Optical vectorial-mode parity Hall effect: a case study with cylindrical vector beams.

The vectorial optical field (VOF) assumes a pivotal role in light-matter interactions. Beyond its inherent polarization topology, the VOF also encompasses an intrinsic degree of freedom associated with parity (even or odd), corresponding to a pair of degenerate orthogonal modes. However, previous research has not delved into the simultaneous manipulation of both even and odd parities. In this study, we introduce and validate the previously unexplored parity Hall effect for vectorial modes using a metasurface design. Our focus lies on a cylindrical vector beam (CVB) as a representative case. Through the tailored metasurface, we effectively separate two degenerate CVBs with distinct parities in divergent directions, akin to the observed spin states split in the spin Hall effect. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of this effect in multi-order CVB demultiplexing and parity-demultiplexed CVB-encoded holography. This effect unveils promising opportunities for various applications, including optical communication and imaging.

Redistribution of defective mitochondria-mediated dihydroorotate dehydrogenase imparts 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer.

Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the primary chemotherapy treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), its efficacy is limited by drug resistance. Ferroptosis activation is a promising treatment for 5-FU-resistant cancer cells; however, potential therapeutic targets remain elusive. This study investigated ferroptosis vulnerability and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) activity using stable, 5-FU-resistant CRC cell lines and xenograft models. Ferroptosis was characterized by measuring malondialdehyde levels, assessing lipid metabolism and peroxidation, and using mitochondrial imaging and assays. DHODH function is investigated through gene knockdown experiments, tumor behavior assays, mitochondrial import reactions, intramitochondrial localization, enzymatic activity analyses, and metabolomics assessments. Intracellular lipid accumulation and mitochondrial DHODH deficiency led to lipid peroxidation overload, weakening the defense system of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells against ferroptosis. DHODH, primarily located within the inner mitochondrial membrane, played a crucial role in driving intracellular pyrimidine biosynthesis and was redistributed to the cytosol in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. Cytosolic DHODH, like its mitochondrial counterpart, exhibited dihydroorotate catalytic activity and participated in pyrimidine biosynthesis. This amplified intracellular pyrimidine pools, thereby impeding the efficacy of 5-FU treatment through molecular competition. These findings contribute to the understanding of 5-FU resistance mechanisms and suggest that ferroptosis and DHODH are promising therapeutic targets for patients with CRC exhibiting resistance to 5-FU.

Virulence, antibiotic resistance phenotypes and molecular characterisation of Vibrio furnissii isolates from patients with diarrhoea.

BACKGROUND: Vibrio furnissii is an emerging human pathogen closely related to V. fluvialis that causes acute gastroenteritis. V. furnissii infection has been reported to be rarer than V. fluvialis, but a multi-drug resistance plasmid has recently been discovered in V. furnissii. METHODS: During daily monitoring at a general hospital in Beijing, China, seven V. furnissii strains were collected from patients aged over 14 years who presented with acute diarrhoea between April and October 2018. Genome analysis and comparison were performed for virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmids and transposon islands, together with phylogenetic analysis. Antimicrobial resistance to 19 antibiotics was investigated using the microbroth dilution method. Virulence phenotypes were investigated based on type VI secretion system (T6SS) expression and using a bacterial killing assay and a haemolysin assay. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealed a closer relationship between V. furnissii and V. fluvialis than between other Vibrio spp. The seven V. furnissii isolates were in different monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the seven cases of gastroenteritis were independent. High resistance to cefazolin, tetracycline and streptomycin was found in the V. furnissii isolates at respective rates of 100.0%, 57.1% and 42.9%, and intermediate resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and imipenem was observed at respective rates of 85.7% and 85.7%. Of the tested strains, VFBJ02 was resistant to both imipenem and meropenem, while VFBJ01, VFBJ02, VFBJ05 and VFBJ07 were multi-drug resistant. Transposon islands containing antibiotic resistance genes were found on the multi-drug resistance plasmid in VFBJ05. Such transposon islands also occurred in VFBJ07 but were located on the chromosome. The virulence-related genes T6SS, vfh, hupO, vfp and ilpA were widespread in V. furnissii. The results of the virulence phenotype assays demonstrated that our isolated V. furnissii strains encoded an activated T6SS and grew in large colonies with strong beta-haemolysis on blood agar. CONCLUSION: This study showed that diarrhoea associated with V. furnissii occurred sporadically and was more common than expected in the summer in Beijing, China. The antibiotic resistance of V. furnissii has unique characteristics compared with that of V. fluvialis. Fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime and doxycycline, were effective at treating V. furnissii infection. Continua laboratory-based surveillance is needed for the prevention and control of V. furnissii infection, especially the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance genes in this pathogen.

A nomogram for predicting adverse pathologic features in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Identifying risk factors for adverse pathologic features in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) can provide valuable insights into the necessity of surgical or non-surgical treatment. This study aims to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of adverse pathologic features in low-risk PTMC patients. METHODS: A total of 662 patients with low-risk PTMC who underwent thyroid surgery were retrospectively analyzed in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from May 2019 to December 2021. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for adverse pathologic features, and a nomogram was constructed based on these factors. RESULTS: Most PTMC patients with these adverse pathologic features had tumor diameters greater than 0.6 cm (p < 0.05). Other factors (age, gender, family history of thyroid cancer, history of autoimmune thyroiditis, and BRAFV600E mutation) had no significant correlation with adverse pathologic features (p > 0.05 each). The nomogram was drawn to provide a quantitative and convenient tool for predicting the risk of adverse pathologic features based on age, gender, family history of thyroid cancer, autoimmune thyroiditis, tumor size, and BRAFV600E mutation in low-risk PTMC patients. The areas under curves (AUC) were 0.645 (95% CI 0.580-0.702). Additionally, decision curve analysis (DCA) and calibration curves were used to evaluate the clinical benefits of this nomogram, presenting a high net benefit. CONCLUSION: Tumor size > 0.60 cm was identified as an independent risk factor for adverse pathologic features in low-risk PTMC patients. The nomogram had a high predictive value and consistency based on these factors.

Localization and expression of phospholipase A2 and polyunsaturated fatty acid profile in the testis tissues of Hu sheep.

The fatty acid content and the localization and expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the testis of Hu sheep were investigated. A total of 18 six-month-old Hu sheep were divided into small group (S, with left testis weight < 50 g), medium group (M, with left testis weight among 90-110 g), and large group (L, with left testis weight >160 g), which had six individuals each. The expression of PLA2 in testicular tissues of different sizes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. The fatty acid profile was detected by gas chromatography. Immunohistochemical labeling determined that PLA2 protein was expressed in the Leydig and Sertoli cells of testis, and the immunohistochemical average optional density in the S group was significantly greater than the L group (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis showed that PLA2 in the S group was greater than that in the L group (P < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and total PUFA content in the testis of the L group were significantly less than those of the S and M groups (P < 0.01). This study showed that PLA2 content in the S group was greater than that in the L group.

Serotype conversion gene rfbT is directly regulated by histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) in V. cholerae O1.

Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 (V. cholerae O1) is closely associated with cholera epidemics and has two main immunologically distinguishable serotypes, Ogawa and Inaba. Isolates serotype as Ogawa if the O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) is methylated or as Inaba if the O-PS is not methylated. This methylation is mediated by a methyltransferase encoded by the rfbT gene, and the mutation and low expression of rfbT results in serotype switch from Ogawa to Inaba. Previously, we have shown that cAMP receptor protein (CRP) activates rfbT. In this study, we demonstrated that histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) is directly involved in the transcriptional repression of rfbT. This finding is supported by the analyses of rfbT mRNA level, rfbT-lux reporter fusions, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and DNase I footprinting assay. The rfbT mRNA abundances were significantly increased by deleting hns rather than fis which also preferentially associates with AT-rich sequences. A single-copy chromosomal complement of hns partly restored the down-regulation of rfbT. Analysis of rfbT-lux reporter fusions validated the transcriptional repression of hns. Subsequent EMSA and DNase I footprinting assay confirmed the direct binding of H-NS to rfbT promoter and mapped the exact binding site which was further verified by site-directed mutagenesis and promoter functional analysis. Furthermore, we found that in hns deletion mutant, CRP is no longer required for transcriptionally activating rfbT, suggesting that CRP functions as a dedicated transcription factor to relieve H-NS repression at rfbT. Together, this study expanded our understanding of the genetic regulatory mechanism of serotype conversion by global regulators in V. cholerae O1.

Quinolone Resistance Genes and Their Contribution to Resistance in Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O139.

BACKGROUND: Quinolones are commonly used for reducing the duration of diarrhea, infection severity, and limiting further transmission of disease related to Vibrio cholerae, but V. cholerae susceptibility to quinolone decreases over time. In addition to mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs), the presence of qnr and other acquired genes also contributes to quinolone resistance. RESULTS: We determined the prevalence of quinolone resistance related genes among V. cholerae O139 strains isolated in China. We determined that eight strains carried qnrVC, which encodes a pentapeptide repeat protein of the Qnr subfamily, the members of which protect topoisomerases from quinolone action. Four qnrVC alleles were detected: qnrVC1, qnrVC5, qnrVC12, and qnrVC9. However, the strains carrying qnrVC1, qnrVC5, and qnrVC12 were ciprofloxacin (CIP)-sensitive. Contrastingly, the strain carrying qnrVC9 demonstrated high CIP resistance. qnrVC9 was carried by a small plasmid, which was conjugative and contributed to the high CIP resistance to the receptor V. cholerae strain. The same plasmid was also detected in V. vulnificus. The qnrVC1, qnrVC5, and qnrVC12 were cloned into expression plasmids and conferred CIP resistance on the host V. cholerae O139 strain. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed the contribution of quinolone resistance mediated by the qnrVC9 carried on the small plasmid and its active horizontal transfer among Vibrio species. The results also suggested the different effects of qnrVC alleles in different V. cholerae strains, which is possibly due to differences in sequences of qnrVC alleles and even the genetic characteristics of the host strains.

Differences of the anti-oxidative capability, GPX3, and Cu/ZnSOD expression in Hu sheep testis with different size at six-month-old.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in the anti-oxidant capabilities and related gene expressions of six-month-old Hu sheep with different testis sizes. A total of 201 Hu ram lambs were fed up to 6 months in the same environment. Based on their testis weight and sperm count, 18 individuals were selected and divided into large (n = 9) and small (n = 9) groups, with an average testis weight of 158.67 g ± 5.21 g and 44.58 g ± 4.14 g, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in testis tissue were tested. The localization of antioxidant-related genes, GPX3 and Cu/ZnSOD in testis were detected by immunohistochemistry. The GPX3, Cu/ZnSOD expression, and relative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with the small group, the T-AOC (2.69 ± 0.47 vs. 1.16 ± 0.22 U/mgprot) and T-SOD (22.35 ± 2.59 vs. 9.92 ± 1.62 U/mgprot) in the large group were significantly higher, whereas the MDA (0.72 ± 0.13 vs. 1.34 ± 0.17 nM/mgprot) and relative mtDNA copy number in the large group was significantly lower (p < .05). Immunohistochemistry results indicated that the GPX3 and Cu/ZnSOD were expressed in Leydig cells and seminiferous tubule. The expressions of GPX3 and Cu/ZnSOD mRNA in the large group were significantly higher than those in the small group (p < .05). In conclusion, Cu/ZnSOD and GPX3 widely expressed in the Leydig cells and seminiferous tubule, high expression of Cu/ZnSOD and GPX3 in a large group has a higher potential in addressing oxidative stress and contribute to spermatogenesis.

Identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using confocal Raman microspectroscopy and chemometrics.

Rapid and accurate identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is of great importance because they are often responsible for the majority of serious foodborne illnesses. The confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) is a fast and easy-to-use method known for its effectiveness in detecting and identifying microorganisms. This study demonstrates that CRM combined with chemometrics can serve as a rapid, reliable, and efficient method for the detection and identification of foodborne pathogenic bacteria without any laborious pre-treatments. Six important foodborne pathogenic bacteria including S. flexneri, L. monocytogenes, V. cholerae, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and C. botulinum were investigated with CRM. These pathogenic bacteria can be differentiated based on several characteristic peaks and peak intensity ratio. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for investigating the difference of various samples and reducing the dimensionality of the dataset. Performances of some classical classifiers were compared for bacterial detection and identification including decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), and Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA). Correct recognition ratio (CRR), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), cumulative gains, and lift charts were used to evaluate the performance of models. The impact of different pretreatment methods on the models was explored, and pretreatment methods include Savitzky-Golay algorithm smoothing (SG), standard normal variate (SNV), multivariate scatter correction (MSC), and Savitzky-Golay algorithm 1st Derivative (SG 1st Der). In the DT, ANN, and FDA model, FDA is more robust for overfitting problem and offers the highest accuracy. Most pretreatment methods raised the performance of the models except SNV. The results revealed that CRM coupled with chemometrics offers a powerful tool for the discrimination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

TssI2-TsiI2 of Vibrio fluvialis VflT6SS2 delivers pesticin domain-containing periplasmic toxin and cognate immunity that modulates bacterial competitiveness.

Vibrio fluvialis is a halophilic Gram-negative bacterium regarded as an emerging unusual enteric pathogen of increasing public health concern. Our previous work has identified two type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) in V. fluvialis, VflT6SS1, and VflT6SS2, and the latter is functional in mediating interbacterial competitiveness. However, its antibacterial effectors remain to be clarified. In this work, we focused on a new potential effector/immunity pair TssI2/TsiI2. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the C-terminal domain of TssI2 belongs to a widespread family of pesticin, and its antibacterial toxicity and corresponding protection by TsiI2 were proved via bacterial killing assays, and their action sites were localized to the periplasm of bacterial cells. The interaction of TssI2 and TsiI2 was demonstrated by the bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid, protein pull-down and isothermal titration calorimetry assays. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that, in addition to Glu-844, Thr-863, and Asp-869, which correspond to three reported residues in pesticin of Yersinia pestis, additional residues including Phe-837, Gly-845, Tyr-851, Gly-867, Gln-963, Trp-975, and Arg-1000 were also proved to be crucial to the bactericidal activity of TssI2. Muramidase/lysozyme-related peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolase activities of TssI2 and its variants were validated with permeabilized Escherichia coli cells and purified PG substrate. Based on sequence homologies at C-terminals in various V. fluvialis isolates, TssI2 was subdivided into five clusters (12-22% identity among them), and the antibacterial activities of representative effectors from other four Clusters were also confirmed through periplasmic over-expression in E. coli host. Two selected cognate immunities were proved to confer protection against the toxicities of their effectors. Additionally, TsiI2, which belongs to Cluster I, exhibited cross-protection to effector from Cluster V. Together, current findings expand our knowledge of the diversity and consistency of evolved VgrG effectors in V. fluvialis and on how VflT6SS2 mediates a competitive advantage to gain a better survival.

Efficacy and safety of targeted therapeutics for patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Background: Multiple targeted therapeutics are available for radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC), but it remains unclear which treatment is optimal to achieve long-term survival. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was conducted to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of targeted treatments for patients with RAIR-DTC from inception to April, 2022. Data were extracted by following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR), its corresponding 95% credible intervals (CrI), and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) to indicate ranking probability using Bayesian network meta-analyses. The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and grade 3 or higher adverse events. Results: A total of 12 eligible RCTs involved 1,959 patients and 13 treatments: apatinib, cabozantinib, anlotinib, nintedanib, lenvatinib, lenvatinib with low dose (LD), sorafenib, sorafenib plus everolimus, donafenib (200 mg), donafenib (300 mg), pazopanib (continuous), pazopanib (intermittent), and vandetanib. Pooled analyses indicated that targeted therapeutics significantly prolonged PFS and OS in patients with RAIR-DTC (0.31, 0.21-0.41; 0.69, 0.53-0.85, respectively) compared with placebo. Network meta-analyses indicated that lenvatinib showed the most favorable PFS, with significant differences versus sorafenib (0.33, 0.23-0.48), vandetanib (0.31, 0.20-0.49), nintedanib (0.30, 0.15-0.60), and placebo (0.19, 0.15-0.25), while apatinib was most likely to be ranked first for prolonging OS with a SUCRA of 0.90. Lenvatinib showed the highest ORR (66%, 61%-70%), followed by anlotinib (59%, 48%-70%) and apatinib (54%, 40%-69%). Lenvatinib caused the most adverse events of grade 3 or higher, followed by lenvatinib (LD) and apatinib. Different toxicity profiles of individual treatment were also revealed. Conclusion: This network meta-analysis suggests that lenvatinib and apatinib were associated with the best progression-free survival and overall survival benefits, respectively, for patients with RAIR-DTC, compared with other targeted therapeutics. Patients who received lenvatinib or apatinib also had more grade 3 or higher adverse events. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=302249], identifier [CRD42022302249].

Total thyroidectomy vs thyroid lobectomy for localized medullary thyroid cancer in adults: A propensity-matched survival analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to clarify whether the extent of thyroidectomy (total thyroidectomy vs thyroid lobectomy) influences survival in adults with localized medullary thyroid cancer. METHODS: Patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2000-2018). An independent cohort of patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer were retrospectively reviewed from three medical centers in China from 2010 to 2020. The patients were grouped by the extent of surgery (total thyroidectomy vs thyroid lobectomy). Primary end points were overall survival and disease-specific survival. RESULTS: From 1,686 patients with medullary thyroid cancer identified in SEER, 1,122 patients met inclusion for matching, with a median follow-up of 99 months. After propensity score matching, 122 patients underwent a total thyroidectomy and 122 patients underwent a thyroid lobectomy. The 10-year overall survival was 85.2% (77.9%-90.7%) and 83.1% (75.5%-90.7%) in total thyroidectomy group and in thyroid lobectomy group, respectively. The 10-year disease-specific survival was 100% and 96.8% (93.1%-100%) in total thyroidectomy group and in thyroid lobectomy group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival or disease-specific survival in patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer undergoing total thyroidectomy or thyroid lobectomy (hazard ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.44-1.57, P = .57 and hazard ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.10-2.41, P = .39, respectively). Forty-seven patients with localized medullary thyroid cancer were identified in an independent Chinese cohort (n = 29 in total thyroidectomy group vs n = 18 in thyroid lobectomy group). After a median follow-up of 47 months, there was no mortality observed in either group. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the extent of thyroidectomy does not influence survival for patients with early-stage localized medullary thyroid cancer and that thyroid lobectomy might be adequate in this patient population.

Induction of senescence upon loss of the Ash2l core subunit of H3K4 methyltransferase complexes.

Gene expression is controlled in part by post-translational modifications of core histones. Methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4), associated with open chromatin and gene transcription, is catalyzed by type 2 lysine methyltransferase complexes that require WDR5, RBBP5, ASH2L and DPY30 as core subunits. Ash2l is essential during embryogenesis and for maintaining adult tissues. To expand on the mechanistic understanding of Ash2l, we generated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) with conditional Ash2l alleles. Upon loss of Ash2l, methylation of H3K4 and gene expression were downregulated, which correlated with inhibition of proliferation and cell cycle progression. Moreover, we observed induction of senescence concomitant with a set of downregulated signature genes but independent of SASP. Many of the signature genes are FoxM1 responsive. Indeed, exogenous FOXM1 was sufficient to delay senescence. Thus, although the loss of Ash2l in MEFs has broad and complex consequences, a distinct set of downregulated genes promotes senescence.

VfqI-VfqR quorum sensing circuit modulates type VI secretion system VflT6SS2 in Vibrio fluvialis.

V. fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen and could cause cholera-like gastroenteritis syndrome and poses a potential threat to public health. VflT6SS2 is a functionally active type VI secretion system (T6SS) in V. fluvialis which confers bactericidal activity. VflT6SS2 is composed of one major cluster and three hcp-vgrG orphan clusters. Previously, we identified two quorum sensing (QS) systems CqsA/LuxS-HapR and VfqI-VfqR in V. fluvialis and demonstrated that the former regulates VflT6SS2. However, whether VfqI-VfqR QS regulates VflT6SS2 is unknown. In this study, we showed that the mRNA abundances of VflT6SS2 tssD2 (hcp), tssI2 (vgrG) and tssB2 (vipA) were all significantly decreased in VfqI or/and VfqR deletion mutant(s). Consistently, Hcp expression/secretion was reduced too in these mutants. Complementation assay with VfqR mutant further confirmed that the reduced Hcp expression/secretion and impaired antibacterial virulence are restored by introducing VfqR-expressing plasmid. Reporter fusion analyses revealed that VfqR modulates the promoter activities of VflT6SS2. Bioinformatical prediction and further reporter fusion assay in E. coli supported that VfqR acts as a transcriptional factor to bind and regulate the gene expression of the VflT6SS2 major cluster. However, VfqR seems to promote transcription of hcp (tssD2) in the orphan clusters through elevating the expression of vasH which is encoded by the VflT6SS2 major cluster. Additionally, we found that the regulation intensity of VfqR on VflT6SS2 is weaker than that of HapR. In conclusion, our current study disclosed that in V. fluvialis, VfqI-VfqR circuit upregulates the expression and function of VflT6SS2 by directly or indirectly activating its transcription. These findings will enhance our understanding of the complicated regulatory network between QS and T6SS in V. fluvialis.

Population genomics of the food-borne pathogen Vibrio fluvialis reveals lineage associated pathogenicity-related genetic elements.

Vibrio fluvialis is a food-borne pathogen with epidemic potential that causes cholera-like acute gastroenteritis and sometimes extraintestinal infections in humans. However, research on its genetic diversity and pathogenicity-related genetic elements based on whole genome sequences is lacking. In this study, we collected and sequenced 130 strains of V. fluvialis from 14 provinces of China, and also determined the susceptibility of 35 of the strains to 30 different antibiotics. Combined with 52 publicly available V. fluvialis genomes, we inferred the population structure and investigated the characteristics of pathogenicity-related factors. The V. fluvialis strains exhibited high levels of homologous recombination and were assigned to two major populations, VflPop1 and VflPop2, according to the different compositions of their gene pools. VflPop2 was subdivided into groups 2.1 and 2.2. Except for VflPop2.2, which consisted only of Asian strains, the strains in VflPop1 and VflPop2.1 were distributed in the Americas, Asia and Europe. Analysis of the pathogenicity potential of V. fluvialis showed that most of the identified virulence-related genes or gene clusters showed high prevalence in V. fluvialis, except for three mobile genetic elements: pBD146, ICEVflInd1 and MGIVflInd1, which were scattered in only a few strains. A total of 21 antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in the genomes of the 182 strains analysed in this study, and 19 (90%) of them were exclusively present in VflPop2. Notably, the tetracycline resistance-related gene tet(35) was present in 150 (95%) of the strains in VflPop2, and in only one (4%) strain in VflPop1, indicating it was population-specific. In total, 91% of the 35 selected strains showed resistance to cefazolin, indicating V. fluvialis has a high resistance rate to cefazolin. Among the 15 genomes that carried the previously reported drug resistance-related plasmid pBD146, 11 (73%) showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which we inferred was related to the presence of the dfr6 gene in the plasmid. On the basis of the population genomics analysis, the genetic diversity, population structure and distribution of pathogenicity-related factors of V. fluvialis were delineated in this study. The results will provide further clues regarding the evolution and pathogenic mechanisms of V. fluvialis, and improve our knowledge for the prevention and control of this pathogen.

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury Near the Nerve Entry Point in Total Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLNI) still occurs in total endoscopic thyroidectomy (TET) by using intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). As the region where most injuries occur, more attention should be paid to RLNI near the nerve entry point (NEP) in TET. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cohort study collected retrospectively data from 415 patients who underwent TET between February 2012 and December 2019. The functions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in TET were recorded by IONM. The patients with RLNI near the NEP were followed up by laryngoscopies. The demographic and clinical characteristics, the mechanisms of RLNI, and the outcomes of RLNI were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: There were a total of 444 at-risk nerves in 405 patients were analyzed. The incidence of RLNI near the NEP was 7.9%. RLNs with extralaryngeal branches were more likely to be injured near the NEP (P = 0.037). The incidences of different types of RLNI, in order of frequency, were 68.8% for thermal injury (n = 22), 28.1% for traction/compression injury (n = 9), and 3.1% for transverse injury (n = 1). A total of 93.8% (n = 30) of RLNI patients had complete recovery of vocal cord activity function. CONCLUSION: The extralaryngeal branch was a risk factor for RLNI near the NEP in TET. Thermal injury caused by an ultrasonic scalpel was the most common cause of RLNI near the NEP. Most RLNIs near the NEP would eventually recover.

Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer amount for best performance and highest economic return of winter wheat under limited irrigation conditions.

Inappropriate water and fertilizer management can lead to unstable crop yields. Excessive fertilization can potentially cause soil degradation and nitrogen (N) leaching. The aim of this study was to explore the optimal N application rate on two wheat varieties with different nitrogen responding under limited water irrigation at three experimental sites in the Piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains, China. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of five N application rates (N0, N120, N180, N240, and N300) on winter wheat growth, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, grain N accumulation, and net return. The results showed that N application rate significantly affected leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and harvest index. Variety and variety × N rate interactions had a significant effect on few indicators. Compared with N0, N180 improved leaf area index, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and grain N accumulation. Compared with N240 and N300, N180 increased the harvest index and N harvest index, without significantly reducing grain yield or grain N accumulation, while enhancing a higher N use efficiency. Fertilizers applied in the ranges of 144.7-212.9 and 150.3-247.0 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest net return for the KN199 and JM585 varieties, respectively. Our study provides a sound theoretical basis for high-efficiency fertilizer utilization in sustainable winter wheat production in the Piedmont plains of the Taihang Mountains of China.

Increased thyroid malignancy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have reported the increased incidence of thyroid cancer in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). However, the underlying risk factors of concomitant thyroid cancer in patients with PHPT remain unknown. The primary aim of this study was to examine the records of patients with PHPT to identify characteristics that correlated with the presence of coexisting thyroid nodules, and which may have an implication for the prediction of thyroid cancer. METHODS: Medical records of consecutive patients with PHPT (n = 318) were reviewed from January 2010 to September 2020 in two tertiary medical centers in China. Patient clinicopathological and biological data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Of a total of 318 patients with PHPT, 105 (33.0%) patients had thyroid nodules and 26 (8.2%) patients were concomitant with thyroid cancer. A total of 38 thyroid nodules taken from 26 patients were pathologically assessed to be well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), with 81% being papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). In 79% (30/38) of these cancers, thyroid nodules were considered suspicious following preoperative ultrasound. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender was associated with increased risk of thyroid nodules (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.13-3.99, P = 0.019), while lower log-transformed parathyroid hormone levels were an independent predictor of thyroid cancer in patients with PHPT (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.93, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we observed a relatively high prevalence of thyroid cancer in our cohort of Chinese patients with PHPT. Evaluation of thyroid nodules by preoperative ultrasound may be advisable in patients with PHPT, particularly for females and patients with modestly elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels.

vgrG is separately transcribed from hcp in T6SS orphan clusters and is under the regulation of IHF and HapR.

V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera epidemic, and V. fluvialis, the emerging foodborne pathogen, share highly homologous T6SS consisting of one large cluster and two small orphan or auxiliary clusters, and each of which was generally recognized as one operon. Here, we showed that the genes in each of the small clusters are organized into two transcriptional units. Specifically, the inner tube coding gene hcp/tssD is highly transcribed as one monocistron, while the tip component vgrG/tssI and its downstream effector and immunity genes are in one polycistron with very low transcriptional level. This conclusion is supported by qPCR analysis of mRNA abundance, reporter fusion analysis and transcriptional unit definition with RT-PCR analysis. Taking tssI2_a of V. fluvialis as an example, we further demonstrated that quorum sensing (QS) regulator HapR and global regulator IHF activate vgrG/tssI transcription by directly binding to its promoter region. Taken together, current studies deepen our understanding of T6SS system, highlighting its regulatory complexity during functional execution process.