Association of aquatic food consumption, long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid intake, and blood mercury levels with cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Aquatic food is rich in nutrients which benefit the human brain and cognitive health; however, concerns about heavy metal accumulation in aquatic food remain. This study evaluated the associations between aquatic food consumption, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) intake, and blood mercury levels with cognition in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Lifestyle and Healthy Aging of Chinese Square Dancer Study. Aquatic food consumption and LC n-3 PUFAs intake were obtained from a food frequency questionnaire. Blood mercury levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A composite z-score was developed to represent global cognition by averaging the z-scores for each cognitive domain. Participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were diagnosed according to Petersen's criteria. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the exposure factors and cognitive performance including cognitive scores and MCI. RESULTS: Of 2621 middle-aged and older adults, the mean (SD) age was 63.71 (5.15) years, and 85.73% were females. Compared with the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile for aquatic food consumption were associated with higher composite z-scores (ß = 0.156, 95% CI: 0.088-0.225) and lower MCI odds (OR = 0.598, 95% CI: 0.425-0.841). A similar positive relationship between LC n-3 PUFAs intake and composite z-score and an inverse association between LC n-3 PUFAs intake and MCI were also observed. In addition, the participants in the highest quartile for blood mercury levels had higher composite z-scores than those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study, higher aquatic food consumption, LC n-3 PUFAs intake, and blood mercury levels were related to better cognitive function. Further studies in Chinese populations are required to confirm these findings.

Effectiveness of Detailed Operating Room Quality Care on the Quality of Operating Room Care and Patient Satisfaction.

Objective: The current study was performed to assess the effectiveness of detailed operating room quality care on the quality of operating room care and patient satisfaction. Methods: A total of 102 patients who underwent surgery in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between October 2020 and April 2022 were recruited and assigned to receive either conventional operating room care (conventional group) or detailed operating room quality care (quality group), with 51 cases in each group. Outcome measures for the evaluation of the detailed quality care included quality of operating room care, safe operation, incidence of errors in instrument preparation, loss of parts, incidence of intraoperative adverse reactions, and patient satisfaction. Results: Patients who received quality care showed higher scores for information acquisition ability, communication ability, standardization of nursing process, and professionalism of nursing service than those who received conventional care (P = .021, .032, .003, .043). Detailed operating room quality care resulted in significantly higher standardization of anesthesia disinfection, promptness of instrument preparation, instrument and equipment management, effectiveness of auxiliary cooperation, and standardization of medical records scores versus conventional care (P = .004, .022, .036, .004, .002). Detailed operating room quality care was associated with a lower incidence of instrument preparation errors, lost parts, and intraoperative adverse reactions than conventional care (P < .05). Patients were more satisfied with quality care (49/51, 96.1%) than with conventional care (39/51, 76.5%) (P = .004). Conclusion: Detailed operating room quality care can significantly improve patient satisfaction, enhance the quality of operating room care and safe operation, and reduce the risk of instrument preparation errors, lost parts, and intraoperative complications in the operating room.

Propranolol can correct prolonged QT intervals in patients with cirrhosis.

Background: Prolonged QT intervals are extremely common in patients with cirrhosis and affect their treatment outcomes. Propranolol is often used to prevent gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis; however, it is uncertain whether propranolol exerts a corrective effect on QT interval prolongation in patients with cirrhosis. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of propranolol on patients with cirrhosis and prolonged QT intervals. Methods: A retrospective cohort study approach was adopted. Patients with cirrhosis complicated by moderate-to-severe gastroesophageal varices, who were hospitalized at the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University between 1 December 2020 and 31 November 2022, were included in the study. The patients were divided into the propranolol and control groups based on whether they had received propranolol. Upon admission, the patients underwent tests on liver and kidney functions, electrolytes, and coagulation function, as well as abdominal ultrasonography and electrocardiography. In addition to conventional treatment, the patients were followed up after the use or non-use of propranolol for treatment and subsequently underwent reexamination of the aforementioned tests. Results: The propranolol group (26 patients) had an average baseline corrected QT (QTc) interval of 450.23 ± 37.18 ms, of which 14 patients (53.8%) exhibited QTc interval prolongation. Follow-up was continued for a median duration of 7.00 days after the administration of propranolol and conventional treatment. Electrocardiographic reexamination revealed a decrease in the QTc interval to 431.04 ± 34.64 ms (p = 0.014), and the number of patients with QTc interval prolongation decreased to five (19.2%; p < 0.001). After treatment with propranolol and multimodal therapy, QTc interval normalization occurred in nine patients with QTc interval prolongation, leading to a normalization rate of 64.3% (9/14). The control group (n = 58) had an average baseline QTc interval of 453.74 ± 30.03 ms, of which 33 patients (56.9%) exhibited QTc interval prolongation. After follow-up for a median duration of 7.50 days, the QTc interval was 451.79 ± 34.56 ms (p = 0.482), and the number of patients with QTc interval prolongation decreased to 30 (51.7%; p = 0.457). The QTc interval normalization rate of patients in the control group with QTc interval prolongation was merely 10.0% (3/33), which was significantly lower than that in the propranolol group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with cirrhosis complicated by QT interval prolongation, the short-term use of propranolol aids in correction of a long QT interval and provides positive therapeutic value for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.

Dietary Flavonoid Quercetin Supplement Promotes Antiviral Innate Responses Against Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection by Reshaping the Bacteriome and Host Metabolome in Mice.

SCOPE: Active ingredients in functional foods exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The objective of this study is to investigate the protective effect of quercetin derived from bee propolis, a natural product with antiviral activity and modulating effects on the gut microbiota, against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Through a cellular-based study, this study demonstrates that quercetin can modulate the activity of interferon-regulating factor 3 (IRF3). In vivo, it shows that quercetin protects mice from VSV infection by enhancing interferon production and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The study conducts 16S rRNA-based gut microbiota and nontargets metabolomics analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying quercetin-mediated bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and host metabolome during viral infection. Quercetin not only ameliorates VSV-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal flora but also alters serum metabolites related to lipid metabolism. Cross-correlations between the gut bacteriome and the serum metabolome indicate that quercetin can modulate phosphatidylcholine (16:0/0:0) and 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil to prevent VSV infection. CONCLUSION: This study systematically elucidates the anti-VSV mechanism of quercetin through gut bacteriome and host metabolome assays, offering new insights into VSV treatment and revealing the mechanisms behind a novel disease management strategy using dietary flavonoid supplements.

Non-telecentric photoacoustic microscopy for multi-scale imaging.

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) excels in precisely imaging a biological tissue based on absorption contrast. However, existing OR-PAMs are confined by fixed compromises between spatial resolution and field of view (FOV), preventing the integration of large FOV and local high-resolution within one system. Here, we present a non-telecentric OR-PAM (nTC-PAM) that empowers efficient adaptation of FOV and spatial resolution to match the multi-scale requirement of diverse biological imaging. Our method allows for a large-scale transformation in FOV and even surpassing the nominal FOV of the objective with minimal marginal degradation of the lateral resolution. We demonstrate the advantage of nTC-PAM through multi-scale imaging of the leaf phantom, mouse ear, and cortex. The results reveal that nTC-PAM can switch the FOV and spatial resolution to meet the requirements of different biological tissues, such as large-scale imaging of the whole cerebral cortex and high-resolution imaging of microvascular structures in local brain regions.

Microwave ablation for painful chest wall metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a case report.

Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract, with the potential to metastasize. Metastases to bone and soft tissue are more frequent in advanced cases, where targeted therapy is the standard treatment. However, around 10-15% of patients develop disease progression despite treatment. Studies have shown the efficacy of ablation in managing bone and soft tissue metastases (1, 2), but there are no reports of ablation for treating GIST bone or soft tissue metastases. Case presentation: In 2022, a 58-year-old man complaining of left back pain was admitted to Sichuan Cancer Hospital. He had undergone radical resection of the primary gastric GIST and vertebral metastases in 2014 and 2018, respectively. In 2019, rib metastases still occurred despite the use of targeted therapy. During the course of radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, he experienced persistent chest wall pain. In addition, new lesions occurred in the lungs and chest wall in 2022. After a thorough assessment, microwave ablation (MWA) was recommended in response to his demand for immediate pain relief. The large rib metastasis constricted the spleen, so we completed the ablation in two sessions to reduce the risk of complications. He had 17 months of follow-up until September 2023, during which time his discomfort was considerably reduced. Conclusion: For GIST patients with soft tissue and bone metastases, MWA may offer substantial immediate pain alleviation. When other treatment procedures fail to achieve adequate efficacy, it provides an option.

Programmed cell death factor 4-mediated hippocampal synaptic plasticity is involved in early life stress and susceptibility to depression.

Early life stress (ELS) increases the risk of depression later in life. Programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4), an apoptosis-related molecule, extensively participates in tumorigenesis and inflammatory diseases. However, its involvement in a person's susceptibility to ELS-related depression is unknown. To examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of PDCD4 on ELS vulnerability, we used a "two-hit" stress mouse model: an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into neonatal mice was performed on postnatal days 7-9 (P7-P9) and inescapable foot shock (IFS) administration in adolescent was used as a later-life challenge. Our study shows that compared with mice that were only exposed to the LPS or IFS, the "two-hit" stress mice developed more severe depression/anxiety-like behaviors and social disability. We detected the levels of PDCD4 in the hippocampus of adolescent mice and found that they were significantly increased in "two-hit" stress mice. The results of immunohistochemical staining and Sholl analysis showed that the number of microglia in the hippocampus of "two-hit" stress mice significantly increased, with morphological changes, shortened branches, and decreased numbers. However, knocking down PDCD4 can prevent the number and morphological changes of microglia induced by ELS. In addition, we confirmed through the Golgi staining and immunohistochemical staining results that knocking down PDCD4 can ameliorate ELS-induced synaptic plasticity damage. Mechanically, the knockdown of PDCD4 exerts neuroprotective effects, possibly via the mediation of BDNF/AKT/CREB signaling. Combined, these results suggest that PDCD4 may play an important role in the ELS-induced susceptibility to depression and, thus, may become a therapeutic target for depressive disorders.

Altered gut microbiota is associated with the formation of occult hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a common blood transmission pathogen worldwide, can lead to viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and other liver diseases. In particular, occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) may be caused by an immune response leading to suppressed virus replication. Gut microbiota can change the immunity status of the human body and, therefore, affect the replication of HBV. Thus, to identify whether there are differences in gut microbiota between HBV carriers and OBI carriers, we collected fecal samples from 18 HBV carriers, 24 OBI blood donors, and also 20 healthy blood donors as negative control. After 16S sequencing, we found that the abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly reduced in samples from OBI blood donors compared with those from healthy blood donors. Compared with samples from HBV carriers, the samples from OBI blood donors had a significantly increased abundance of Subdoligranulum, which might stimulate immune activation, thus inhibiting HBV replication and contributing to the formation of occult infection. Our findings revealed the potential role of gut microbiota in the formation of OBI and further provided a novel strategy for the treatment of HBV infection.IMPORTANCEOccult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a special form of hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negative. Gut microbiota may contribute to the immune response leading to suppressed virus replication and, thus, participates in the development of OBI. The study on gut microbiota of OBI blood donors provides novel data considerably advancing our understanding of the immune mechanism for the determination of occult hepatitis B virus infection, which is helpful for improving the strategy of the treatment of HBV infection.

NCX1/Ca2+ promotes autophagy and decreases bortezomib activity in multiple myeloma through non-canonical NFκB signaling pathway.

Although bortezomib (BTZ) is the cornerstone of anti-multiple myeloma (MM) therapy, the inevitable primary and secondary drug resistance still seriously affects the prognosis of patients. New treatment strategies are in need. Sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) is a calcium-permeable ion transporter on the membrane, and our previous studies showed that low NCX1 confers inferior viability in MM cells and suppressed osteoclast differentiation. However, the effect of NCX1 on BTZ sensitivity of MM and its possible mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of NCX1 on BTZ sensitivity in MM, focusing on cellular processes of autophagy and cell viability. Our results provide evidence that NCX1 expression correlates with MM disease progression and low NCX1 expression increases BTZ sensitivity. NCX1/Ca2+ triggered autophagic flux through non-canonical NFκB pathway in MM cells, leading to attenuated the sensitivity of BTZ. Knockdown or inhibition of NCX1 could potentiate the anti-MM activity of BTZ in vitro and vivo, and inhibition of autophagy sensitized NCX1-overexpressing MM cells to BTZ. In general, this work implicates NCX1 as a potential therapeutic target in MM with BTZ resistance and provides novel mechanistic insights into its vital role in combating BTZ resistance.

Cardiac conduction diseases: understanding the molecular mechanisms to uncover targets for future treatments.

INTRODUCTION: The cardiac conduction system (CCS) is crucial for maintaining adequate cardiac frequency at rest and modulation during exercise. Furthermore, the atrioventricular node and His-Purkinje system are essential for maintaining atrioventricular and interventricular synchrony and consequently maintaining an adequate cardiac output. AREAS COVERED: In this review article, we examine the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the CCS. We then discuss in detail the most common genetic mutations and the molecular mechanisms of cardiac conduction disease (CCD) and provide our perspectives on future research and therapeutic opportunities in this field. EXPERT OPINION: Significant advancement has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of CCD, including the recognition of the heterogeneous signaling at the subcellular levels of sinoatrial node, the involvement of inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms, and the potential impact of epigenetic regulations on CCD. However, the current treatment of CCD manifested as bradycardia still relies primarily on cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). On the other hand, an If specific inhibitor was developed to treat inappropriate sinus tachycardia and sinus tachycardia in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. More work is needed to translate current knowledge into pharmacologic or genetic interventions for the management of CCDs.

Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of Acrylamide Derivatives Containing Trifluoromethylpyridine and Piperazine.

In this study, a series of acrylamide derivatives containing trifluoromethylpyridine or piperazine fragments were rationally designed and synthesized. Subsequently, the in vitro antifungal activities of all of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. The findings revealed that compounds 6b, 6c, and 7e exhibited >80% antifungal activity against Phomopsis sp. (Ps) at the concentration of 50 µg/mL. Furthermore, the EC50 values for compounds 6b, 6c, and 7e against Ps were determined to be 4.49, 6.47, and 8.68 µg/mL, respectively, which were better than the positive control with azoxystrobin (24.83 µg/mL). At the concentration of 200 µg/mL, the protective activity of compound 6b against Ps reached 65%, which was comparable to that of azoxystrobin (60.9%). Comprehensive mechanistic studies, including morphological studies with fluorescence microscopy (FM), cytoplasmic leakage, and enzyme activity assays, indicated that compound 6b disrupts cell membrane integrity and induces the accumulation of defense enzyme activity, thereby inhibiting mycelial growth. Therefore, compound 6b serves as a valuable candidate for the development of novel fungicides for plant protection.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for the production of γ-aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus hilgardii GZ2 from traditional Chinese fermented beverage system.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a crucial neurotransmitter with wide application prospects. In this study, we focused on a GABA-producing strain from a traditional Chinese fermented beverage system. Among the six isolates, Lactobacillus hilgardii GZ2 exhibited the greatest ability to produce GABA in the traditional Chinese fermented beverage system. To increase GABA production, we optimized carbon sources, nitrogen sources, temperature, pH, and monosodium glutamate and glucose concentrations and conducted fed-batch fermentation. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for GABA production and cell growth were glucose, yeast extract and tryptone. Gradual increases in GABA were observed as the glucose and monosodium glutamate concentrations increased from 10 g/L to 50 g/L. During fed-batch fermentation, lactic acid was used to maintain the pH at 5.56, and after feeding with 0.03 g/mL glucose and 0.4 g/mL sodium glutamate for 72 h, the GABA yield reached 239 g/L. This novel high-GABA-producing strain holds great potential for the industrial production of GABA, as well as the development of health-promoting functional foods and medical fields.

Transcriptional regulation of TacL-mediated lipoteichoic acids biosynthesis by ComE during competence impacts pneumococcal transformation.

Competence development is essential for bacterial transformation since it enables bacteria to take up free DNA from the surrounding environment. The regulation of teichoic acid biosynthesis is tightly controlled during pneumococcal competence; however, the mechanism governing this regulation and its impact on transformation remains poorly understood. We demonstrated that a defect in lipoteichoic acid ligase (TacL)-mediated lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) biosynthesis was associated with impaired pneumococcal transformation. Using a fragment of tacL regulatory probe as bait in a DNA pulldown assay, we successfully identified several regulatory proteins, including ComE. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that phosphomimetic ComE, but not wild-type ComE, exhibited specific binding to the probe. DNase I footprinting assays revealed the specific binding sequences encompassing around 30 base pairs located 31 base pairs upstream from the start codon of tacL. Expression of tacL was found to be upregulated in the ΔcomE strain, and the addition of exogenous competence-stimulating peptide repressed the tacL transcription in the wild-type strain but not the ΔcomE mutant, indicating that ComE exerted a negative regulatory effect on the transcription of tacL. Mutation in the JH2 region of tacL upstream regulatory sequence led to increased LTAs abundance and displayed higher transformation efficiency. Collectively, our work identified the regulatory mechanisms that control LTAs biosynthesis during competence and thereby unveiled a repression mechanism underlying pneumococcal transformation.

Day-to-Night Street View Image Generation for 24-Hour Urban Scene Auditing Using Generative AI.

A smarter city should be a safer city. Nighttime safety in metropolitan areas has long been a global concern, particularly for large cities with diverse demographics and intricate urban forms, whose citizens are often threatened by higher street-level crime rates. However, due to the lack of night-time urban appearance data, prior studies based on street view imagery (SVI) rarely addressed the perceived night-time safety issue, which can generate important implications for crime prevention. This study hypothesizes that night-time SVI can be effectively generated from widely existing daytime SVIs using generative AI (GenAI). To test the hypothesis, this study first collects pairwise day-and-night SVIs across four cities diverged in urban landscapes to construct a comprehensive day-and-night SVI dataset. It then trains and validates a day-to-night (D2N) model with fine-tuned brightness adjustment, effectively transforming daytime SVIs to nighttime ones for distinct urban forms tailored for urban scene perception studies. Our findings indicate that: (1) the performance of D2N transformation varies significantly by urban-scape variations related to urban density; (2) the proportion of building and sky views are important determinants of transformation accuracy; (3) within prevailed models, CycleGAN maintains the consistency of D2N scene conversion, but requires abundant data. Pix2Pix achieves considerable accuracy when pairwise day-and-night-night SVIs are available and are sensitive to data quality. StableDiffusion yields high-quality images with expensive training costs. Therefore, CycleGAN is most effective in balancing the accuracy, data requirement, and cost. This study contributes to urban scene studies by constructing a first-of-its-kind D2N dataset consisting of pairwise day-and-night SVIs across various urban forms. The D2N generator will provide a cornerstone for future urban studies that heavily utilize SVIs to audit urban environments.

Carbon Nanofiber Membranes Loaded with MXene@g-C3N4: Preparation and Photocatalytic Property.

In this study, a Ti3C2 MXene@g-C3N4 composite powder (TM-CN) was prepared by the ultrasonic self-assembly method and then loaded onto a carbon nanofiber membrane by the self-assembly properties of MXene for the treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater. The characterization of the TM-CN and the C-TM-CN was conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to ascertain the successful modification. The organic dye degradation experiments demonstrated that introducing an appropriate amount of Ti3C2 MXene resulted in the complete degradation of RhB within 60 min, three times the photocatalytic efficiency of a pure g-C3N4. The C-TM-CN exhibited the stable and outstanding photocatalytic degradation of the RhB solution over a wide range of pH values, indicating the characteristics of the photodegradation of organic pollutants in a wide range of aqueous environments. Furthermore, the results of the cyclic degradation experiments demonstrated that the C-TM-CN composite film maintained a degradation efficiency of over 85% after five cycles, thereby confirming a notable improvement in its cyclic stability. Consequently, the C-TM-CN composite film exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance and is readily recyclable, making it an auspicious eco-friendly material in water environment remediation.

White-Emitting Gold Nanocluster Assembly with Dynamic Color Tuning.

We report that constructed Au nanoclusters (NCs) can afford amazing white emission synergistically dictated by the Au(0)-dominated core-state fluorescence and Au(I)-governed surface-state phosphorescence, with record-high absolute quantum yields of 42.1% and 53.6% in the aqueous solution and powder state, respectively. Moreover, the dynamic color tuning is achieved in a wide warm-to-cold white-light range (with the correlated color temperature varied from 3426 to 24 973 K) by elaborately manipulating the ratio of Au(0) to Au(I) species and thus the electron transfer rate from staple motif to metal kernel. This study not only exemplifies the successful integration of multiple luminescent centers into metal NCs to accomplish efficient white-light emission but also inspires a feasible pathway toward customizing the optical properties of metal NCs by regulating electron transfer kinetics.

Fluoride Induces Neurocytotoxicity by Disrupting Lysosomal Iron Metabolism and Membrane Permeability.

The detrimental effects of fluoride on neurotoxicity have been widely recorded, yet the detailed mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. This study explores lysosomal iron metabolism in fluoride-related neurotoxicity, with a focus on the Steap3/TRPML1 axis. Utilizing sodium fluoride (NaF)-treated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and mouse hippocampal neuron (HT22) cell lines, our research demonstrates that NaF enhances the accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe2+) in these cells, disrupting lysosomal iron metabolism through the Steap3/TRPML1 axis. Notably, NaF exposure upregulated ACSL4 and downregulated GPX4, accompanied by reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These changes indicate increased vulnerability to ferroptosis within neuronal cells. The iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) mitigates this disruption. DFO binds to lysosomal Fe2+ and inhibits the Steap3/TRPML1 axis, restoring normal lysosomal iron metabolism, preventing lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), and reducing neuronal cell ferroptosis. Our findings suggest that interference in lysosomal iron metabolism may mitigate fluoride-induced neurotoxicity, underscoring the critical role of the Steap3/TRPML1 axis in this pathological process.

Design, synthesis and Anti-PVY activity of planar chiral thiourea derivatives incorporated with [2.2]Paracyclophane.

BACKGROUND: Potato virus Y (PVY) is a prominent representative of plant viruses. It can inflict severe damage upon Solanaceae plants, leading to global dissemination and substantial economic losses. To discover new antiviral agents, a class of planar chiral thiourea molecules through the key step of N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed nitrile formation reaction was synthesized with excellent optical purities for antiviral evaluations against plant virus PVY. RESULTS: The absolute configurations of the planar chiral compounds exhibited obvious distinctions in the anti-PVY activities. Notability, compound (S)-4u exhibited remarkable curative activities against PVY, with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 349.3 µg mL-1, which was lower than that of the ningnanmycin (NNM) (EC50 = 400.8 µg mL-1). Additionally, The EC50 value for the protective effects of (S)-4u was 146.2 µg mL-1, which was superior to that of NNM (276.4 µg mL-1). Furthermore, the mechanism-of-action of enantiomers of planar chiral compound 4u was investigated through molecular docking, defensive enzyme activity tests and chlorophyll content tests. CONCLUSION: Biological mechanism studies have demonstrated that the configuration of planar chiral target compounds plays a crucial role in the molecular interaction with PVY-CP, enhancing the activity of defense enzymes and affecting chlorophyll content. The current study has provided significant insights into the roles played by planar chiralities in plant protection against viruses. This paves the way for the development of novel green pesticides bearing planar chiralities with excellent optical purities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Microbiota metabolism of intestinal amino acids impacts host nutrient homeostasis and physiology.

The intestine and liver are thought to metabolize dietary nutrients and regulate host nutrient homeostasis. Here, we find that the gut microbiota also reshapes the host amino acid (aa) landscape via efficiently metabolizing intestinal aa. To identify the responsible microbes/genes, we developed a metabolomics-based assay to screen 104 commensals and identified candidates that efficiently utilize aa. Using genetics, we identified multiple responsible metabolic genes in phylogenetically diverse microbes. By colonizing germ-free mice with the wild-type strain and their isogenic mutant deficient in individual aa-metabolizing genes, we found that these genes regulate the availability of gut and circulatory aa. Notably, microbiota genes for branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and tryptophan metabolism indirectly affect host glucose homeostasis via peripheral serotonin. Collectively, at single-gene level, this work characterizes a microbiota-encoded metabolic activity that affects host nutrient homeostasis and provides a roadmap to interrogate microbiota-dependent activity to improve human health.