Research progress in isolation and identification of rumen probiotics.

With the increasing research on the exploitation of rumen microbial resources, rumen probiotics have attracted much attention for their positive contributions in promoting nutrient digestion, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, and improving production performance. In the past two decades, macrogenomics has provided a rich source of new-generation probiotic candidates, but most of these "dark substances" have not been successfully cultured due to the restrictive growth conditions. However, fueled by high-throughput culture and sorting technologies, it is expected that the potential probiotics in the rumen can be exploited on a large scale, and their potential applications in medicine and agriculture can be explored. In this paper, we review and summarize the classical techniques for isolation and identification of rumen probiotics, introduce the development of droplet-based high-throughput cell culture and single-cell sequencing for microbial culture and identification, and finally introduce promising cultureomics techniques. The aim is to provide technical references for the development of related technologies and microbiological research to promote the further development of the field of rumen microbiology research.

Phentolamine and B vitamins for feeding intolerance in late preterm infants: a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Feeding intolerance (FI) is a common problem in late preterm infants (34 weeks ≤ gestational age < 37 weeks). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of phentolamine combined with B vitamins in treating FI in late preterm infants and to explore its effects on gastrointestinal symptoms, inflammation and complications. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We randomly assigned 118 late preterm infants with FI to a treatment group (n = 56) or a control group (n = 62). The treatment group received intravenous phentolamine and intramuscular B vitamins, whereas the control group received basic treatment only. We measured the time of disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms, the time of basal at-tainment, the time of hospitalisation, the incidence of complications, the concentrations of inflammatory markers and the overall effective rate of treatment. RESULTS: The treatment group had a shorter duration of gastrointestinal symptoms than did the control group (p < 0.01). The treatment group also had lower concentrations of inflammatory markers and a higher overall effective rate than did the control group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in the time of hospitalisation, basal attainment, weight re-covery and the incidence of complications (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Phentolamine and B vitamins can reduce gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammation in late preterm infants with FI but do not affect the occurrence of complications.

Genetic polymorphism in HTR2A rs6313 is associated with internet addiction disorder.

Introduction: Internet addiction disorder (IAD) has grown into public health concern of global proportions. Previous studies have indicated that individuals with IAD may exhibit altered levels of serotonin and dopamine, which are known to play crucial roles in depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and addiction. Therefore, polymorphisms in the receptors that mediate the effects of serotonin and dopamine and affect their functional states as well as their activities are suspect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between IAD and rs6313 (T102C) polymorphism in the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A) gene, (HTR2A). Methods: Twenty patients with IAD and twenty healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Barratt Impulse Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to assess the severity of internet addiction, mental status, impulsive traits, sleep quality, and social support. Genotyping was performed to identify rs6313 polymorphisms in the HTR2A gene of all participants. Results: The frequencies of the C and T alleles of HTR2A T102C were 28% and 72% in the IAD group and 53% and 47% in the HCs group, respectively, indicating that the differences between these two groups were significant. No significant difference was observed in the distribution of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes of HTR2A gene T102C between the IAD and the HCs groups. Additionally, there was no difference in the distribution of the frequencies of the HTR2A gene T102C CC and CT+TT genotypes between the two groups. However, the distribution between the TT and CC+CT genotypes showed an apparent statistical difference in the HTR2A gene T102C between the two groups. Correlation analysis indicated that the IAT score was positively correlated with the Y-BOCS and BIS scores for the CC+CT genotype in patients with IAD. Moreover, the IAT score was positively correlated with the PSQI score in patients with IAD carrying the TT genotype. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that rs6313 in HTR2A is associated with IAD, and that the T allele of rs6313 in HTR2A may be a risk factor for IAD.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the influence of carbohydrates on lignin degradation mediated by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

Introduction: Ligninolytic bacteria can secrete extracellular enzymes to depolymerize lignin into small-molecular aromatics that are subsequently metabolized and funneled into the TCA cycle. Carbohydrates, which are the preferred carbon sources of bacteria, influence the metabolism of lignin-derived aromatics through bacteria. Methods: In this study, untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were performed to investigate the effect of carbohydrates on lignin degradation mediated by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-13, a strain with lignin-degrading activity that was isolated in our previous work. Results: The results demonstrated that the cell growth of the MN-13 strain and lignin removal were promoted when carbohydrates such as glucose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were added to an alkaline lignin-minimal salt medium (AL-MSM) culture. Metabolomics analysis showed that lignin depolymerization took place outside the cells, and the addition of glucose regulated the uptake and metabolism of lignin-derived monomers and activated the downstream metabolism process in cells. In the transcriptomics analysis, 299 DEGs were screened after 24 h of inoculation in AL-MSM with free glucose and 2 g/L glucose, respectively, accounting for 8.3% of the total amount of annotated genes. These DEGs were primarily assigned to 30 subcategories, including flagellar assembly, the PTS system, RNA degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. These subcategories were closely associated with the cell structure, generation of cellular energy, and precursors for biosynthetic pathways, based on a - log 10 (P adjust) value in the KEGG pathway analysis. Conclusion: In summary, the addition of glucose increased lignin degradation mediated by the MN-13 strain through regulating glycolysis, TCA cycle, and central carbon metabolism.

Transcriptomic analysis of humic acid in relieving the inhibitory effect of high nitrogen on soybean nodulation.

Introduction: Nitrogen fertilizer intake promotes soybean growth before the formation of nodules, but excess nitrogen has an inhibitory effect on soybean nodulation. It is important to balance nitrogen levels to meet both growth and nodulation needs. Methods: the nitrogen level suitable for soybean growth and nodulation was studied, the role of humic acid (HA) in alleviating the inhibition of high nitrogen on soybean nodulation was analyzed, and transcriptomic analysis was performed to understand its mechanism. Results: The results showed that a lower level of nitrogen with 36.4 mg urea per pot could increase the number of nodules of soybean, and a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators but inhibited nodulation significantly. HA relieved the inhibitory effect at high nitrogen level, and the number of nodules increased by 122.1% when 1.29 g HA was added (H2 group) compared with the U4 group. The transcriptome analysis was subsequently performed on the H2 and U4 groups, showing that there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848) under the test conditions. These DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction based on the -log10 (P adjusted) value in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG). Discussion: HA balanced the nitrogen level through the above pathways in soybean planting to control the number of nodules.

APP/PS1 Gene-Environmental Cadmium Interaction Aggravates the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in Mice via the Blood-Brain Barrier, Amyloid-ß, and Inflammation.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information about gene-environment interaction on the occurrence and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of environmental low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure on the progress of Alzheimer's disease and the underlining mechanism. METHODS: We administered 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L cadmium chloride (treated groups), and water (control group) to C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 mice through drinking water, from one week before mating, until the offspring were sacrificed at 6 months of age. The behaviors, Cd level, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, Aß1-42 deposition, and inflammation expression were evaluated in these mice. RESULTS: Mice of both genotypes had similar blood Cd levels after exposure to the same dose of Cd. The toxic effects of Cd on the two genotypes differed little in terms of neuronal histomorphology and BBB permeability. Cd caused a series of pathological morphological changes in the mouse brains and more fluorescent dye leakage at higher doses. Furthermore, the APP/PS1 mice had more severe damage than the C57BL/6J mice, based on the following five criteria. They were increasing anxiety-like behavior and chaos movement, spatial reference memory damage, Aß plaque deposition in mouse brains, increasing microglia expression in the brain, and IL-6 higher expression in the cortex and in the serum. CONCLUSION: Low-dose Cd exposure for 6 months increases Aß plaque deposition and BBB permeability, exacerbates inflammatory responses, and activates microglia, in APP/PS1 mice. APP/PS1 gene-environmental Cd interaction aggravates the progression of Alzheimer's disease in mice.

Total Synthesis of Polysubstituted γ-Butyrolactone Lignans (-)-Hinokinin, (-)-Bicubebin B, and (-)-Isodeoxypodophyllotoxin via Oxime Carbonate Formation.

The diverse structures and profound biological activities of lignan natural products have enticed significant effort in the exploration of new methodologies for their total synthesis. We have prepared γ-butyrolactone oximes from readily available δ-nitro alcohols via Boc2O mediated cyclization. The mild conditions are compatible with a wide range of functional groups, and this methodology has been applied to the total synthesis of five lignan natural products.

Evaluation of application potential of dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in bioremediation of paper and pulp mill effluent.

Pulp and paper mill effluent is rich in recalcitrant and toxic pollutants compounds and causes pollution. To find an efficient biocatalyst for the treatment of effluent, a dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-13, which is capable of degrading lignin, was used for the bioremediation of paper and pulp mill effluent. The dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BaDyP) exhibited high-redox potential to 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS), veratryl alcohol, Mn2+, reactive blue 19, reactive black 5 and lignin dimer guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether (GGE). When GGE was used as substrate, BaDyP broke ß-O-4 bond of GGE and then oxidize Cα to generate vanillin. The Km values for ABTS and veratryl alcohol were 2.19 mm and 0.07 mm, respectively. The Vmax for ABTS and veratryl alcohol were 1.8 mm/min and 14.12 mm/min, respectively. The BaDyP-mediated treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent led to significant reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color. When 5% (v/v) of effluent was treated with BaDyP for 12 h at 30°C and pH 2, the removal of COD, color, and lignin was achieved at 82.7, 80.2, and 78.20%, respectively. In detoxification assay, the seeds of Vigna unguiculata grown in treated effluent showed a significant increase in germination rate from 66.7% (untreated effluent) to 90%, and in radicle length from 0.68 cm (untreated effluent) to 1.26 cm, respectively. In the meanwhile, the inhibition of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis by the treated effluent reduced significantly as compared to untreated effluent, indicating high detoxification performance of BaDyP for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent. The findings suggest that BaDyP is a potential catalyst for bioremediation of pulp and paper mill effluent, as it is effective in substantial lowering of pollutants load as well as reduces COD, color, and toxicity of effluent.

Functionalized monolithic columns: Recent advancements and their applications for high-efficiency separation and enrichment in food and medicine.

The chromatographic column is the core of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and must have excellent separation efficiency and selectivity. Therefore, functional modification materials for monolithic columns have been rapidly developed. This study is a systematic review of the recently reported functionalized monolithic columns. In particular, the study reviews the types of functional monomers under different modification conditions, as well as the separation and detection techniques combined with chromatography, and their development prospects. In addition, the applications of functionalized monolithic columns in food analysis, biomedicine, and the analysis of active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years are also discussed. Also reviewed are the functionalized monolithic columns for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It provided a reference for further development and application of organic polymer monolithic columns.

Graphene oxide-based a network porous poly (trially isocyanurate-co-methacrylate) monolithic column for HPLC separation of aromatic molecular and lipopeptide antibiotics.

Graphene oxide (GO) was introduced into a monolithic column and a network porous poly (GO-co-TAIC-co-MMA) monolith was prepared by redox polymerization. The internal morphology and pore size distribution of the polymer were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the nitrogen adsorption-desorption and mercury intrusion methods. After optimization, 8 kinds of aromatic compounds were effectively separated in 5 min, and the theoretical plates number of the monolithic column exceeded 33, 070 plates m-1. Five kinds of main ingredients were separated from the traditional Chinese medicine (Schisandra) ingredients and 26 peaks were successfully separated from the fermentation broth containing natural lipopeptide antibiotics. The addition of GO material enhanced the interaction between the compound and the monolithic column, increased the binding sites, improved the uniformity of the internal pore structure of the monolithic column, and improved the separation performance of the monolith. Methodologic validation of five ingredients in Schisandra showed that the correlation coefficients of the linear regressions were in the range of 0.9987-0.9997. The intra- and inter-day values of the relative standard deviation for precision were in the range of 0.6-4.1% and 1.1-4.8%, respectively. The values of accuracy (expressed as recovery) were in the range of 97.7-103.2%, 100.5-105.0%, 98.2-101.8%, 101.3-104.1%, and 101.2-103.3% for the 5 ingredients in order. In terms of the relative standard deviation of the retention time, the reproducibility of the monolithic column M1 was <3.7%. The monolithic column based on GO has great potential in chromatographic separation.

Anaerobic Solid-State Fermentation of Soybean Meal With Bacillus sp. to Improve Nutritional Quality.

The study evaluated the impact of fermentation with Bacillus sp. on the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) and the changes of bacterial community structure during fermentation. High protease-producing strains were screened to degrade SBM macromolecular protein and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Unsterilized SBM then underwent an anaerobic solid-state fermentation method to evaluate the effects of fermentation. Results showed that for the nine high-producing protease strains that were screened, acid-soluble protein (ASP) contents in fermented SBM increased, with the highest value found to be 13.48%, which was fermented using strain N-11. N-11 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. N-11 fermentation reduced ANFs such as glycinin and ß-conglycinin by 82.38 and 88.32%, respectively. During N-11 fermentation, the bacterial richness and diversity in SBM increased but not significantly. The high-yield protease strain B. subtilis N-11 selected in this experiment improved the nutritional quality of SBM through fermentation, and it can be used for industrial large-scale production.

Clinical efficacy of phentolamine in the treatment of feeding intolerance in premature infants with low birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical efficacy of phentolamine in the treatment of feeding intolerance in premature infants with low birth weight. METHODS: Seventy-one low-birth-weight infants with feeding intolerance were randomly divided into the phentolamine group and the erythromycin group (38 patients and 33 patients, respectively). The infants were given basic treatment, such as gastric lavage, temporary fasting, nutritional support and abdominal massage. The phentolamine group was intravenously pumped with phentolamine as the basis of basic treatment, while the erythromycin group was given erythromycin as the basis of basic treatment. The time for gastrointestinal symptoms to disappear, the time the basic standard was reached, the time parenteral nutrition was used, the total time enteral feeding was implemented, the length of stay, and the increase in physical indexes according to the corrected gestational age of 40 weeks of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the phentolamine group and the erythromycin group in vomiting disappearance time or the increase in physical indicators at the corrected gestational age of 40 weeks (P>0.05), while the abdominal distension disappearance time, the time of restoration to birth weight, the time to reach the basic standard, the total time of parenteral nutrition, the total time of enteral feeding, and the length of stay in the phentolamine group were shorter than those in the erythromycin group, with significant differences (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Phentolamine has a significant effect on alleviating symptoms and shortening the treatment time while treating feeding intolerance in premature infants with low birth weight, without adverse events, so it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Crystal structure, thermal properties and detonation characterization of bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)methane dinitrate.

Bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)methane dinitrate, BATZM·(NO3)2 or C5H10N82+·2NO3-, was synthesized and its crystal structure determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the space group Pbcn (orthorhombic) with Z = 4. BATZM·(NO3)2 is a V-shaped molecule where hydrogen bonds form a two-dimensional corrugated sheet with reasonable chemical geometry and no disorder. The specific molar heat capacity (Cp,m) of BATZM·(NO3)2 was determined using the continuous Cp mode of a microcalorimeter and theoretical calculations, and the Cp,m value is 366.14 J K-1 mol-1 at 298.15 K. The relative deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of Cp,m, HT - H298.15K and ST - S298.15K of BATZM·(NO3)2 are almost equivalent at each temperature. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density; BATZM·(NO3)2 has a higher detonation velocity (7927.47 ±â€…3.63 m s-1) and detonation pressure (27.50 ±â€…0.03 GPa) than 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The above results for BATZM·(NO3)2 are compared with those of bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane (BATZM) and bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)methane dihydrochloride (BATZM·Cl2), and the effect of nitrate formation is discussed.

Crystal structure, thermal behaviour and detonation characterization of bis(4,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane monohydrate.

Bis(4,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane monohydrate (BDATZM·H2O or C5H10N10·H2O) was synthesized and its crystal structure characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; it belongs to the space group P-1 (triclinic) with Z = 2. The structure of BDATZM·H2O can be described as a two-dimensional ladder plane with extensive hydrogen bonding and no disorder. The thermal behaviour was studied under non-isothermal conditions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) methods. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) of BDATZM were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density. A comparison between BDATZM·H2O and bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane (BATZM) was made to determine the effect of the amino group; the results suggest that the amino group increases the hydrophilicity, space utilization and energy, and decreases the thermal stability and symmetry of the resulting compound.

Crystal structure, thermal properties and detonation characterization of bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)methane dichloride.

Bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-4-ium-3-yl)methane dichloride (BATZM·Cl2 or C5H10N82+·2Cl-) was synthesized and crystallized, and the crystal structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; it belongs to the space group C2/c (monoclinic) with Z = 4. The structure of BATZM·Cl2 can be described as a V-shaped molecule with reasonable chemical geometry and no disorder, and its one-dimensional structure can be described as a rhombic helix. The specific molar heat capacity (Cp,m) of BATZM·Cl2 was determined using the continuous Cp mode of a microcalorimeter and theoretical calculations, and the Cp,m value is 276.18 J K-1 mol-1 at 298.15 K. The relative deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of Cp,m, HT - H298.15K and ST - S298.15K of BATZM·Cl2 are almost equivalent at each temperature. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) of BATZM·Cl2 were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density; BATZM·Cl2 has a higher detonation velocity (7143.60 ±â€…3.66 m s-1) and detonation pressure (21.49 ±â€…0.03 GPa) than TNT. The above results for BATZM·Cl2 are compared with those of bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane (BATZM) and the effect of salt formation on them is discussed.

Biodegradation of crystal violet mediated by CotA from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

Triphenylmethane dyes are commonly used in dyeing and printing, but such dyes are recalcitrant to degradation and thus biodegradation of dye compounds has received increasing attention. Here, a recombinant bacterial laccase, CotA, from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-13 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and used as a biocatalyst to degrade crystal violet (CV). The recombinant CotA remained stable at temperatures in the range 30-40 °C and retained 44-100% enzyme activity at pH 4.5-8.0. The CotA exhibited high activities for decolorization of CV and, after 72 h of incubation, CotA decolorized 70.98% of CV at pH 5.0 and 30 °C. In the UV-visible spectra of CV solution treated by CotA, the full wavelength scan indicated that the chromophore of the triphenylmethane structure of CV was destroyed and CV was degraded into small-molecule aromatic compounds. The main degradation compounds of CV were identified as bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl] methanone and its N-demethylation derivative by HPLC/MS/MS. Based on these data, a hypothetical degradation pathway of CV by CotA, including N-demethylation and cleavage of the chromophore structure initiated by radicals, is proposed.

Crystal structure, thermodynamic properties and detonation characterization of bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane.

Bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane (BATZM, C5H8N8) was synthesized and its crystal structure characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; it belongs to the space group Fdd2 (orthorhombic) with Z = 8. The structure of BATZM can be described as a V-shaped molecule with reasonable chemical geometry and no disorder. The specific molar heat capacity (Cp,m) of BATZM was determined using the continuous Cp mode of a microcalorimeter and theoretical calculations, and the Cp,m value is 211.19 J K-1 mol-1 at 298.15 K. The relative deviations between the theoretical and experimental values of Cp,m, HT - H298.15K and ST - S298.15K of BATZM are almost equivalent at each temperature. The detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (P) of BATZM were estimated using the nitrogen equivalent equation according to the experimental density; BATZM has a higher detonation velocity (7954.87 ±â€…3.29 m s-1) and detonation pressure (25.72 ±â€…0.03 GPa) than TNT.

Degradation of the phenolic ß-ether lignin model dimer and dyes by dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

OBJECTIVE: The dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, BaDyP, was identified to be an efficient catalyst for the degradation of phenolic ß-ether lignin model dimer guaiacylglycerol-ß-guaiacyl ether (GGE) and dyes. RESULTS: Efeb gene encoding BaDyP from B. amyloliquefaciens MN-13 consisted of 1257 bp and the open reading frame encoded 418 amino acids. The efeb gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and a recombinant BaDyP of 50 kDa was achieved. The BaDyP exhibited activity in oxidizing GGE and decolorizing azo and triphenylmethane dyes. At pH 4.5 and 30 °C the BaDyP not only completely degraded GGE by the cleavage of ß-O-4 ether bond and Cα-Cß bond, and Cα oxidation without any oxidative mediator, but also decolorized four synthetic dyes, including congo red, bromine cresol green, eriochrome black T and crystal violet. This was achieved with decolorization rates of 65.7%, 70.62%, 80.06% and 62.09%, respectively, after 72 h of incubation. CONCLUSIONS: BaDyP was identified as a bacteria peroxidase with great potential for the degradation of lignin and bioremediation of dye-contamination.

Clinical effects of Ganglioside and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate on neonatal heart and brain injuries after Asphyxia.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical effect of ganglioside (GM) and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate (FDP) on neonatal heart and brain injuries after asphyxia. METHODS: Ninety-one neonates with asphyxia neonatal heart and brain injuries were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group. Both groups were given symptomatic treatment as soon as possible. On this basis, the observation group was given 200 mL of 5% glucose injection and 20 mg of GM and 250 mg/kg·d FDP by intravenous infusion. The above two drugs were given once a day for 14 days. The control group was given 20 mL of 5% glucose injection, 2 mL of cerebrolysin and 250 mg/kg·d FDP by intravenous infusion, once a day for 14 days. Both groups were administered on the first day after admission, and the course of treatment was 14 days. The treatment outcomes of the two groups were compared by detecting the levels of glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB), cTn-I and CK-MB, MRI results and Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA) scores before and after treatment. RESULTS: The levels of GPBB, cTn-I and CK-MB in the observation group were significantly higher than those of normal neonates. After treatment, the levels of cTn-I and CK-MB in the observation group were closer to those of normal neonates compared with the control group, with significant differences (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the brain MRI examination between the two groups (P<0.05). The NBNA scores of the two groups were significantly different before and after treatment (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Neonatal heart and brain injuries after asphyxia can be well treated by combining GM with FDP.

[Degradation of lignocellulose in the corn straw by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-8].

Microbial degradation of lignocellulose is one of the key problems that need to be solved urgently in the process of utilizing biomass resource. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MN-8 is our previously isolated bacterium capable of degrading lignin. To determine the capability of strain MN-8 to degrade lignocellulose of corn straw, B. amyloliquefaciens MN-8 was inoculated and fermented with solid-state corn straw powder-MSM culture medium. The changes in the enzyme activity and degradation products of lignocellulose were monitored in the process of fermentation using the FTIR and GC/MS. The results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens MN-8 could produce lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes. The activities of all these enzymes reached the peak after being incubated for 10-16 days, and the highest enzyme activities were 55.0, 16.7, 45.4 and 60.5 U · g(-1), respectively. After 24 d of incubation, the degradation percentages of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were up to 42.9%, 40.6% and 27.1%, respectively. The spectroscopic data by FTIR indicated that the intensities of characteristic absorption peaks of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose of the corn straw were decreased, indicating that the lignocellulose was degraded partly after being fermented by B. amyloliquefaciens MN-8. GC/MS analysis also demonstrated that strain MN-8 could degrade lignocellulose efficiently. It could depolymerize lignin into some monomeric compounds with retention of phenylpropane structure unit, such as amphetamine, benzene acetone and benzene propanoic acids, by the rupture of ß-O-4 bond connected between lignin monomer, and it further oxidized some monomer compounds into Cα carbonyl compounds, such as 2-amino-1-benzeneacetone and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-acetophenone. The GC/MS analysis of the degradation products of cellulose and hemicellulose showed that there were not only monosaccharide compounds, such as glucose, mannose and galactose, but also some glycolysis products including formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 1,1-ethanediol and 3-hydroxy butyric acid. Our results demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens MN-8 is capable of degrading lignocelluse of the corn straw effectively and the degradation capacity depends on the lignocellulase activity.