Palladium/Amine Dual-Catalyzed Tsuji-Trost Fluoroallylation of Aldehydes with gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes.

We herein disclose the Pd/amine dual-catalyzed ring-opening cross-coupling reaction between gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (gem-F2CPs) with aldehydes, which enables the diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) of 2-fluoroallylic aldehydes bearing all-carbon quaternary centers with features of broad scope and excellent functional group tolerance. The synthetic value of this Tsuji-Trost system was further demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of natural product-derived gem-F2CPs and the diverse synthesis of various fluoroallylic aldehyde derivatives, including alcohol, alkyne, alkene, and amine.

Epitope-Shared Hapten Enhancing Antibody Polyreactivity for Simultaneous Immunochromatography of Oxyphenisatin Adulterants.

Given the significant threat posed by oxyphenisatin adulterants (OPHs) in weight-loss foods, simultaneous analysis of the OPHs is necessary. Herein, four novel haptens based on the general epitope shared among the OPHs were raised by computer-aided chemical modeling prediction, with the expectation of eliciting antibody responses targeting three of the OPHs. One obtained monoclonal antibody (mAb) showed maximal half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.40-12.11 ng/mL for OPHs. The key interaction forces responsible for the corecognition of the OPHs were revealed by the intrinsic molecular mechanism. The developed immunochromatography (ICA) indicated a detection capability for screening (CCß) for OPHs estimated to be 5-600 ng/g in jelly, candy tablets, and oral liquid. Furthermore, the analysis of 15 real samples by our method showed a good correlation with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our research not only presented a rapid approach for identifying OPHs adulteration but also proposed an effective hapten prediction strategy to enhance antibody polyreactivity.

General hapten skeleton motivated duplex-immunoassay for emergent bisoxatin adulterants in slimming foods.

Adulterating hazardous bisoxatin (BSO) and bisoxatin acetate (BSOA) in slimming foods poses a threat to public health. A rapid synchronous detection method is urgently needed. Herein, the precise design of four novel haptens based on the general skeleton of BSO and BSOA was driven by computer-chemical visualization strategy, which was used to raise monoclonal antibody (mAb) toward both target compounds. The generated mAb 1F1 recognized BSO and BSOA with maximal half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.26 and 16.85 ng/mL, respectively. The molecular mechanism governing the duplex-recognition of mAb was elucidated by homology modeling and molecular docking. Finally, an immunochromatography (ICA) was developed for identifying BSO and BSOA, demonstrating a detection capability for screening (CCß) estimated to be 10-500 ng/g in candy tablets, jellies, and oral liquids. This study provides a robust approach for determining adulteration in food and offers insights into hapten design to improve antibody recognition spectrum.

Causal relationships between body mass index, low-density lipoprotein and bone mineral density: Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization.

SUMMARY: Utilizing the Mendelian randomization technique, this research clarifies the putative causal relationship between body mass index (BMI) andbone mineral density (BMD), and the mediating role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The implications of these findings present promising opportunities for enhancing our understanding of complex bone-related characteristics and disorders, offering potential directions for treatment and intervention. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between BMI and BMD, while exploring the intermediary role of LDL in mediating the causal impact of BMI on BMD outcomes via Mendelian randomization. METHODS: In this study, we employed genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on BMI, LDL, and BMD to conduct a comparative analysis using both univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization. RESULTS: Our study employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization design. Considering BMI as the exposure and BMD as the outcome, our results suggest that BMI may function as a potential protective factor for BMD (ß = 0.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, P = 0.01). However, when treating LDL as the exposure and BMD as the outcome, our findings indicate LDL as a risk factor for BMD (ß = -0.04, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.99, P = 0.04). In our multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) model, the combined influence of BMI and LDL was used as the exposure for BMD outcomes. The analysis pointed towards a substantial protective effect of LDL on BMD (ß = 0.08, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97, P = 0.006). In the analysis of mediation effects, LDL was found to mediate the relationship between BMI and BMD, and the effect was calculated at (ß = 0.05, 95% CI 1.052 to 1.048, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BMI may be considered a protective factor for BMD, while LDL may act as a risk factor. Moreover, LDL appears to play a mediatory role in the causal influence of BMI on BMD.

Development of amine-sensitive intelligent film with MIL-100(Fe) as function filler based on anthocyanins/pectin for monitoring chilled meat freshness.

To enhance the amine-sensitivity of intelligent films for accurate monitoring of chilled meat freshness, different additions (0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) of MIL-100(Fe) were incorporated into the matrix composed of anthocyanins (ANs) and pectin (P). Results indicated that the tensile strength, thermal stability, barrier performance and absorption capacity of the films with MIL-100(Fe) were improved significantly (p < 0.05). Especially, the film with 2 % MIL-100(Fe) exhibited the best performance due to its compact structure and the highest crystallinity. Additionally, adsorption isotherms of the films with MIL-100(Fe) were fitted on the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm, and adsorption kinetics were fitted on the pseudo-second-order model and Elovich model, respectively (R2 > 0.96), suggesting a combined mechanism of chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion. Besides, when the films were exposed in ammonia environment, they changed color from purple to blue-violet, finally to green. Ultimately, film with 2 % MIL-100(Fe) was used to monitor the chilled meat freshness, as expected, similar color variation was observed at three stages of meat freshness (fresh, sub-fresh, and spoiled), which enabled the accurate differentiation of meat freshness. Thus, films with MIL-100(Fe) demonstrated the potential to be amine-sensitive intelligent packaging for monitoring chilled meat freshness in real time.

Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides may have an antitumor effect in γδT cells through gut microbiota and TLRs/NF-κB pathway in mice.

Tumor immunotherapy can be a suitable cancer treatment option in certain instances. Here we investigated the potential immunomodulatory effect of oral glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GCP) on the antitumor function of γδT cells in intestinal epithelial cells in mice. We found that GCP can inhibit tumor growth and was involved in the regulation of systemic immunosuppression. GCP administration also promoted the differentiation of gut epithelia γδT cells into IFN-γ-producing subtype through regulation of local cytokines in gut mucosa. GCP administration increased local cytokine levels through gut microbiota and the gut mucosa Toll-like receptors / nuclear factor kappa-B pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that GCP might be a suitable candidate for tumor immunotherapy, although further clinical research, including clinical trials, are required to validate these results.

Ultrafast Charge Transfer Cascade in a Mixed-Dimensionality Nanoscale Trilayer.

Innovation in optoelectronic semiconductor devices is driven by a fundamental understanding of how to move charges and/or excitons (electron-hole pairs) in specified directions for doing useful work, e.g., for making fuels or electricity. The diverse and tunable electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and one-dimensional (1D) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) make them good quantum confined model systems for fundamental studies of charge and exciton transfer across heterointerfaces. Here we demonstrate a mixed-dimensionality 2D/1D/2D MoS2/SWCNT/WSe2 heterotrilayer that enables ultrafast photoinduced exciton dissociation, followed by charge diffusion and slow recombination. Importantly, the heterotrilayer serves to double charge carrier yield relative to a MoS2/SWCNT heterobilayer and also demonstrates the ability of the separated charges to overcome interlayer exciton binding energies to diffuse from one TMDC/SWCNT interface to the other 2D/1D interface, resulting in Coulombically unbound charges. Interestingly, the heterotrilayer also appears to enable efficient hole transfer from SWCNTs to WSe2, which is not observed in the identically prepared WSe2/SWCNT heterobilayer, suggesting that increasing the complexity of nanoscale trilayers may modify dynamic pathways. Our work suggests "mixed-dimensionality" TMDC/SWCNT based heterotrilayers as both interesting model systems for mechanistic studies of carrier dynamics at nanoscale heterointerfaces and for potential applications in advanced optoelectronic systems.

Enantioselective Tsuji-Trost α-Fluoroallylation of Amino Acid Esters with Gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes.

A novel enantioselective Tsuji-Trost-type cross coupling reaction between gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes and N-unprotected amino acid esters enabled by synergistic Pd/Ni/chiral aldehyde catalysis is presented herein. This transformation streamlined the diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) of optically active α-quaternary α-amino acid esters bearing a linear 2-fluoroallylic motif, which served as an appealing platform for the construction of other valuable enantioenriched compounds. The key intermediates were confirmed by HRMS detection, while DFT calculations revealed that the excellent enantioselectivity was attributed to the stabilizing non-covalent interactions between the Pd(II)-π-fluoroallyl species and the Ni(II)-Schiff base complex.

The effectiveness of fire needle therapy in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is common in clinical practice and imposes both physical and psychological distress on patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of fire needle therapy for the treatment of RAS, providing a basis for clinical decision-making. METHODS: Eight databases, in both Chinese and English, were searched from their inception until December 2022. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that utilized fire needle therapy, either alone or combined with other treatments for RAS, were considered. Data evaluation and extraction were conducted independently by 2 authors. RESULTS: The revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Version 2 tool was employed to assess the risk of bias in the included RCTs. A meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 15.0. Nine RCTs involving 1469 patients were selected for inclusion. The meta-analysis revealed that, compared to a non-fire-needle control group (primarily utilizing vitamin and transfer factor treatments), fire needle therapy for RAS significantly improved the total effective rate (relative risk = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.14, 1.36], P < .00001), reduced the visual analogue scale score (mean difference = -1.68, 95% CI [-1.82, -1.53], P < .0001), diminished the Traditional Chinese Medicine symptom score (standardized mean difference = -1.20, 95% CI [-1.76, -0.65], P < .0001), and shortened the healing time (mean difference = -1.66, 95% CI [-2.73, -0.59], P = .002). Notably, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the groups (relative risk = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.36, 0.01], P = .06). Further subgroup analysis on total efficacy rate was performed based on variables such as experimental group intervention, control group intervention, and duration of therapy to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Fire needle therapy appears to be a clinically effective treatment for RAS, offering benefits such as pain alleviation, symptom improvement based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine parameters, and faster recovery. Nonetheless, the overall quality of the RCTs available raises concerns. Future research, involving high-quality RCTs, is essential to confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of this treatment. Registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42023387973).

Enantioselective Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Desymmetrizative Coupling of 7-Azabenzonorbornadienes with Alkynylanilines.

A PdII -catalyzed, domino enantioselective desymmetrizative coupling of 7-azabenzonorbornadienes with alkynylanilines is disclosed herein. This operationally simple transformation generates three covalent bonds and two contiguous stereocenters with excellent enantio- and diastereo-selectivity. The resulting functionalized indole-dihydronaphthalene-amine conjugates served as an appealing platform to streamline the diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) of other valuable enantioenriched compounds. DFT calculations revealed that the two stabilizing non-covalent interactions contributed to the observed enantioselectivity.

Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium marinum infection using targeted nanopore sequencing: a case report.

Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that can cause infectious diseases in aquatic animals and humans. Culture-based pathogen detection is the gold standard for diagnosing NTM infection. However, this method is time-consuming and has low positivity rates for fastidious organisms. Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing is an emerging third-generation sequencing technology that can sequence DNA or RNA directly in a culture-independent manner and offers rapid microbial identification. Further benefits include low cost, short turnaround time, long read lengths, and small equipment size. Nanopore sequencing plays a crucial role in assessing drug resistance, clinical identification of microbes, and monitoring infectious diseases. Some reports on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using nanopore sequencing have been published, however, there are few reports on NTM, such as M. marinum. Here, we report the use of nanopore sequencing for the diagnosis of M. marinum.

Choroidal metastasis from gastric cancer: A case report and review of the literature.

Choroidal metastatic tumours from gastric cancer (GC) are rare compared with breast and lung cancer. Here, we report a patient with GC who presented to our ophthalmology clinic with a one-week history of left eye visual disorder and pain. Fundoscopic and B-scan examinations suggested a choroidal metastatic tumour. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans confirmed our initial diagnosis. Histopathology and immunohistochemical findings showed the tumour most likely originated from the gastrointestinal tract. Although the patient was well after eye removal, he died two months after surgery. Metastasis of GC should be a consideration when a patient with a history of GC presents with eye pain, decreased vision, and/or high intraocular pressure.

Bazi Bushen alleviates skin senescence by orchestrating skin homeostasis in SAMP6 mice.

Bazi Bushen, a Chinese-patented drug with the function of relieving fatigue and delaying ageing, has been proven effective for extenuating skin senescence. To investigate the potential mechanism, senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) was intragastrically administered with Bazi Bushen for 9 weeks to induce skin homeostasis. Skin homeostasis is important in mitigating skin senescence, and it is related to many factors such as oxidative stress, SASP, apoptosis, autophagy and stem cell. In our study, skin damage in SAMP6 mice was observed using HE, Masson and SA-ß-gal staining. The content of hydroxyproline and the activities of SOD, MDA, GSH-PX and T-AOC in the skin were measured using commercial assay kits. The level of SASP factors (IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, MMP2 and MMP9) in skin were measured using ELISA kits. The protein expressions of p16, p21, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase-3, LC3, p62, Beclin1, OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG were measured by western blotting. The expression of ITGA6 and COL17A1 was measured by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. Our findings demonstrated that Bazi Bushen alleviated skin senescence by orchestrating skin homeostasis, reducing the level of oxidative stress and the expression of SASP, regulating the balance of apoptosis and autophagy and enhancing the protein expressions of ITGA6 and COL17A1 to improve skin structure in SAMP6 mice. This study indicated that Bazi Bushen could serve as a potential therapy for alleviating skin senescence.

Bazi Bushen maintains intestinal homeostasis through inhibiting TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway and regulating gut microbiota in SAMP6 mice.

BACKGROUND: Bazi Bushen is a Chinese patented medicine with multiple health benefits and geroprotective effects, yet, no research has explored its effects on intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Bazi Bushen on intestinal inflammation and the potential mechanism of gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal homeostasis in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6). The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were used to determine the level of intestinal inflammation. The aging-related ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) staining and Western blotting were used to measure the extent of intestinal aging. The 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) was performed to analyze the change in gut microbiota composition and distribution. RESULTS: Bazi Bushen exerted remarkable protective effects in SAMP6, showing a regulated mucosal barrier and increased barrier integrity. It also suppressed intestinal inflammation through down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α) and inhibiting TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway (MYD88, p-p65, and TLR4). Bazi Bushen improved intestinal aging by reducing the area of SA-ß-gal-positive cells and the expression of senescence markers p16, p21, and p53. In addition, Bazi Bushen effectively rebuilt the gut microbiota ecosystem by decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Klebsiella, whiles increasing the ratio of Lactobacillus/Bacteroides and the abundance of Akkermansia. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that Bazi Bushen could serve as a potential therapy for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Authenticating Emergent Adulterant 6-Benzylaminopurine in Bean Sprouts: Virtual Hapten Similarity Enhanced Immunoassay.

6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA), a plant growth regulator with cytokinin-like properties, was recently reported to be illegally used in bean sprouts to increase their commercial appearance. It is still nevertheless challenging to quickly detect this adulteration. In this work, four novel haptens (haptens 1-4) of 6-BA were rationally designed with computer-assisted modeling analysis and then synthesized for use as immunizing haptens to produce antibodies. One of two obtained antibodies showed high sensitivity and specificity toward 6-BA. Based on the most sensitive anti-6-BA antibody, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was performed, which demonstrated a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1.18 µg/L and a limit of detection of 0.075 µg/L. The average recoveries of this icELISA for 6-BA of spiked samples ranged from 87.2 to 95.0% with a coefficient of variation of less than 8.7%. Furthermore, the blind samples were detected simultaneously by the method and HPLC-MS/MS, and the results showed good agreement with each other. Therefore, the proposed icELISA can facilitate the rapid surveillance screening of adulterated 6-BA in sprout vegetables.

Identifying fungicide difenoconazole as illegal growth regulator in vegetable: Computer-aided hapten similarity to enhance immunoassay sensitivity.

Difenoconazole, a fungicide with broad-spectrum properties, has recently been found to have been used illegally used as a plant growth regulator in Brassica campestris, with the intent of inducing thick stems and dark green leaves. However, analysts have encountered challenges in implementing a rapid surveillance screening approach for this purpose. In this study, a novel hapten was designed to improve the analytical performance of difenoconazole immunoassay. Specifically, the triazole of the original hapten was replaced with a benzene ring, guided by molecular simulation. This led to the development of a very sensitive antibody and the subsequent development of a competitive indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) for the detection of difenoconazole in vegetable samples. The assay exhibited a working range of 0.16 ng mL-1 to 9.64 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.05 ng mL-1. Upon analysis of blind samples, a strong correlation was observed between the ciELISA and HPLC-MS/MS methods. As a result, the proposed technique may prove to be an excellent tool for the rapid detection of difenoconazole overuse and adulteration in vegetables.

Echinacea purpurea-derived homogeneous polysaccharide exerts anti-tumor efficacy via facilitating M1 macrophage polarization.

Echinacea purpurea modulates tumor progression, but the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. We isolated and purified a novel homogeneous polysaccharide from E. purpurea (EPPA), which was shown to be an arabinogalactan with a mean molecular mass (Mr) of 3.8 × 104 Da and with α- (1 → 5) -L-Arabinan as the backbone and α-L-Araf-(1→, →6)-ß-D-Galp-(1→, and →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ as the side chains. Interestingly, oral administration of EPPA suppresses tumor progression in vivo and shapes the immune cell profile (e.g., facilitating M1 macrophages) in tumor microenvironment by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. More importantly, EPPA activates the inflammasome through a phagocytosis-dependent mechanism and rewires transcriptomic and metabolic profile, thereby potentiating M1 macrophage polarization. Collectively, we propose that EPPA supplementation could function as an adjuvant therapeutic strategy for tumor suppression.

Nickel-Catalyzed, Enantioselective Hydrofluoromethylation of Olefins: Access to Chiral α-Fluoromethylated Amides and Esters.

We herein report the nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydrofluoromethylation of enamides and enol esters with CH2FI as the fluoromethyl source to enable the diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) of chiral α-fluoromethylated amides as well as esters with features of wide functional group compatibility as well as excellent enantioselectivity. The synthetic value of this protocol was demonstrated by transformations of the resulted α-fluoromethylated amides to different scaffolds including amine, oxazoline, thiazoline, and α-fluoromethylated tetrahydroquinoline.

Development of a highly sensitive immunoassay for detecting aminopyrine abuse in herbal tea.

With the popularity of herbal tea in China, many food fraudsters have added illegal drugs to herbal tea to enhance its functions, among which aminopyrine is widely abused as an antipyretic and analgesic. Presently, there is no immunoassays for aminopyrine, and it is difficult to achieve real-time detection in the field. Based on a polyclonal antibody of aminopyrine with high specificity and sensitivity, an optimal combination of coating antigen/antibody was obtained by screening different coating antigens. On this basis, a sensitive ic-ELISA method was established to detect aminopyrine in herbal tea. The detection limit of the ic-ELISA was 0.18 ng mL-1, which was much lower than the 100 ng mL-1 required as a standard. The method had good consistency with LC-MS in the detection of actual samples and could be used as a reliable method for the detection of aminopyrine in herbal tea.

Developing an ultrasensitive immunochromatographic assay for authentication of an emergent fraud aminopyrine in herbal tea.

Aminopyrine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug only for medical purposes, however, it has been illegally added in traditional Chinese herbal teas for fraud activity recently. In this study, a specific antibody against aminopyrine with IC50 of 3.00 ng/mL was obtained for the first time by a rational hapten design. Furthermore, an ultrasensitive gold nanoparticles immunochromatographic assay (AuNPs-ICA) for determination of aminopyrine based on a portable reader was firstly developed, with cut-off value of 100.00 ng/mL, limit of detection (LOD) of 4.80 ng/mL and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5.71 ng/mL for herbal tea, respectively. The recovery rates ranged from 93.21 % to 105.61 %, with inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) from 1.08 % to 3.82 %. Additionally, 24 blind samples were examined simultaneously by AuNPs-ICA and LC-MS/MS, demonstrating a good consistency for each other. The proposed AuNPs-ICA is an ultrasensitive and reliable tool for on-site surveillance screening of fraud additives in herbal tea.