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The origin of life on Earth is believed to be from the ocean, which offers abundant resources in its depths. However, deep-sea operations are limited due to the lack of underwater robots and rigid grippers with sensitive force sensors. Therefore, it is crucial for deep-sea pressure sensors to be integrated with mechanical hands for manipulation. Here, a flexible stress sensor is presented that can function effectively under high water pressure in the deep ocean. Inspired by biological structures found in the abyssal zone, our sensor is designed with an internal and external pressure balance structure (hollow interlocking spherical structure). The digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is utilized to construct this complex structure after obtaining optimized structural parameters using finite element simulation. The sensor exhibits linear sensitivity of 0.114 kPa-1 within the range of 0-15 kPa and has an extremely short response time of 32 ms, good dynamic-static load response capability, and excellent resistance cycling stability. It shows high sensitivity of 1.74 kPa-1 even under 30 MPa static water pressures and the theoretical working pressure can exceed 110 MPa, which provides a new solution for deep-sea robots.
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2D single-phase multiferroic materials with the coexistence of electric and spin polarization offer a tantalizing potential for high-density multilevel data storage. One of the current limitations for application is the scarcity of the materials, especially those combine ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity at high temperatures. Here, robust ferrimagnetism and ferroelectricity in 2D É-Fe2O3 samples with both single-crystalline and polycrystalline form are demonstrated. Interestingly, the polycrystalline nanosheets also exhibit easily switchable ferroelectric polarizations comparable to that of single crystals. The existence of grain boundary does not hinder the switching and retention of ferroelectric polarization. Furthermore, the É-Fe2O3 nanosheets show ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric Curie temperatures up to 800 K, which reaches record highs in 2D single-phase multiferroic materials. This work provides important progress in the exploration of 2D high-temperature single-phase multiferroics for potentially compact high-temperature information nanodevices.
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Elastic polymer-based conductive composites (EPCCs) are of great potential in the field of flexible sensors due to the advantages of designable functionality and thermal and chemical stability. As one of the popular choices for sensor electrodes and sensitive materials, considerable progress in EPCCs used in sensors has been made in recent years. In this review, we introduce the types and the conductive mechanisms of EPCCs. Furthermore, the recent advances in the application of EPCCs to sensors are also summarized. This review will provide guidance for the design and optimization of EPCCs and offer more possibilities for the development and application of flexible sensors.
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With the increasing demand for elastic electronics, as a crucial component, elastic semiconductors have been widely studied. However, there are some issues for the current preparation of elastic semiconductors, such as harsh reaction conditions, low atomic economic utilization, and complicated product separation and purification. Aldehyde-amine polycondensation is an important chemical reaction with the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high atomic-economic efficiency, and easy separation and purification. Herein, intrinsically elastic semiconductors are developed via aldehyde-amine polycondensation, including a semiconducting segment and an elastic segment. The resulting polymer containing 42.62 wt % soft segments exhibits excellent stretchability and mechanical reversibility, especially with a lower modulus. Interestingly, the carrier mobility displays up to 0.04 cm2·V-1·s-1, in the range of the fully conjugated reference polymer (0.1 cm2·V-1·s-1). In brief, this strategy provides important guiding principles for the development of intrinsically elastic polymer semiconductors.
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Highly performance flexible strain sensor is a crucial component for wearable devices, human-machine interfaces, and e-skins. However, the sensitivity of the strain sensor is highly limited by the strain range for large destruction of the conductive network. Here the quasi-1D conductive network (QCN) is proposed for the design of an ultra-sensitive strain sensor. The orientation of the conductive particles can effectively reduce the number of redundant percolative pathways in the conductive composites. The maximum sensitivity will reach the upper limit when the whole composite remains only "one" percolation pathway. Besides, the QCN structure can also confine the tunnel electron spread through the rigid inclusions which significantly enlarges the strain-resistance effect along the tensile direction. The strain sensor exhibits state-of-art performance including large gauge factor (862227), fast response time (24 ms), good durability (cycled 1000 times), and multi-mechanical sensing ability (compression, bending, shearing, air flow vibration, etc.). Finally, the QCN sensor can be exploited to realize the human-machine interface (HMI) application of acoustic signal recognition (instrument calibration) and spectrum restoration (voice parsing).
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Dielectric elastomers, such as thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), are widely used as the dielectric layer, encapsulation layer, and substrate of flexible and stretchable devices. To construct capacitors and actuators that work stably upon deformation, it has become urgent to investigate the evolution of dielectricity under stress and strain. However, the lack of effective methods for estimating the dielectric constant of elastomers under strain poses a big challenge. This study reports a device for the in situ measurement of the dielectric constant of TPU under strain. It is found that upon stretching TPU to a strain of 400%, its dielectric constant decreases from 8.02 ± 0.01 to 2.88 ± 0.25 (at 1 MHz). In addition, combined Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the X-ray scattering technique, and atomic force microscopy were utilized to characterize the evolution of the microstructure under strain. The investigation under tensile strain reveals a decreased density and average size of polarized hard domains, along with a tendency of the molecular chains to align in parallel with the tensile stress. The evolution of the microstructures results in a reduction in the measured dielectric constant in TPU.
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Emerging fields, such as wearable electronics, digital healthcare, the Internet of Things, and humanoid robots, highlight the need for flexible devices capable of recording signals on curved surfaces and soft objects. In particular, flexible magnetosensitive devices garner significant attention owing to their ability to combine the advantages of flexible electronics and magnetoelectronic devices, such as reshaping capability, conformability, contactless sensing, and navigation capability. Several key challenges must be addressed to develop well-functional flexible magnetic devices. These include determining how to make magnetic materials flexible and even elastic, understanding how the physical properties of magnetic films change under external strain and stress, and designing and constructing flexible magnetosensitive devices. In recent years, significant progress is made in addressing these challenges. This study aims to provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in flexible magnetosensitive devices. This includes discussions on the fabrications and mechanical regulations of flexible magnetic materials, the principles and performances of flexible magnetic sensors, and their applications for wearable electronics. In addition, future development trends and challenges in this field are discussed.
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As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more widespread, wearable smart systems will begin to be used in a variety of applications in people's daily lives, not only requiring the devices to have excellent flexibility and biocompatibility, but also taking into account redundant data and communication delays due to the use of a large number of sensors. Fortunately, the emerging paradigms of near-sensor and in-sensor computing, together with the proposal of flexible neuromorphic devices, provides a viable solution for the application of intelligent low-power wearable devices. Therefore, wearable smart systems based on new computing paradigms are of great research value. This review discusses the research status of a flexible five-sense sensing system based on near-sensor and in-sensor architectures, considering material design, structural design and circuit design. Furthermore, we summarize challenging problems that need to be solved and provide an outlook on the potential applications of intelligent wearable devices.
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Internet de las Cosas , Dispositivos Electrónicos Vestibles , Humanos , Comunicación , Inteligencia , PercepciónRESUMEN
A ferroelectric molecular crystal displays characteristics required for implantation.
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Elastic pressure sensors play a crucial role in the digital economy, such as in health care systems and human-machine interfacing. However, the low sensitivity of these sensors restricts their further development and wider application prospects. This issue can be resolved by introducing microstructures in flexible pressure-sensitive materials as a common method to improve their sensitivity. However, complex processes limit such strategies. Herein, a cost-effective and simple process was developed for manufacturing surface microstructures of flexible pressure-sensitive films. The strategy involved the combination of MXene-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with mass-produced Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microspheres to form advanced microstructures. Next, the conductive silica gel films with pitted microstructures were obtained through a 3D-printed mold as flexible electrodes, and assembled into flexible resistive pressure sensors. The sensor exhibited a sensitivity reaching 2.6 kPa-1 with a short response time of 56 ms and a detection limit of 5.1 Pa. The sensor also displayed good cyclic stability and time stability, offering promising features for human health monitoring applications.
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As ferroelectrics hold significance and application prospects in wearable devices, the elastification of ferroelectrics becomes more and more important. Nevertheless, achieving elastic ferroelectrics requires stringent synthesis conditions, while the elastification of relaxor ferroelectric materials remains unexplored, presenting an untapped potential for utilization in energy storage and actuation for wearable electronics. The thiol-ene click reaction offers a mild and rapid reaction platform to prepare functional polymers. Therefore, we employed this approach to obtain an elastic relaxor ferroelectric by crosslinking an intramolecular carbon-carbon double bonds (CF=CH) polymer matrix with multiple thiol groups via a thiol-ene click reaction. The resulting elastic relaxor ferroelectric demonstrates pronounced relaxor-type ferroelectric behaviour. This material exhibits low modulus, excellent resilience, and fatigue resistance, maintaining a stable ferroelectric response even under strains up to 70 %. This study introduces a straightforward and efficient approach for the construction of elastic relaxor ferroelectrics, thereby expanding the application possibilities in wearable electronics.
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Human-machine interaction (HMI) technology has undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling seamless communication between humans and machines. Its expansion has extended into various emerging domains, including human healthcare, machine perception, and biointerfaces, thereby magnifying the demand for advanced intelligent technologies. Neuromorphic computing, a paradigm rooted in nanoionic devices that emulate the operations and architecture of the human brain, has emerged as a powerful tool for highly efficient information processing. This paper delivers a comprehensive review of recent developments in nanoionic device-based neuromorphic computing technologies and their pivotal role in shaping the next-generation of HMI. Through a detailed examination of fundamental mechanisms and behaviors, the paper explores the ability of nanoionic memristors and ion-gated transistors to emulate the intricate functions of neurons and synapses. Crucial performance metrics, such as reliability, energy efficiency, flexibility, and biocompatibility, are rigorously evaluated. Potential applications, challenges, and opportunities of using the neuromorphic computing technologies in emerging HMI technologies, are discussed and outlooked, shedding light on the fusion of humans with machines.
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With the emergence of wearable electronics, ferroelectrics are poised to serve as key components for numerous potential applications. Currently, intrinsically elastic ferroelectrics featuring a network structure through a precise "slight cross-linking" approach have been realized. The resulting elastic ferroelectrics demonstrate a combination of stable ferroelectric properties and remarkable resilience under various strains. However, challenges arose as the cross-linking temperature was too high when integrating ferroelectrics with other functional materials, and the Curie temperature of this elastic ferroelectric was comparatively low. Addressing these challenges, we strategically chose a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based copolymer with high vinylidene fluoride content to obtain a high Curie temperature while synthesizing a cross-linker with carbene intermediate for high reactivity to reduce the cross-linking temperature. At a relatively low temperature, we successfully fabricated elastic ferroelectrics through carbene cross-linking. The resulting elastic polymer ferroelectrics exhibit a higher Curie temperature and show a stable ferroelectric response under strains up to 50%. These materials hold significant potential for integration into wearable electronics.
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Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnets have attracted widespread attention for promising applications in compact spintronic devices. However, the controlled synthesis of high-quality, large-sized, and ultrathin 2D magnets via facile, economical method remains challenging. Herein, we develop a hydrogen-tailored chemical vapor deposition approach to fabricating 2D Cr5Te8 ferromagnetic nanosheets. Interestingly, the time period of introducing hydrogen was found to be crucial for controlling the lateral size, and a Cr5Te8 single-crystalline nanosheet of lateral size up to â¼360 µm with single-unit-cell thickness has been obtained. These samples exhibit a leading role of domain wall nucleation in governing the magnetization reversal process, providing important references for optimizing the performances of associated devices. The nanosheets also show notable magnetotransport response, including nonmonotonous magnetic-field-dependent magnetoresistance and sizable anomalous Hall resistivity, demonstrating Cr5Te8 as a promising material for constructing high-performance magnetoelectronic devices. This study presents a breakthrough of large-sized CVD-grown 2D magnetic materials, which is indispensable for constructing 2D spintronic devices.
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As the most popular liquid metal (LM), gallium (Ga) and its alloys are emerging as functional materials due to their unique combination of fluidic and metallic properties near room temperature. As an important branch of utilizing LMs, micro- and submicron-particles of Ga-based LM are widely employed in wearable electronics, catalysis, energy, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, the phase transition is crucial not only for the applications based on this reversible transformation process, but also for the solidification temperature at which fluid properties are lost. While Ga has several solid phases and exhibits unusual size-dependent phase behavior. This complex process makes the phase transition and undercooling of Ga uncontrollable, which considerably affects the application performance. In this work, extensive (nano-)calorimetry experiments are performed to investigate the polymorph selection mechanism during liquid Ga crystallization. It is surprisingly found that the crystallization temperature and crystallization pathway to either α -Ga or ß -Ga can be effectively engineered by thermal treatment and droplet size. The polymorph selection process is suggested to be highly relevant to the capability of forming covalent bonds in the equilibrium supercooled liquid. The observation of two different crystallization pathways depending on the annealing temperature may indicate that there exist two different liquid phases in Ga.
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BACKGROUND: Ferroptosis is a known crucial player in the development of cancers. However, the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ferroptosis-related genes on survival in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) patients remains unknown. METHODS: We used two-stage multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to estimate the associations between 48,774 SNPs in 480 ferroptosis-related genes and overall survival (OS) of 866 HBV-HCC patients. RESULTS: We identified that two potentially functional SNPs (CREB3 rs10814274 C > T and GALNT14 rs17010547 T > C) were significantly independently associated with the OS of HBV-HCC patients (CT + TT verse CC, hazards ratio (HR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67-0.89, p < 0.001 for rs10814274 and TC + CC verse TT, HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53-0.82, p < 0.001 for rs17010547, respectively). Additional joint assessment of protective genotypes of these two SNPs showed that patients with 1-2 protective genotypes had a significantly better OS compared with those carrying 0 protective genotypes (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.45-0.70, p < 0.001). Moreover, the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis revealed that the survival-associated SNP rs10814274 T allele was significantly correlated with reduced CREB3 transcript levels in both normal liver tissues and whole blood cells, while the GALNT14 rs17010547 C allele had a significant correlation with increased GALNT14 transcript levels in whole blood cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that genetic variants of CREB3 and GALNT14 may affect the survival of HBV-HCC patients, likely via transcriptional regulation of respective genes. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico , Ferroptosis , Neoplasias Hepáticas , N-Acetilgalactosaminiltransferasas , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virología , Masculino , N-Acetilgalactosaminiltransferasas/genética , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/genética , Ferroptosis/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Pronóstico , Hepatitis B/genética , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Hepatitis B/virología , AncianoRESUMEN
Multifunctional intelligent wearable electronics, providing integrated physiological signal analysis, storage, and display for real-time and on-site health status diagnosis, have great potential to revolutionize health monitoring technologies. Advanced wearable systems combine isolated digital processor, memory, and display modules for function integration; however, they suffer from compatibility and reliability issues. Here, we introduce a flexible multifunctional electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT) that integrates synaptic learning, memory, and autonomous discoloration functionalities for intelligent wearable application. This device exhibits synergistic light absorption coefficient changes during voltage-gated ion doping that modulate the electrical conductance changes for synaptic function implementation. By adaptively changing color, the EGT can differentiate voltage pulse inputs with different frequency, amplitude, and duration parameters, exhibiting excellent reversibility and reliability. We developed a smart wearable monitoring system that incorporates EGT devices and sensors for respiratory and electrocardiogram signal analysis, providing health warnings through real-time and on-site discoloration. This study represents a significant step toward smart wearable technologies for health management, offering health evaluation through intelligent displays.
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Dispositivos Electrónicos Vestibles , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Monitoreo Fisiológico , Electrónica , Frecuencia CardíacaRESUMEN
Flexible electronic devices extended abilities of humans to perceive their environment conveniently and comfortably. Among them, flexible magnetic field sensors are crucial to detect changes in the external magnetic field. State-of-the-art flexible magnetoelectronics do not exhibit low detection limit and large working range simultaneously, which limits their application potential. Herein, a flexible magnetic field sensor possessing a low detection limit of 22 nT and wide sensing range from 22 nT up to 400 mT is reported. With the detection range of seven orders of magnitude in magnetic field sensor constitutes at least one order of magnitude improvement over current flexible magnetic field sensor technologies. The sensor is designed as a cantilever beam structure accommodating a flexible permanent magnetic composite and an amorphous magnetic wire enabling sensitivity to low magnetic fields. To detect high fields, the anisotropy of the giant magnetoimpedance effect of amorphous magnetic wires to the magnetic field direction is explored. Benefiting from mechanical flexibility of sensor and its broad detection range, its application potential for smart wearables targeting geomagnetic navigation, touchless interactivity, rehabilitation appliances, and safety interfaces providing warnings of exposure to high magnetic fields are explored.
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Nonlayered two-dimensional (2D) magnets have attracted special attention, as many of them possess magnetic order above room temperature and enhanced chemical stability compared to most existing vdW magnets, which offers remarkable opportunities for developing compact spintronic devices. However, the growth of these materials is quite challenging due to the inherent three-dimensionally bonded nature, which hampers the study of their magnetism. Here, we demonstrate the controllable growth of air-stable pure γ-Fe2O3 nanoflakes by a confined-vdW epitaxial approach. The lateral size of the nanoflakes could be adjusted from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers by precisely controlling the annealing time. Interestingly, a lateral-size-dependent magnetic domain configuration was observed. As the sizes continuously increase, the magnetic domain evolves from single domain to vortex and finally to multidomain. This work provides guidance for the controllable synthesis of 2D inverse spinel-type crystals and expands the range of magnetic vortex materials into magnetic semiconductors.