Study on decision-making for orthodontic treatment plans based on analytic hierarchy process.

BACKGROUND: Orthodontics is a common treatment for malocclusion and is essential for improving the oral health and aesthetics of patients. Currently, patients often rely on the clinical expertise and professional knowledge of doctors to select orthodontic programs. However, they lack their own objective and systematic evaluation methods to quantitatively compare different programs. Therefore, there is a need for a more comprehensive and quantitative approach to selecting orthodontic treatment plans, aiming to enhance their scientific validity and effectiveness. METHODS: In this study, a combination of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and semantic analysis was used to evaluate and compare different orthodontic treatment options. An AHP model and evaluation matrix were established through thorough research and semantic analysis of patient requirements. This model considered various treatment factors. Expert panels were invited to rate these factors using a 1-9 scale. The optimal solution was determined by ranking and comparing different orthodontic treatment plans using the geometric mean method to calculate the weights of each criterion. RESULTS: The research indicates a higher preference for invisible correction compared to other orthodontic solutions, with a weight score that is 0.3923 higher. Factors such as comfort and difficulty of cleaning have been given significant attention. CONCLUSION: The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method can be utilized to effectively develop orthodontic treatment plans, making the treatment process more objective, scientific, and personalized. The design of this study offers strong decision support for orthodontic treatment, potentially improving orthodontic treatment outcomes in clinical practice and ultimately enhancing oral health and patients' quality of life.

The factors affecting the development of medicinal plants from a value chain perspective.

MAIN CONCLUSION: From a value chain perspective, this paper examines the important factors from the selection of planting areas to storage, which restrict the development of medicinal plants. The purpose of this paper is to provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have significant economic and medicinal value. Due to the gradual depletion of wild medicinal plant resources, cultivators of medicinal plants must resort to artificial cultivation to cope. However, there are still many problems in the production process of medicinal plants, resulting in decreases in both yield and quality, thus hindering sustainable development. To date, research on the value chain of medicinal plants is still limited. Therefore, this paper analyzes the factors affecting the development of medicinal plants from the perspective of the value chain, including the selection of growing areas to the storage process of medicinal plants, and summarizes the challenges faced in the production process of medicinal plants. The purpose of this paper is to provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of medicinal plants.

Localization of mechanical and electrical defects in dry-type transformers using an optimized acoustic imaging approach.

This paper presents an acoustic imaging localization system designed to pinpoint common defects in dry-type transformers by analyzing the unique sounds they produce during operation. The system includes an optimized microphone array and an improved multiple signal classification algorithm. Sound signal characteristics of typical defects, such as foreign object intrusion, screw loosening, and partial discharge, are investigated. A 64-element, 8-arm spiral microphone array is designed using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The multiple signal classification algorithm enhances acoustic imaging quality in field environments by transforming the input from time-domain to preprocessed frequency-domain signals. The power spectra of subarray and main array are combined, forming the optimization algorithm's output. Experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness and accuracy.

Lignin and spent bleaching clay into mono-aromatic hydrocarbons by a cascade dual catalytic pyrolysis system: Critical role of spent bleaching clay.

In the present study, a cascade dual catalytic system was used for the co-pyrolysis of lignin with spent bleaching clay (SBC) to efficiently produce mono-aromatic hydrocarbon (MAHs). The cascade dual catalytic system is composed of calcined SBC (CSBC) and HZSM-5. In this system, SBC not only acts as a hydrogen donor and catalyst in the co-pyrolysis process, but is also used as a primary catalyst in the cascade dual catalytic system after recycling the pyrolysis residues. The effects of different influencing factors (i.e., temperature, CSBC-to-HZSM-5 ratio, and raw materials-to-catalyst ratio) on the system were explored. It was observed that, when the temperature was 550 °C, the CSBC-to-HZSM-5 ratio was 1:1, and when the raw materials-to-catalyst ratio was 1:2, the highest bio-oil yield was 21.35 wt%. The relative MAHs content in bio-oil was 73.34 %, whereas the relative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content was 23.01 %. Meanwhile, the introduction of CSBC inhibited the generation of graphite-like coke as indicated by HZSM-5. This study realizes the full resource utilization of spent bleaching clay and reveals the environmental hazards caused by spent bleaching clay and lignin waste.

Preparation and Application of Foaming Agent Based on the Compound System of Short-Chain Fluorocarbon and Soybean Residue Protein.

This study provides a new idea for the design of an advanced foaming agent with soybean residue protein (SRP) as a potential protein source. In order to achieve the most effective foaming performance, we employed the novel approach of response surface methodology (RSM) to improve important process parameters in a hot-alkali experiment. The experimental results showed that the optimum reaction parameters of pH and temperature were pH 10.2 and 50.5 °C, respectively, which, when continued for 3 h, led to the highest foaming property of the SRP foaming agent (486 mL). Based on the scheme, we also designed an experiment whereby we incorporated 1.0g/L FS-50 into the SRP foaming agent (SRP-50) to achieve higher foaming capacity compared with the commercial foaming agent. This foaming agent was cheaper than commercial vegetable protein foaming agents (12 USD/L) at 0.258 USD/L. Meanwhile, the properties of foam concrete prepared using SRP-50 were studied in comparison with a commercial vegetable protein foaming agent (PS). The results demonstrated that the foam prepared using SRP-50 had better stability, and the displacement of the foam decreased by 10% after 10 min. During the curing period, the foam concrete possesseda compressive strength of 5.72 MPa after 28 days, which was an increase from 2.95 MPa before. The aperture of the foam ranged from 100 to 500 µm with the percentage increasing up to 71.5%, which indicated narrower pore-size distribution and finer pore size. In addition, the shrinkage of the foam concrete was also improved. These findings not only achieve the utilization of waste but also provide a new source for protein foaming agents.

Zinc Supplementation Forms Influenced Zinc Absorption and Accumulation in Piglets.

The study aimed at determining the effect of different zinc (Zn) supplementation forms on Zn accumulation, activities of Zn-containing enzymes, gene expression of metallothionein (MT), and Zn transporters in piglets. Eighteen piglets were randomly divided into three groups: (a) a basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg Zn from Zn methionine (Zn-Met) in the feed (Zn-Met group), (b) a basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg Zn from Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) in the feed (ZnSO4, feed group), and (c) a basal diet supplemented with the same dose of Zn as in ZnSO4,feed group but in water (ZnSO4, water group). The results showed that Zn-Met added in feed and ZnSO4 dissolved in drinking water significantly improved (p < 0.05) the Zn concentration in liver and jejunum and the apparent digestibility of Zn in comparison with the ZnSO4 added in feed. In addition, dietary Zn supplementation as Zn-Met significantly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the jejunum of piglets in comparison with the ZnSO4, feed group. Furthermore, the Zn-Met and ZnSO4, water groups showed an improved total superoxide dismutase activity (T-SOD) in the ileum as compared to the ZnSO4, feed group. Meanwhile, the qPCR and western blot results showed that Zn-Met and ZnSO4 dissolved in drinking water increased the expression of MT in the jejunum in comparison with the ZnSO4 added in the piglets' feed. However, different Zn supplementation forms had no effect on the mRNA expressions of Zip4 and ZnT1 transporters. In conclusion, Zn-Met added in feed and ZnSO4 dissolved in drinking water had higher bioavailability in piglets.

Multi-branch fusion network for Myocardial infarction screening from 12-lead ECG images.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a myocardial anoxic incapacitation caused by severe cardiovascular obstruction that can cause irreversible injury or even death. In medical field, the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common and effective way to diagnose myocardial infarction, which often requires a wealth of medical knowledge. It is necessary to develop an approach that can detect the MI automatically. METHODS: In this paper, we propose a multi-branch fusion framework for automatic MI screening from 12-lead ECG images, which consists of multi-branch network, feature fusion and classification network. First, we use text detection and position alignment to automatically separate twelve leads from ECG images. Then, those 12 leads are input into the multi-branch network constructed by a shallow neural network to get 12 feature maps. After concatenating those feature maps by depth fusion, classification is explored to judge the given ECG is MI or not. RESULTS: Based on extensive experiments on an ECG image dataset, performances of different combinations of structures are analyzed. The proposed network is compared with other networks and also compared with physicians in the practical use. All the experiments verify that the proposed method is effective for MI screening based on ECG images, which achieves accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1-score of 94.73%, 96.41%, 95.94% and 93.79% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rather than using the typical one-dimensional electrical ECG signal, this paper gives an effective model to screen MI by analyzing 12-lead ECG images. Extracting and analyzing these 12 leads from their corresponding ECG images is a good attempt in the application of MI screening.

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin in a cascade dual-catalyst system of modified red mud and HZSM-5 for aromatic hydrocarbon production.

Catalytic pyrolysis of lignin over a dual-catalyst system of modified red mud and HZSM-5 was carried out in a bench-scale micro-reactor. Effects of pyrolysis temperature, modified red mud to HZSM-5 ratio, catalysts to lignin ratio on the yield of products and selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated. Results indicated that 550 °C was the optimal pyrolysis temperature with the maximal yield of bio-oil (20.16 wt%). At a modified red mud to HZSM-5 ratio of 1:1, the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) increased to 41.27% whereas that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) decreased to 22.65%. Likewise, at a catalysts to lignin ratio of 2:1, a higher content of MAHs was produced with a decreased content of PAHs. The cascade dual-catalyst system may serve as an efficient approach to disposing lignin and red mud wastes with significant environmental impact. Besides, this study provides a solution for the valorization of lignin-rich resources.

Comparative study on fast pyrolysis of agricultural straw residues based on heat carrier circulation heating.

Fast pyrolysis of agricultural straw residues based on ceramic ball circulation heating was studied by using an originally developed V-shaped drop tube pyrolysis unit. The yields of bio-oil, bio-char and pyrolysis gas from these straw residues were in the range of 41-46, 26-30 and 26-29 wt%, respectively, with maize straw giving the highest bio-oil yield. A quadratic model was developed to correlate the cellulose-to-lignin-ratio (CLR) and hemicellulose-to-lignin-ratio (HLR) with bio-oil yield. For a given HLR above 1.12, the bio-oil yield continued to increase as the CLR increased. However, when the HLR was between 0.86 and 1.12, it tended to decrease first and then increase with the increase of CLR. In contrast with CS, the proportions of acids and ketones in the bio-oils increased by 13.3% and 14.8% for MS and 9.2% and 30.5% for WS, respectively, while the proportion of phenols decreased by 9.9% and 14.3%.

Numerical simulation and experiment on catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors in V-shaped downer reactors.

Catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors is an effective utilization technology of biomass energy. Based on the disadvantages of commonly used reactors, the V-shaped downer reactors were designed to increase gas-solid two-phase turbulent intensity, contact frequency and then increase the catalytic efficiency in short residence time. The catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapors in V-shaped downer reactors in terms of hydrodynamics, chemical reaction and residence time distribution were analyzed by CFD simulation and experiment. The results indicate that the solid concentration gradient decreases while flowing down. The overall mass fraction of the bio-oil vapors is around 50%. The mean residence time of catalysts in the V-shaped reactor is 2.0 s-3.0 s. The effects on product yield and residence time distribution were investigated for optimizing product selectivity and the performance of catalysts. In this paper the optimal flow rates of gas and catalysts are vg = 1.2 m s-1, vs = 0.4 m s-1.

Effect of pretreatment on chemical characteristic and thermal degradation behavior of corn stalk digestate: Comparison of dry and wet torrefaction.

In this study, the dry torrefaction (DT) and wet torrefaction (WT) were compared at different temperatures to explore the effect of these pretreatments on the characteristic of corn stalk digestate (CSD) and the thermal degradation behaviors. The results indicated the both torrefactions improved the fuel properties of CSD, including the lower volatiles content, higher carbon content and HHV. The WT showed higher removals of organics and alkali metals, while DT retained more carbon and ash. The SEM, FTIR and XRD analyses indicated the existence of organic coverings of WT samples, and showed richer surface functional groups, relative complete lignin structure and higher crystallinity compared to DT samples. The thermogravimetric analysis displayed the torrefied temperature above 260 °C (DT) or 220 °C (WT) was not suitable for CSD pyrolysis. Besides, the WT samples showed the more concentrated combustion range, while DT tends the burning of CSD to the behavior of coal.

Influence of inherent hierarchical porous char with alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on lignin pyrolysis.

This study aimed to explore the influence of inherent hierarchical porous char with alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) during pyrolysis of lignin derived from agricultural crop residues in a laboratory fixed-bed at 550 °C. A catalytic strategy was implemented to investigate volatile-char interactions based on ex situ lignin pyrolysis. The physico-chemical properties of the AAEMs-loaded char were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and N2 nitrogen adsorption analyses. Results indicated that AAEMs-loaded char had a large specific surface area, hierarchical porosity, amorphous carbon structure, surface-active functional groups and highly dispersed metal species. Specifically, the specific surface area of AAEMs-loaded char was significantly reduced owing to coke deposition after interaction with pyrolysis vapours. Bio-oil composition revealed substantial increases in phenol, o-cresol, p-cresol and catechol. These increases were mainly attributed to demethylation, demethoxylation, or alkyl substitution reaction. The experimental results confirmed the occurrence of significant volatile-char interactions during lignin pyrolysis.

Fast pyrolysis of corn stovers with ceramic ball heat carriers in a novel dual concentric rotary cylinder reactor.

Fast pyrolysis of corn stovers with ceramic ball heat carriers in a dual concentric rotary cylinder reactor was studied to explore the product yields and characteristics in response to temperature. The reactor was confirmed to successfully scale up to a 25 kg/h pilot plant, with its performance being excellent. The highest bio-oil yield of 48.3 wt% at 500 °C was attained with the char and gas yields being 26.8 and 24.9 wt%. Phenols content was reduced from 22.3% to 18.9% when elevating temperature from 450 until 600 °C, with guaiacols and alkyl phenols being the predominant compounds, while ketones accounted for 15.8-23.0% and their content showed a continuous increase, with hydroxyacetone being the paramount ketonic one. Acetic acid was the dominant acidic compound with its peak content of 9.4% at 500 °C. The char characteristics in response to temperatures were determined for subsequent processing and high value-added utilization.

Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Biochar Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composites.

Rice husk biochar was utilized to reinforce high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and to prepare biochar/plastic composites (BPC) by the extrusion method. Morphologies, non-isothermal crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The SEM (scanning electron microscope) showed that HDPE was embedded into the holes of the rice husk biochar. The DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) showed that biochar could reduce the crystallization rate and the higher the content of rice husk biochar, the slower the crystallization rate. Significantly, the bending and tensile strength of BPC could reach 53.7 and 20 MPa, far beyond WPC (wood plastic composites). With the increase of filler content, BPC were still stronger than WPC, although the impact strength of BPC and WPC all showed a general decline in the trend. The strong interaction was achieved by the utilization of rice husk biochar to reinforce HDPE.

Enhancing biogas production of corn stover by fast pyrolysis pretreatment.

A new thermo-chemical pretreatment by a lower temperature fast pyrolysis (LTFP) was applied to promote anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency of corn stover (CS). The pretreatment experiment was performed by a fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor at 180, 200 and 220°C with a carrier gas flow rate of 4 and 3m(3)/h. The components characteristics, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and Crystal Intensity (CrI) of the pretreated CS were tested to explore effectiveness of the pretreatment. The results showed that the cumulative methane production at 180°C for 4 and 3m(3)/h were 199.8 and 200.3mL/g TS, respectively. As compared to the untreated CS, the LTFP pretreatment significantly (a<0.05) increased the methane production by 18.07% and 18.33%, respectively. Methane production was well fitted by the Gompertz models, and the maximum methane potential and AD efficiency was obtained at 180°C for 3m(3)/h.

Biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil production in a fluidized bed reactor under hot flue atmosphere.

Fast pyrolysis experiments of corn stalk were performed to investigate the optimal pyrolysis conditions of temperature and bed material for maximum bio-oil production under flue gas atmosphere. Under the optimized pyrolysis conditions, furfural residue, xylose residue and kelp seaweed were pyrolyzed to examine their yield distributions of products, and the physical characteristics of bio-oil were studied. The best flow rate of the flue gas at selected temperature is obtained, and the pyrolysis temperature at 500 degrees C and dolomite as bed material could give a maximum bio-oil yield. The highest bio-oil yield of 43.3% (W/W) was achieved from corn stalk under the optimal conditions. Two main fractions were recovered from the stratified bio-oils: light oils and heavy oils. The physical properties of heavy oils from all feedstocks varied little. The calorific values of heavy oils were much higher than that of light oils. The pyrolysis gas could be used as a gaseous fuel due to a relatively high calorific value of 6.5-8.5 MJ/m3.

Effect of temperature on gas composition and char structural features of pyrolyzed agricultural residues.

The gases and chars produced during fast pyrolysis of maize stalk, rice straw, cotton straw and rice husk at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000°C were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, non-dispersive infrared technique, thermal conductivity detection method, ultimate analysis, X-ray diffraction, helium density measurement and N(2) adsorption method. The gas yield increased by more than 80% from 600 to 1000°C, while the char and liquid yield decreased. The content of CO(2), CO and CH(4) accounted for more than 86%. The CO and CH(4) content increased with temperature, while the CO(2) content decreased. The hydroxyl, aliphatic CH, carbonyl, olefinic CC and ether groups were lost above 800°C. Carbon skeleton shrinkage increased by more than 23% when the temperature increased from 600 to 1000°C. Maximum porosity appeared at 900°C. This study revealed the relationships between gas composition/char properties and pyrolysis temperature under high heating rate conditions.

An exploratory survey of money boys and HIV transmission risk in Jilin Province, PR China.

This report represents the first exploratory study of Chinese men who provide commercial sex services to other men ("money boys") in Jilin Province, People's Republic of China, through a convenience sample drawn from Changchun and Jilin City. A total of 86 active money boy participants (Changchun, n = 49; Jilin City, n = 37) were surveyed concerning background and demographics, basic HIV transmission knowledge, and sexual practices. The survey indicated that while Jilin Province money boy behavior matches other studies concerning propensity to high risk behavior and significant bridging potential, the Jilin money boys, unlike previous studies, exhibited a high level of basic HIV/AIDS transmission knowledge. In spite of this level of knowledge, none of the participants reported always using a condom in their sexual activities. They also exhibited a high level of awareness of voluntary counseling and testing available in the province, yet relatively few had availed themselves of these services. These preliminary findings will be used as a baseline and springboard for continuing study in the Jilin Province money boy community. Even now, however, it is becoming clear that the dynamics of male commercial sex work may vary greatly depending upon local influences, and will necessitate that future interventions are highly tailored to area-specific circumstances.

Long-term effects of B-type natriuretic peptide infusion after acute myocardial infarction in a rat model.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of exogenous B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) on postmyocardial infarction (MI) are not known. We tested the hypothesis that in vivo infusion of BNP would improve cardiac function and affect left ventricular (LV) remodeling in an experimental model of MI. METHODS: MI was induced by coronary ligation in rats and confirmed by echocardiography. 19 rats were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: sham (n = 7), MI + saline (n = 5), MI + BNP (400 ng.kg(-1).minute(-1)) (n = 7). Infusions were delivered for 7 days via venous catheters tunneled to an infusion pump. Rats were followed for 8 weeks. Echocardiography, hemodynamics, histology, and in vivo and ex vivo pressure-volume relationships were examined. RESULTS: LV systolic pressure, LV dP/dtmax, and infarct size improved with BNP treatment versus control MI group (132 +/- 4 vs.110 +/- 2 mm Hg, 8097 +/- 317 vs. 5816 +/- 378 mm Hg/s, 19.3% +/- 1.6% vs. 23.3% +/- 1.9%, respectively; all P < 0.05). Ex vivo end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship demonstrated reduced diastolic dysfunction after BNP therapy (P < 0.05 vs. control MI). Serum BNP levels confirmed delivery of BNP. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate beneficial effects on LV function and decreased LV remodeling with BNP infusion in an experimental model of acute MI.

p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition reduces inflammatory cytokines in a brain-dead transplant donor animal model.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to determine the degree of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation in rat heart and lungs after experimentally induced brain death and to test whether SD-282, a synthetic and selective small molecule inhibitor of p38 MAPK, abrogates p38 MAPK activation invoked by this brain death model. METHODS: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with vehicle (control, n=7) or SD-282 (40mg/kg, n=6), for 15min prior to the induction of brain death and maintained with ventilatory support for 3h. IL-6 and TNFalpha were measured in plasma, heart and lungs using ELISA, and p38 MAPK via Western blot assay. RESULTS: p38 MAPK inhibition was demonstrated by lower p38 MAPK activity in lungs from SD-282-treated donors compared to control (Median [inter-quartile range]: 13.6[4.0-19.0]% vs 20.2[14.7-31.5]% activity, p=0.06). Although levels varied, significant inhibition of p38 MAPK by SD-282 was not observed in the heart. SD-282 significantly lowered IL-6 and TNFalpha values compared to control in plasma (64[51-81]pg/ml vs 352[200-755]pg/ml, p=0.003 and 4.3[1.5-9.0]pg/ml vs 21.1[10.5-31.5]pg/ml, p=0.015, respectively) and lungs (0.14[0.12-0.62] vs 5.8[3.6-6.0]pg/mg protein, p=0.03 and 0.41[0.33-0.45] vs 2.1[1.4-2.7]pg/mg protein, p=0.0027, respectively), however SD-282 did not significantly affect cardiac cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS: p38 MAPK inhibition with SD-282 decreases the pro-inflammatory response as represented by lower IL-6 and TNFalpha in plasma and lungs following brain death. However, although in heart this response was variable, no significant effect could be demonstrated under the present conditions.