatumomab therapy but manifests with early onset and rapid disease progression. Despite prophylaxis, PCP infection cannot be ignored during blinatumomab therapy. Therefore, heightened attention is warranted when using blinatumomab therapy.

In silico identification of viral loads in cough-generated droplets - Seamless integrated analysis of CFPD-HCD-EWF.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Respiratory diseases caused by respiratory viruses have significantly threatened public health worldwide. This study presents a comprehensive approach to predict viral dynamics and the generation of stripped droplets within the mucus layer of the respiratory tract during coughing using a larynx-trachea-bifurcation (LTB) model. METHODS: This study integrates computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD), host-cell dynamics (HCD), and the Eulerian wall film (EWF) model to propose a potential means for seamless integrated analysis. The verified CFPD-HCD coupling model based on a 3D-shell model was used to characterize the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dynamics in the LTB mucus layer, whereas the EWF model was employed to account for the interfacial fluid to explore the generation mechanism and trace the origin site of droplets exhaled during a coughing event of an infected host. RESULTS: The results obtained using CFPD delineated the preferential deposition sites for droplets in the laryngeal and tracheal regions. Thus, the analysis of the HCD model showed that the viral load increased rapidly in the laryngeal region during the peak of infection, whereas there was a growth delay in the tracheal region (up to day 8 after infection). After two weeks of infection, the high viral load gradually migrated towards the glottic region. Interestingly, the EWF model demonstrated a high concentration of exhaled droplets originating from the larynx. The coupling technique indicated a concurrent high viral load in the mucus layer and site of origin of the exhaled droplets. CONCLUSIONS: This interdisciplinary research underscores the seamless analysis from initial exposure to virus-laden droplets, the dynamics of viral infection in the LTB mucus layer, and the re-emission from the coughing activities of an infected host. Our efforts aimed to address the complex challenges at the intersection of viral dynamics and respiratory health, which can contribute to a more detailed understanding and targeted prevention of respiratory diseases.

Trajectory of Cognitive Function After Incident Heart Failure.

Background: The size/magnitude of cognitive changes after incident heart failure (HF) are unclear. We assessed whether incident HF is associated with changes in cognitive function after accounting for pre-HF cognitive trajectories and known determinants of cognition. Methods: This pooled cohort study included adults without HF, stroke, or dementia from six US population-based cohort studies from 1971-2019: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Offspring Study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Northern Manhattan Study. Linear mixed-effects models estimated changes in cognition at the time of HF (change in the intercept) and the rate of cognitive change over the years after HF (change in the slope), controlling for pre-HF cognitive trajectories and participant factors. Change in global cognition was the primary outcome. Change in executive function and memory were secondary outcomes. Cognitive outcomes were standardized to a t-score metric (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represented a 0.1-SD difference in cognition. Results: The study included 29,614 adults (mean [SD] age was 61.1 [10.5] years, 55% female, 70.3% White, 22.2% Black 7.5% Hispanic). During a median follow-up of 6.6 (Q1-Q3: 5-19.8) years, 1,407 (4.7%) adults developed incident HF. Incident HF was associated with an acute decrease in global cognition (-1.08 points; 95% CI -1.36, -0.80) and executive function (-0.65 points; 95% CI -0.96, -0.34) but not memory (-0.51 points; 95% CI -1.37, 0.35) at the time of the event. Greater acute decreases in global cognition after HF were seen in those with older age, female sex and White race. Individuals with incident HF, compared to HF-free individuals, demonstrated faster declines in global cognition (-0.15 points per year; 95% CI, -0.21, -0.09) and executive function (-0.16 points per year; 95% CI -0.23, -0.09) but not memory ( -0.11 points per year; 95% CI -0.26, 0.04) compared with pre-HF slopes. Conclusions: In this pooled cohort study, incident HF was associated with an acute decrease in global cognition and executive function at the time of the event and faster declines in global cognition and executive function over the following years.

Spatio-temporal feature attribution of European summer wildfires with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI).

Wildfires are among the most destructive natural disasters globally. Understanding the drivers behind wildfires is a crucial aspect of preventing and managing them. Machine learning methods have gained popularity in wildfire modeling in recent years, but their algorithms are usually complex and challenging to interpret. In this study, we employed the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) value, an Explainable Artificial Intelligence method, to interpret the model and thus generate spatio-temporal feature attributions. Our research focuses on the forest, shrub and herbaceous vegetated areas of Europe during the summers from 2018 to 2022. Using burned areas, meteorology, vegetation, topography, and anthropogenic activity data, we established a wildfire occurrence model using random forest classification. The model was highly accurate, with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve of 0.940. The SHAP results revealed six features that significantly influence wildfire occurrences: land surface temperature (LST), solar radiation (SR), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), precipitation (Prep), and soil moisture (SM). The tipping points for the positive or negative shifts in contributions are around 30 °C (LST), 2.20e7 J/m^2 (SR), 0.2 (TCI), 0.78 (NDVI), 2 mm/h (Prep), and 0.18 (SM). These predictors display strong spatial variability in their contribution levels. In Southern Europe, LST and SR emerge as the primary contributors to wildfires, making substantial impacts. Conversely, in regions at mid and high latitudes in Europe, NDVI, Prep, and SM assume a more prominent role in promoting wildfires, albeit with relatively smaller contributions. Furthermore, the disparities in SHAP values for TCI and SMCI across different years provide valuable insights into the effects of variation in regional meteorological conditions on wildfires. Our study provides a new approach to uncovering the spatio-temporal variations of feature contributions, which will help to better understand the mechanism of wildfire occurrence and enhance prevention and mitigation.