Checklist of the tribe Enarmoniini Diakonoff, 1953 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of Taiwan, with description of one new species.

Eleven genera and thirteen species of the tortricid tribe Enarmoniini documented from Taiwan are listed. One species, Semnostola tristrigma sp. nov., is described as new to science. Two species, Ancylis unculana (Haworth, [1811]) and Neoanathamna pallens Kawabe, 1980 along with their genera, are newly recorded for Taiwan. Images of the adults and genitalia are provided for the new species.

Taxonomy of the genus Calamotropha Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Crambinae) from China.

Thirty species of the genus Calamotropha Zeller, 1863 from China are reviewed. Five species are described as new: C. bleszynskii Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. duovirgata Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. nigerifera Kim & Li, sp. nov., C. parallela Kim & Li, sp. nov. and C. parvispina Kim & Li, sp. nov.; two species are newly recorded for China: C. alcesta Bleszynski, 1961 and C. punctivenella (Hampson, 1896). The female of C. sperlingi Li, 2019 is described for the first time. Calamotropha multicornuella Chen & Song, 2002 syn. nov. is synonymized with C. sienkiewiczi Bleszynski, 1961, and C. sawtoothella Chen & Song, 2002 syn. nov. is synonymized with C. latella (Snellen, 1890). Images of adults and genitalia of 28 known species with available specimens are provided, except images of genitalia provided by Li & Li in 2012. A key to the known Calamotropha species in China is included.

Taxonomy of the mediseorsa species group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae).

The mediseorsa species group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 is proposed to accomodate four new species: N. mediangusa sp. nov., N. longiuga sp. nov., N. longissima sp. nov. and N. mediseorsa sp. nov. The diagnostic characters to distinguish the group are provided. Images of adults and genitalia of the new species are given.

Review of the genus Ressia Sinev, 1988 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), with descriptions of four new species from China.

Six species of the genus Ressia Sinev, 1988 from China are reviewed. Four species are described as new: R. disparilis Li, sp. nov., R. forcipata Li, sp. nov., R. semilunata Li, sp. nov., and R. sinevi Li, sp. nov. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to all the seven species in the world.

Review of the genus Macrobathra Meyrick, 1883 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) in China.

Sixteen species of the genus Macrobathra Meyrick, 1883 are treated in this study. Nine species are described as new to science: M. trigonilamella Li, sp. nov., M. reticulatistria Li, sp. nov., M. micacea Li, sp. nov., M. solidilatata Li, sp. nov., M. afflata Li, sp. nov., M. aequidistans Li, sp. nov., M. baculiformis Li, sp. nov., M. bipunciata Li, sp. nov., and M. terniprocessa Li, sp. nov. One species, M. petalitis Meyrick, 1915, is newly recorded for China. The female of M. petalitis Meyrick, 1915 and the male of M. myrocoma Meyrick, 1914 are described for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to the known Chinese species.

A taxonomic review of the genus Ashibusa Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) from China.

The genus Ashibusa Matsumura, 1931 is reviewed from China. Eight new species are described: A. apicodonta Li, sp. nov., A. biniprocessa Li, sp. nov., A. dilatirotunda Li, sp. nov., A. improjecta Li, sp. nov., A. ledongensis Li, sp. nov., A. longispina Li, sp. nov., A. similativalvula Li, sp. nov. and A. subfalcativalva Li, sp. nov. The females of A. flavalba Zhang & Li, 2009 and A. lativalvula Zhang & Li, 2009 are described for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are provided for the new species and for the newly described female genitalia. A key to all the species and a map showing the distribution of these species are provided.

Taxonomy of the genus Filatima Busck, 1939 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in China.

Eleven species of the genus Filatima from China are treated in the present paper. Four species, F. magnanella Oh & Li, sp. nov., F. nanjiangica Oh & Li, sp. nov., F. taxkorgana Oh & Li, sp. nov. and F. yanchiensis Oh & Li, sp. nov. are described as new. Three species, F. asiatica Sattler, 1961, F. angustipennis Sattler, 1961, and F. multicornuta Bidzilya & Nupponen, 2018, are newly recorded from China; F. pagicola (Meyrick, 1936) is redescribed, with female recorded for the first time. Images of adults and genitalia are illustrated except F. sciocrypta, and a key to all the known species in China is provided.

A new genus Socifera gen. nov. of Argyresthiidae (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea) from Hainan Island, China.

A new genus Socifera gen. nov. of Argyresthiidae is established. The diagnostic characters against Argyresthia Hbner, [1825] are listed. Socifera is endemic to Hainan, a tropical island in southern China. The type species Socifera asymmetra Liu Li, sp. nov. is described. The adult, venation, abdominal structures, male and female genitalia are illustrated.

Two new species of the genus Merulempista Roesler, 1967 from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae).

The genus Merulempista Roesler, 1967 is studied in China. Two new species Merulempista pectinata Liu and Li, sp. nov. and M. similirubriptera Liu and Li, sp. nov. are described. Images of adults and genitalia are provided, with a key to all known Chinese species.

Taxonomic study of the genus Tenupalpa Lee et Li, 2021 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Thiotrichinae) from China, with descriptions of fifteen new species.

Tenupalpa Lee et Li, 2021 (Gelechiidae: Thiotrichinae) was recently proposed based on a molecular and morphological study of the subfamily. It currently includes six species mainly known from Russia, Japan and India. In this paper, 15 new species from China are described: T. acutata sp. nov., T. acutimedia sp. nov., T. angulosa sp. nov., T. breviaedeaga sp. nov., T. zhengi sp. nov., T. crassimedia sp. nov., T. dissimilis sp. nov., T. falcata sp. nov., T. fuscalata sp. nov., T. immaculata sp. nov., T. isabellina sp. nov., T. magniguttata sp. nov., T. latifasciata sp. nov., T. perparviloba sp. nov. and T. uncativalva sp. nov. Also, T. xanthodora (Meyrick, 1923) comb. nov., and the original combination for Thiotricha glenias Meyrick, 1908 stat. rev. are proposed. Five speciesTenupalpa angustella (Omelko, 1984), T. biformis (Omelko, 1984), T. flavitermina (Kyaw, Yagi Hirowatari, 2019), T. nephodesma (Meyrick, 1918) and T. venustalis (Omelko, 1984)are reported from China for the first time, and two speciesT. angustella and T. venustalisare newly recorded from Korea. Photographs of adults, genitalia, and the eighth abdominal segment of males are illustrated, and a key to all known Tenupalpa species are provided based on external characters and male genitalia.

Review of the degeerella species group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) from China.

Twenty-five species of the degeerella species group in the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 are reviewed from China. Fourteen species are described as new: N. spinatibaltea Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. parvaprocessa Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. bifurcifascia Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. biprocessa Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. ravidifera Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. triuga Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. seorsifascia Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. borealis Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. recurvatifera Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. digitivalva Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. apiciprocessa Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. purpuratifera Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov., N. latirectangula Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov. and N. gaoligongshana Sun, Wang et Li, sp. nov. Three species, N. chalybeella (Bremer, 1864), N. japonica Stringer, 1930 and N. karafutonis (Matsumura, 1932), are recorded for the first time in China. Images of adults and genitalia of all the species with available specimens in China are given, along with a key to these species. A list of all the species of the degeerella species group in the world is provided.

The genus Dryadaula Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Tineoidea, Dryadaulidae) in China, with descriptions of four new species and a world checklist.

Four new species of the genus Dryadaula Meyrick, 1893 from China are described: Dryadaulaauriformis sp. nov., D.flavostriata sp. nov., D.hirtiglobosa sp. nov. and D.securiformis sp. nov. Photographs of adults and genitalia of the new species are provided. DNA barcodes of D.auriformis sp. nov., D.hirtiglobosa sp. nov. and D.securiformis sp. nov. are given. A key to the species in China and a detailed checklist for the genus with all 49 known species in the world are presented.

Nine Mitochondrial Genomes of the Pyraloidea and Their Phylogenetic Implications (Lepidoptera).

The Pyraloidea is one of the species-rich superfamilies of Lepidoptera and contains numerous economically important pest species that cause great loss in crop production. Here, we sequenced and annotated nine complete mitogenomes for Pyraloidea, and further performed various phylogenetic analyses, to improve our understanding of mitogenomic evolution and phylogeny of this superfamily. The nine mitogenomes were circular, double-stranded molecules, with the lengths ranging from 15,214 bp to 15,422 bp, which are comparable to other reported pyraloid mitogenomes in size. Gene content and arrangement were highly conserved and are typical of Lepidoptera. Based on the hitherto most extensive mitogenomic sampling, our various resulting trees showed generally congruent topologies among pyraloid subfamilies, which are almost in accordance with previous multilocus studies, indicating the suitability of mitogenomes in inferring high-level relationships of Pyraloidea. However, nodes linking subfamilies in the "non-PS clade" were not completely resolved in terms of unstable topologies or low supports, and future investigations are needed with increased taxon sampling and molecular data. Unexpectedly, Orybina Snellen, represented in a molecular phylogenetic investigation for the first time, was robustly placed as basal to the remaining Pyralidae taxa across our analyses, rather than nested in Pyralinae of Pyralidae as morphologically defined. This novel finding highlights the need to reevaluate Orybina monophyly and its phylogenetic position by incorporating additional molecular and morphological evidence.

First report of the genus Pelecystola Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Tineidae) in China, with description of a new species.

The genus Pelecystola Meyrick, 1920 and the species Pelecystola strigosa (Moore, 1888) are newly recorded from China, and Pelecystola peculiaris sp. nov. is described as new to science. Adults, head, venation, and genitalia of the two species are illustrated. A molecular phylogenetic analysis is presented to ascertain the generic affiliation of the new species. Forty-four species of 38 genera in Tineidae are analyzed using maximum likelihood methods based on one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear gene fragments (CAD and wingless). DNA barcodes of the two species are provided, and the genetic distance of barcode divergence among four species of Pelecystola is calculated.

The First Mitogenomes of the Subfamily Odontiinae (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pyraloidea.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of three species of Odontiinae were newly sequenced: Dausara latiterminalis Yoshiyasu, Heortia vitessoides (Moore), and Pseudonoorda nigropunctalis (Hampson). These circular and double-stranded mitogenomes vary from 15,084 bp to 15,237 bp in size, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and an A + T-rich region. The nucleotide composition indicated a strong A/T bias. Most PCGs are initiated with an ATN codon and terminated by a codon of TAR. All tRNAs could be folded into the clover-leaf structure with the exception of trnS1 (AGN), in which the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm formed a simple loop, and the motif 'ATAG' and 'ATTTA' in the A + T-rich region was also founded. The phylogenomic analyses covering Odontiinae + 11 subfamilies of Pyraloidea were conducted. Similar topologies were generated from both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence data. There was some discrepancy in the sister-group relationship of Odontiinae and Glaphyriinae, and the relationships among the subfamilies in the 'CAMMSS clade' of the Crambidae. The results of this study suggest that mitogenomic data are useful for resolving the deep-level relationships of Pyraloidea and the topologies generated from amino acid data might be more realistic and reliable. Moreover, more mitogenomic taxon sampling and larger scale analyses with more genes or a combination of mitogenomic and nuclear genes are needed to reconstruct a comprehensive framework of the pyraloid phylogeny.

Taxonomic revision of the genus Psoricoptera Stainton, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae) from China, with descriptions of three new species.

The Chinese fauna of Psoricoptera Stainton, 1854 included two described species prior to this study. In the present paper we describe three new species: P. curva sp. nov., P. minutignatha sp. nov. and P. proximikawabei sp. nov. P. speciosella Teich, 1893 is recorded from China for the first time. The total number of Psoricoptera species in China is brought to six. The female of P. latignathosa is described for the first time. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to the Chinese species. A Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree is provided for species identification and association of the sexes.

Opportunities to improve China's biodiversity protection laws.

Since 1989, China has established a system of powerful laws and regulations aimed to preserve its rich natural flora and fauna. However, this legislative framework still has shortcomings, in terms of sentencing standards across related crimes and the extent of scientific basis for sentences. Here, we review Chinese biodiversity protection laws and some example cases with the goal of suggesting ways to increase law compliance and thus better protect biodiversity. In particular, our suggestions involve regular updates of threat assessments based on scientific evidence including herbaceous plants, fungi and algae; considering ecological differences among the species groups and ensuing ecological damage and financial profit gained; and a differentiation of punishment between organized and individual crimes, with a preference for custodial sentences for the former and monetary fines for the latter, to comply better with international standards and to minimize the incentive to engage in such conduct.

Taxonomic review of the genus Lista Walker, 1859 from China (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Epipaschiinae), with descriptions of five new species.

The genus Lista Walker, 1859 from China is reviewed. Of the eighteen species treated, five species are described as new: L. furcellata Li Rong, sp. nov., L. serrata Li Rong, sp. nov., L. strumiformis Li Rong, sp. nov., L. yunnanensis Li Rong, sp. nov. and L. zhengi Li Rong, sp. nov. Photographs of adults and genitalia of the new speices are provided. A key based on male genitalia to all Chinese species is provided.

Taxonomic review of the genus Dusungwua Kemal, Kizildag Koçak, 2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with descriptions of six new species and propositions of synonyms.

Eleven species of the genus Dusungwua Kemal, Kizildag Koçak 2020 in China are reviewed with emendation of the generic charaters. Among them, six new species, Dusungwua antennalveata Ren Li, sp. nov., D. basinigra Ren Li, sp. nov., D. fascecornuta Ren Li, sp. nov., D. paripalpa Ren Li, sp. nov., D. similiquadrangula Ren Li, sp. nov. and D. strictivinculum Ren Li, sp. nov. are described as new to science. Also, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Eurhodope pseudodichromella Yamanaka, 1980 syn. nov. is synonymized with D. dichromella (Ragonot, 1893), Trachycera nipponella Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov., Trachycera vicinella Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov. and Trachycera yakushimensis Yamanaka, 2000 syn. nov. are synonymized with D. paradichromella (Yamanaka, 1980). The female of D. quadrangula (Du, Sung Wu, 2005) is described for the first time. Photos of adults as well as male and female genitalia are provided, along with a key to the Chinese species and a distibution map to show the localities of these species.

Taxonomic study of genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in China, with descriptions of three new species.

The genus Peucela Ragonot, 1891 from China is revised. Three species are described as new to science, P. acutativalva sp. nov., P. baishanzuensis sp. nov., and P. nigra sp. nov. In addition, P. olivalis comb. nov. is newly combined. Photographs of adults, and male and female genitalia are provided. A key to the species of Peucela in China is also provided.