The metabolic activation of and platelet response to vicagrel vary with P-glycoprotein deficiency, rather than P-glycoprotein inhibition, in mice.

This study aimed to determine changes in the hydrolysis of vicagrel, a substrate drug of arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) and carboxylesterase 2 (Ces2), in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-deficient or P-gp-inhibited mice and to elucidate the mechanisms involved.Male wild-type (WT) and P-gp knock-out (KO) mice were used to investigate the systemic exposure of vicagrel thiol active metabolite H4 and platelet response to vicagrel, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of intestinal Aadac and Ces2. Moreover, WT mice were administered vicagrel alone or in combination with elacridar (a potent P-gp inhibitor) to determine drug-drug interactions.Compared with WT mice, P-gp KO mice exhibited significant increases in the systemic exposure of H4, the protein expression levels of intestinal Aadac and Ces2, and inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by vicagrel. However, the H4 exposure was positively correlated with intestinal Aadac protein expression levels but did not vary with short-term inhibition of P-gp efflux activity by elacridar.P-gp-deficient mice, rather than elacridar-treated mice, exhibited significant upregulation of intestinal Aadac and Ces2 and thus, enhanced metabolic activation of and platelet response to vicagrel, suggesting that the metabolic activation of vicagrel may vary with P-gp deficiency, not P-gp inhibition, in mice.

MSWIFA and cement cooperate in the disposal of soft soil - experimental study on silty sand and silty clay.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) can be reused as a positive additive to strengthen soft soil. In this study, MSWIFA was initially used as a supplementary solidification material in combination with ordinary Portland cement to prepare fly ash cement-stabilized soil (FACS) with silty sand and silty clay, respectively. The ratio of MWSIFA to total mass was 5%, 10%, and 15%, and the cement content was set as 10% and 15%. The mechanical properties of FACS were evaluated by unconfined compressive strength test. The heavy metal-leaching test was conducted to estimate the environmental risk of FACS. The scanning electron microscope was used to test the micro-structure of FACS. The X-ray diffraction was performed to analyze material composition of FACS. The result indicates that the collaborative solidification of soft soil with MSWIFA and cement is feasible. Regarding the silty clay, the FA had positive effects on the silty clay in the service age (between 50 and 100% with 15% MSWIFA), as the MSWIFA reformulated the initial silty clay structure, resulting in interconnection and pore fill between particles. It can be founded that C-S-H and ettringite are the main products of MSWIFA and cement hydration, which are formed by the hydration of C3S and C2S. Regarding the silty sand, the MSWIFA decreased the peak strength (between 35 and 48% with 15% MSWIFA) but increased the ductility of the stabilized cement. Under the same mix proportions, the leaching toxicities of Zn and Pb in FACS of silty clay were obviously lower than were those of silty sand. Generally, the leaching concentrations of tested metals under all the mix proportions were well below the limit value set by GB 18598-2019 for hazardous waste landfill. Thus, the reuse of MSWIFA in cement-stabilized soil would be one of the effective methods in soft soil treatment and solid waste reduction.

GDF11 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice via stimulating HIF-1ɑ-VEGF/SDF-1ɑ-mediated endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and neovascularization.

Non-healing diabetic wounds (DW) are a serious clinical problem that remained poorly understood. We recently found that topical application of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) accelerated skin wound healing in both Type 1 DM (T1DM) and genetically engineered Type 2 diabetic db/db (T2DM) mice. In the present study, we elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of GDF11 on healing of small skin wound. Single round-shape full-thickness wound of 5-mm diameter with muscle and bone exposed was made on mouse dorsum using a sterile punch biopsy 7 days following the onset of DM. Recombinant human GDF11 (rGDF11, 50 ng/mL, 10 µL) was topically applied onto the wound area twice a day until epidermal closure (maximum 14 days). Digital images of wound were obtained once a day from D0 to D14 post-wounding. We showed that topical application of GDF11 accelerated the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice, even after GDF8 (a muscle growth factor) had been silenced. At the cellular level, GDF11 significantly facilitated neovascularization to enhance regeneration of skin tissues by stimulating mobilization, migration and homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to the wounded area. At the molecular level, GDF11 greatly increased HIF-1ɑ expression to enhance the activities of VEGF and SDF-1ɑ, thereby neovascularization. We found that endogenous GDF11 level was robustly decreased in skin tissue of diabetic wounds. The specific antibody against GDF11 or silence of GDF11 by siRNA in healthy mice mimicked the non-healing property of diabetic wound. Thus, we demonstrate that GDF11 promotes diabetic wound healing via stimulating endothelial progenitor cells mobilization and neovascularization mediated by HIF-1ɑ-VEGF/SDF-1ɑ pathway. Our results support the potential of GDF11 as a therapeutic agent for non-healing DW.

The mismatch recognition protein MutSα promotes nascent strand degradation at stalled replication forks.

Mismatch repair (MMR) is a replication-coupled DNA repair mechanism and plays multiple roles at the replication fork. The well-established MMR functions include correcting misincorporated nucleotides that have escaped the proofreading activity of DNA polymerases, recognizing nonmismatched DNA adducts, and triggering a DNA damage response. In an attempt to determine whether MMR regulates replication progression in cells expressing an ultramutable DNA polymerase ɛ (Polɛ), carrying a proline-to-arginine substitution at amino acid 286 (Polɛ-P286R), we identified an unusual MMR function in response to hydroxyurea (HU)-induced replication stress. Polɛ-P286R cells treated with hydroxyurea exhibit increased MRE11-catalyzed nascent strand degradation. This degradation by MRE11 depends on the mismatch recognition protein MutSα and its binding to stalled replication forks. Increased MutSα binding at replication forks is also associated with decreased loading of replication fork protection factors FANCD2 and BRCA1, suggesting blockage of these fork protection factors from loading to replication forks by MutSα. We find that the MutSα-dependent MRE11-catalyzed fork degradation induces DNA breaks and various chromosome abnormalities. Therefore, unlike the well-known MMR functions of ensuring replication fidelity, the newly identified MMR activity of promoting genome instability may also play a role in cancer avoidance by eliminating rogue cells.

Endometrial polyps are non-neoplastic but harbor epithelial mutations in endometrial cancer drivers at low allelic frequencies.

Endometrial polyps (EMPs) are common exophytic masses associated with abnormal uterine bleeding and infertility. Unlike normal endometrium, which is cyclically shed, EMPs persist over ovulatory cycles and after the menopause. Despite their usual classification as benign entities, EMPs are paradoxically associated with endometrial carcinomas of diverse histologic subtypes, which frequently arise within EMPs. The etiology and potential origins of EMPs as clonally-derived neoplasms are uncertain, but previous investigations suggested that EMPs are neoplasms of stromal origin driven by recurring chromosomal rearrangements. To better define benign EMPs at the molecular genetic level, we analyzed individual EMPs from 31 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications. The 31 EMPs were subjected to comprehensive genomic profiling by exome sequencing of a large panel of tumor-related genes including oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and chromosomal translocation partners. There were no recurring chromosomal rearrangements, and copy-number analyses did not reveal evidence of significant chromosome-level events. Surprisingly, there was a high incidence of single nucleotide variants corresponding to classic oncogenic drivers (i.e., definitive cancer drivers). The spectrum of known oncogenic driver events matched that of endometrial cancers more closely than any other common cancer. Further analyses including laser-capture microdissection showed that these mutations were present in the epithelial compartment at low allelic frequencies. These results establish a link between EMPs and the acquisition of endometrial cancer driver mutations. Based on these findings, we propose a model where the association between EMPs and endometrial cancer is explained by the age-related accumulation of endometrial cancer drivers in a protected environment that-unlike normal endometrium-is not subject to cyclical shedding.

FOXA2 suppresses endometrial carcinogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating enhancer activity.

FOXA2 encodes a transcription factor mutated in 10% of endometrial cancers (ECs), with a higher mutation rate in aggressive variants. FOXA2 has essential roles in embryonic and uterine development. However, FOXA2's role in EC is incompletely understood. Functional investigations using human and mouse EC cell lines revealed that FOXA2 controls endometrial epithelial gene expression programs regulating cell proliferation, adhesion, and endometrial-epithelial transition. In live animals, conditional inactivation of Foxa2 or Pten alone in endometrial epithelium did not result in ECs, but simultaneous inactivation of both genes resulted in lethal ECs with complete penetrance, establishing potent synergism between Foxa2 and PI3K signaling. Studies in tumor-derived cell lines and organoids highlighted additional invasion and cell growth phenotypes associated with malignant transformation and identified key mediators, including Myc and Cdh1. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses revealed that FOXA2 broadly controls gene expression programs through modification of enhancer activity in addition to regulating specific target genes, rationalizing its tumor suppressor functions. By integrating results from our cell lines, organoids, animal models, and patient data, our findings demonstrated that FOXA2 is an endometrial tumor suppressor associated with aggressive disease and with shared commonalities among its roles in endometrial function and carcinogenesis.

Myostain is involved in ginsenoside Rb1-mediated anti-obesity.

CONTEXT: Obesity, one of the major public health problems worldwide, has attracted increasing attention. Ginsenoside Rb1 is the most abundant active component of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey (Araliaceae) and is reported to have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes. However, the mechanisms by which Rb1 regulates obesity remain to be explored. OBJECTIVE: This paper intends to further explore the mechanism of Rb1 in regulating obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The C57BL/6 obese mice were divided into two groups: the control (CTR) and Rb1. The CTR group [intraperitoneally (ip) administered with saline] and the Rb1 group (ip administered with Rb1, 40 mg/kg/d) were treated daily for four weeks. In vitro, Rb1 (0, 10, 20, 40 µM) was added to differentiated C2C12 cells and Rb1 (0, 20, 40 µM) was added to 3T3-L1 cells. After 24 h, total RNA and protein from C2C12 cells and 3T3-L1 cells were used to detect myostatin (MSTN) and fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (FNDC5) expression. RESULTS: Rb1 reduced the body weight and adipocyte size. Improved glucose tolerance and increased basic metabolic activity were also found in Rb1 treated mice. MSTN was downregulated in differentiated C2C12 cells, 3T3-L1 cells and adipose tissues upon Rb1 treatment. FNDC5 was increased after Rb1 treatment. However, MSTN overexpression attenuated Rb1-mediated decrease accumulation of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: Rb1 may ameliorate obesity in part through the MSTN/FNDC5 signalling pathway. Our results showed that Rb1 can be used as an effective drug in the treatment of human obesity.

Amplification of the Fluorescence Signal with Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-Cas12a Based on Au Nanoparticle-DNAzyme Probe and On-Site Detection of Pb2+ Via the Photonic Crystal Chip.

Although great headway has been made in DNAzyme-based detection of Pb2+, its adaptability, sensitivity, and accessibility in complex media still need to be improved. For this, we introduce new ways to surmount these hurdles. First, a spherical nucleic acid (SNA) fluorescence probe (Au nanoparticles-DNAzyme probe) is utilized to specifically identify Pb2+ and its suitability for precise detection of Pb2+ in complex samples due to its excellent nuclease resistance. Second, the sensitivity of Pb2+ detection is greatly enhanced via the use of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas12a with target recognition accuracy to amplify the fluorescent signal upon the trans cleavage of the SNA (signal probe), and the limit of detection reaches as low as 86 fM. Third, we boost the fluorescence on photonic crystal chips with a bionic periodic arrangement by employing a straightforward detection device (smartphone and portable UV lamp) to achieve on-site detection of Pb2+ with the limit of detection as low as 24 pM. Based on the abovementioned efforts, the modified Pb2+ fluorescence sensor has the advantages of higher sensitivity, better specificity, accessibility, less sample consumption, and so forth. Moreover, it can be applied to accurately detect Pb2+ in complex biological or environmental samples, which is of great promise for widespread applications.

Weak UVB Irradiation Promotes Macrophage M2 Polarization and Stabilizes Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic cardiovascular disease endangering human health and is one of the most common causes of myocardial infarction and stroke. Macrophage polarization plays a vital role in regulating plaque stability. As an important component of sunlight, ultraviolet B (UVB) has been proven to promote vitamin D and nitric oxide synthesis. This research used an AS model in ApoE-/- mice to study the effects of UVB on macrophage polarization and atherosclerotic plaque stability. In vitro, UVB irradiation increased arginase-I (Arg-I, M2 macrophage) and macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) expression, while the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (M1 macrophage) and CD86 was decreased. UVB promoted Akt phosphorylation in vitro. In vivo, UVB irradiation promoted the stabilization of atherosclerotic lesion plaques, while the phenotype of M2 macrophages increased. Our research provides new evidence for UVB in preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

Reliable Identification of Endometrial Precancers Through Combined Pax2, ß-Catenin, and Pten Immunohistochemistry.

The diagnosis of endometrial atypical hyperplasia/endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (AH/EIN) remains challenging and subjective in some cases, with variable histologic criteria and differences of opinion among gynecologic pathologists, potentially leading to under/overtreatment. There has been growing interest in the use of specific immunohistochemical markers as adjuncts in AH/EIN diagnosis. For example, the World Health Organization 2020 Classification specifies that loss of Pten, Pax2, or mismatch repair proteins are desirable diagnostic criteria. Other markers, most notably ß-catenin and Arid1a, are also aberrantly expressed in some AH/EIN. However, the performance of some markers individually-and more importantly as a group-has not been rigorously explored, raising questions as to which marker(s) or combination(s) is the most effective in practice. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from AH/EIN cases (n=111) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for 6 markers: Pax2, Pten, Mlh1, ß-catenin, Arid1a, and p53. Aberrant expression was tabulated for each case and marker. An additional set of normal endometria (n=79) was also analyzed to define optimal diagnostic criteria for marker aberrance. The performance characteristics of each marker, the entire panel, and subsets thereof were quantitatively and statistically analyzed. In order of number of cases detected, the most frequently aberrant markers in AH/EIN were Pax2 (81.1% of cases), Pten (50.5%), ß-catenin (47.7%), Arid1a (7.2%), Mlh1 (4.5%), and p53 (2.7%). The majority of cases showed aberrant expression of ≥2 markers. All 6 markers together identified 92.8% of cases. Arid1a, Mlh1, and p53 were robust and readily scored markers, but all cases showing aberrant expression of these 3 markers were also detected by Pax2, Pten, or ß-catenin. A focused panel of only 3 markers (Pax2, Pten, and ß-catenin) showed optimal performance characteristics as a diagnostic adjunct in the histopathologic diagnosis of AH/EIN. Use of this panel is practicable and robust, with at least 1 of the 3 markers being aberrant in 92.8% of AH/EIN.

Advancement and properties of circular RNAs in prostate cancer: An emerging and compelling frontier for discovering.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common carcinoma among men worldwide which results in 26% of leading causes of cancer-related death. However, the ideal and effective molecular marker remains elusive. CircRNA, initially observed in plant-infected viruses and Sendai virus in 1979, is generated from pre-mRNA back-splicing and comes in to play by adequate expression. The differential expression in prostate tissues compared with the control reveals the promising capacity in modulating processes including carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, the biological mechanisms of regulatory network in PC needs to systemically concluded. In this review, we enlightened the comprehensive studies on the definite mechanisms of circRNAs affecting tumor progression and metastasis. What's more, we validated the potential clinical application of circRNAs serving as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. The discussion and analysis in circRNAs will broaden our knowledge of the pathogenesis of PC and further optimize the current therapies against different condition.

Serial genomic analysis of endometrium supports the existence of histologically indistinct endometrial cancer precursors.

The endometrium is unique as an accessible anatomic location that can be repeatedly biopsied and where diagnostic biopsies do not extirpate neoplastic lesions. We exploited these features to retrospectively characterize serial genomic alterations along the precancer/cancer continuum in individual women. Cases were selected based on (1) endometrial cancer diagnosis/hysterectomy and (2) preceding serial endometrial biopsies including for some patients an early biopsy before a precancer histologic diagnosis. A comprehensive panel was designed for endometrial cancer genes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens for each cancer, preceding biopsies, and matched germline samples were subjected to barcoded high-throughput sequencing to identify mutations and track their origin and allelic frequency progression. In total, 92 samples from 21 patients were analyzed, providing an opportunity for new insights into early endometrial cancer progression. Definitive invasive endometrial cancers exhibited expected mutational spectra, and canonical driver mutations were detectable in preceding biopsies. Notably, ≥1 cancer mutations were detected prior to the histopathologic diagnosis of an endometrial precancer in the majority of patients. In 18/21 cases, ≥1 mutations were confirmed by abnormal protein levels or subcellular localization by immunohistochemistry, confirming genomic data and providing unique views of histologic correlates. In 19 control endometria, mutation counts were lower, with a lack of canonical endometrial cancer hotspot mutations. Our study documents the existence of endometrial lesions that are histologically indistinct but are bona fide endometrial cancer precursors. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

A PoleP286R mouse model of endometrial cancer recapitulates high mutational burden and immunotherapy response.

Cancer is instigated by mutator phenotypes, including deficient mismatch repair and p53-associated chromosomal instability. More recently, a distinct class of cancers was identified with unusually high mutational loads due to heterozygous amino acid substitutions (most commonly P286R) in the proofreading domain of DNA polymerase ε, the leading strand replicase encoded by POLE. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but new model systems are needed to recapitulate high mutational burdens characterizing human cancers and permit study of mechanisms underlying clinical responses. Here, we show that activation of a conditional LSL-PoleP286R allele in endometrium is sufficient to elicit in all animals endometrial cancers closely resembling their human counterparts, including very high mutational burden. Diverse investigations uncovered potentially novel aspects of Pole-driven tumorigenesis, including secondary p53 mutations associated with tetraploidy, and cooperation with defective mismatch repair through inactivation of Msh2. Most significantly, there were robust antitumor immune responses with increased T cell infiltrates, accelerated tumor growth following T cell depletion, and unfailing clinical regression following immune checkpoint therapy. This model predicts that human POLE-driven cancers will prove consistently responsive to immune checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, this is a robust and efficient approach to recapitulate in mice the high mutational burdens and immune responses characterizing human cancers.

MicroRNA-708 prevents ethanol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory reaction via direct targeting ZEB1.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was a global liver disease which divided into liver inflammation, fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Abnormal expression levels of some microRNAs (miRNA) family members often lead to ALD and other liver diseases. MicroRNA-708 (miR-708) was known to suppress the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its role in the progression of ALD was not clear. In this study, the expression level of miR-708 was down-regulated in ethanol-induced L0-2 cells. ZEB1 could decrease the PPAR-α expression while increase the SREBP-1 expression. Meanwhile, the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were up-regulated by ZEB1. Of note, ZEB1 aggravated the apoptotic rate of L0-2 cells induced by ethanol via inhibiting p-AKT and p-mTOR of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. What's more, it was demonstrated that miR-708 family members particularly target ZEB1 3'-UTR regions and can down-regulate the expression level of ZEB1 in L0-2 cells. Sum up, these results indicated that miR-708 might inhibit the liver inflammation and lipid accumulation by targeting ZEB1 via regulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

TMEM88 modulates the secretion of inflammatory factors by regulating YAP signaling pathway in alcoholic liver disease.

OBJECTIVE: Transmembrane protein 88 (TMEM88), a new protein of increasing concern existed in cell membrane, inhibits the typical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway to play a regulatory role on cell proliferation by binding to Dishevelled-1. Until recently, the connection between TMEM88 and alcoholic liver disease is unknown. In this research, we explored the effect of TMEM88 on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in ethanol (EtOH)-induced RAW264.7 cells, moreover, the function of YAP signaling pathway in EtOH-induced RAW264.7 cells were investigated. METHODS: We administered TMEM88 adenovirus (ADV-TMEM88) by tail vein injection into C57BL/6J mice in vivo. In vitro, RAW264.7 murine macrophages were stimulated with EtOH and were transfected with pEGFP-C1-TMEM88 and TMEM88 siRNA, respectively, protein expression and mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1ß were assessed by Western Blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. RESULTS: Our group found that the overexpression of TMEM88 led to an up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-1ß secretion, hinting that it had the possibility of linking with the initiation, the development, and the end of inflammation. In addition to that, TMEM88 silencing reduced the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1ß in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that the YAP signaling pathway under the action of EtOH was activated by TMEM88. CONCLUSIONS: All in all, these experimental outcomes indicated that TMEM88 had an indispensable impact on EtOH-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1ß) in RAW264.7 cells through YAP signaling pathway.

Multigene panel predicting survival of patients with colon cancer.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate multigene panel markers to predict long-term survival in patients with colon cancer. Methods and materials: GSE39582 was randomly divided into a training set and a validation set, while TCGA-COAD and GSE17536 were treated as two independent validation cohorts. Survival-associated genes were included in elastic net penalized Cox proportional hazards regression (ENCPH) model. Based on the results of the ENCPH, a multigene panel was constructed. We evaluated predictive performance of the multigene panel by univariate and multivariate survival analysis, and time-dependent ROC analysis. Results: A total of 1025 colon cancer patients were included in the study, and 94 genes were showed to be related with the overall survival of colon cancer patients, of which 7 genes were integrated to construct a multigene panel according to ENCPH model. The multigene panel could stratify colon cancer patients into notably different risk groups in the training set and three verification cohort. Results of multivariable CPH model suggested that the multigene panel was an independent prognostication factor. The multigene-containing nomogram showed reliable prediction ability on the 3- and 5-year survival of colon cancer patients with internally and externally validated C-indexes exceeded 0.7. Conclusion: The multigene panel we introduced showed considerable prognosis performance in colon cancer, and the multigene panel containing nomogram would help clinicians assess long-term survival probability.

ZEB1 regulates the activation of hepatic stellate cells through Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) (previously known as TCF8), a transcriptional repressor, is a member of the zinc-finger family of proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of ZEB1 in many types of liver disease including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver fibrosis is the basis and central link in the progression of liver disease. Thereby, the function of ZEB1 in liver fibrosis has been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ZEB1 in liver fibrosis and to elucidate the mechanism. In this study, we explored the effect of ZEB1 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and the regulatory mechanism of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Additionally, ZEB1 positively regulated the expression levels of α-SMA and Col.I in vivo and in vitro, which were correlated with the activated HSCs. Furthermore, overexpression of ZEB1 could inhibit HSCs apoptosis and promote IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LX-2 cells. Conversely, ZEB1 silencing led to the promotion of cell proliferation and the reduction of IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in LX-2 cells. Mechanically, canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway could be regulated by ZEB1. Collectively, the data suggested that ZEB1 might play a significant role in the activation of LX-2 cells, and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway might participate in this progression.

Room temperature precipitated dual phase CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 nanocrystals for stable perovskite light emitting diodes.

Although the efficiency of metal halide perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has been improved to an attractive level, the poor stability of perovskite emitting layers is a major concern for the application of PeLEDs. Herein, we report a facile ligand-assisted precipitation synthesis of stable dual-phase CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 nanocrystals (NCs) for improving the stability of PeLEDs. In our synthetic process, the bromide-rich circumstance is beneficial to generate high quality dual-phase perovskite NCs with PLQY as high as 92% and a narrow emission linewidth (19 nm). More importantly, as-synthesized dual phase perovskite NCs exhibit extremely high thermal stability in heating tests in air with a considerable humidity of 30%-55% in comparison with previously reported single phase CsPbBr3 NCs. The aforementioned advantages of our synthesized dual-phase CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 NCs allow for the fabrication of light emitting layers of PeLEDs under ambient conditions. The fabricated green PeLED based on CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 NCs shows a low turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and a high brightness of 8383 cd m-2 at 8 V. Owing to the high stability of dual-phase CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 NCs, the fabricated PeLED also exhibits better operational stability in comparison with those PeLEDs based on single phase CsPbBr3 NCs. Our work presents a new route to fabricate stable perovskite light-emitting diodes using room temperature precipitated dual-phase CsPbBr3-CsPb2Br5 NCs as emitting layer materials.

Polymerase-mediated ultramutagenesis in mice produces diverse cancers with high mutational load.

Mutations underlie all cancers, and their identification and study are the foundation of cancer biology. We describe what we believe to be a novel approach to mutagenesis and cancer studies based on the DNA polymerase ε (POLE) ultramutator phenotype recently described in human cancers, in which a single amino acid substitution (most commonly P286R) in the proofreading domain results in error-prone DNA replication. We engineered a conditional PoleP286R allele in mice. PoleP286R/+ embryonic fibroblasts exhibited a striking mutator phenotype and immortalized more efficiently. PoleP286R/+ mice were born at Mendelian ratios but rapidly developed lethal cancers of diverse lineages, yielding the most cancer-prone monoallelic model described to date, to our knowledge. Comprehensive whole-genome sequencing analyses showed that the cancers were driven by high base substitution rates in the range of human cancers, overcoming a major limitation of previous murine cancer models. These data establish polymerase-mediated ultramutagenesis as an efficient in vivo approach for the generation of diverse animal cancer models that recapitulate the high mutational loads inherent to human cancers.