Interstitial lung abnormalities in a large clinical lung cancer screening cohort: association with mortality and ILD diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are CT findings suggestive of interstitial lung disease in individuals without a prior diagnosis or suspicion of ILD. Previous studies have demonstrated that ILA are associated with clinically significant outcomes including mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ILA in a large CT lung cancer screening program and the association with clinically significant outcomes including mortality, hospitalizations, cancer and ILD diagnosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of individuals enrolled in a CT lung cancer screening program from 2012 to 2014. Baseline and longitudinal CT scans were scored for ILA per Fleischner Society guidelines. The primary analyses examined the association between baseline ILA and mortality, all-cause hospitalization, and incidence of lung cancer. Kaplan-Meier plots were generated to visualize the associations between ILA and lung cancer and all-cause mortality. Cox regression proportional hazards models were used to test for this association in both univariate and multivariable models. RESULTS: 1699 subjects met inclusion criteria. 41 (2.4%) had ILA and 101 (5.9%) had indeterminate ILA on baseline CTs. ILD was diagnosed in 10 (24.4%) of 41 with ILA on baseline CT with a mean time from baseline CT to diagnosis of 4.47 ± 2.72 years. On multivariable modeling, the presence of ILA remained a significant predictor of death, HR 3.87 (2.07, 7.21; p < 0.001) when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, pack years and active smoking, but not of lung cancer and all-cause hospital admission. Approximately 50% with baseline ILA had progression on the longitudinal scan. CONCLUSIONS: ILA identified on baseline lung cancer screening exams are associated with all-cause mortality. In addition, a significant proportion of patients with ILA are subsequently diagnosed with ILD and have CT progression on longitudinal scans. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT04503044.

Qualitative coronary artery calcification scores and risk of all cause, COPD and pneumonia hospital admission in a large CT lung cancer screening cohort.

BACKGROUND: Patients at high-risk for lung cancer and qualified for CT lung cancer screening (CTLS) are at risk for numerous cardio-pulmonary comorbidities. We sought to examine if qualitatively assessed coronary artery calcifications (CAC) on CTLS exams could identify patients at increased risk for non-cardiovascular events such as all cause, COPD and pneumonia related hospitalization and to verify previously reported associations between CAC and mortality and cardiovascular events. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients (n = 4673) from Lahey Hospital and Medical Center who underwent CTLS from January 12, 2012 through September 30, 2017 were included with clinical follow-up through September 30, 2019. CTLS exams were qualitatively scored for the presence and severity of CAC at the time of exam interpretation using a four point scale: none, mild, moderate, and marked. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between CT qualitative CAC and all-cause, COPD-related, and pneumonia-related hospital admissions. RESULTS: 3631 (78%) of individuals undergoing CTLS had some degree of CAC on their baseline exam: 1308 (28.0%), 1128 (24.1%), and 1195 (25.6%) had mild, moderate and marked coronary calcification, respectively. Marked CAC was associated with all-cause hospital admission and pneumonia related admissions HR 1.48; 95% CI 1.23-1.78 and HR 2.19; 95% 1.30-3.71, respectively. Mild, moderate and marked CAC were associated with COPD-related admission HR 2.30; 95% CI 1.31-4.03, HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.20-3.91 and HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.24-4.15. CONCLUSION: Qualitative CAC on CTLS exams identifies individuals at elevated risk for all cause, pneumonia and COPD-related hospital admissions.

Qualitative emphysema and risk of COPD hospitalization in a multicenter CT lung cancer screening cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, 9 to 10 million Americans are estimated to be eligible for computed tomographic lung cancer screening (CTLS). Those meeting criteria for CTLS are at high-risk for numerous cardio-pulmonary co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to determine the association between qualitative emphysema identified on screening CTs and risk for hospital admission. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study from two CTLS cohorts: Lahey Hospital and Medical Center (LHMC) CTLS program, Burlington, MA and Mount Auburn Hospital (MAH) CTLS program, Cambridge, MA. CTLS exams were qualitatively scored by radiologists at time of screening for presence of emphysema. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between CT qualitative emphysema and all-cause, COPD-related, and pneumonia-related hospital admission. RESULTS: We included 4673 participants from the LHMC cohort and 915 from the MAH cohort. 57% and 51.9% of the LHMC and MAH cohorts had presence of CT emphysema, respectively. In the LHMC cohort, the presence of emphysema was associated with all-cause hospital admission (HR 1.15, CI 1.07-1.23; p < 0.001) and COPD-related admission (HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.14-2.36; p = 0.007), but not with pneumonia-related admission (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.27-1.83; p < 0.001). In the MAH cohort, the presence of emphysema was only associated with COPD-related admission (HR 2.05; 95% CI 1.07-3.95; p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Qualitative CT assessment of emphysema is associated with COPD-related hospital admission in a CTLS population. Identification of emphysema on CLTS exams may provide an opportunity for prevention and early intervention to reduce admission risk.

Quantitative Pectoralis Muscle Area is Associated with the Development of Lung Cancer in a Large Lung Cancer Screening Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of developing lung cancer. We conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating baseline quantitative computed tomography (CT) measurements of body composition, specifically muscle and fat area in a large CT lung screening cohort (CTLS). We hypothesized that quantitative measurements of baseline body composition may aid in risk stratification for lung cancer. METHODS: Patients who underwent baseline CTLS between January 1st, 2012 and September 30th, 2014 and who had an in-network primary care physician were included. All patients met NCCN Guidelines eligibility criteria for CTLS. Quantitative measurements of pectoralis muscle area (PMA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were performed on a single axial slice of the CT above the aortic arch with the Chest Imaging Platform Workstation software. Cox multivariable proportional hazards model for cancer was adjusted for variables with a univariate p < 0.2. Data were dichotomized by sex and then combined to account for baseline differences between sexes. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred and ninety six patients were included in this study. A total of 79 (4.7%) patients developed lung cancer. There was an association between the 25th percentile of PMA and the development of lung cancer [HR 1.71 (1.07, 2.75), p < 0.025] after adjusting for age, BMI, qualitative emphysema, qualitative coronary artery calcification, and baseline Lung-RADS® score. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative assessment of PMA on baseline CTLS was associated with the development of lung cancer. Quantitative PMA has the potential to be incorporated as a variable in future lung cancer risk models.

Efficacy of Oscillation and Lung Expansion in Reducing Postoperative Pulmonary Complication.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) cause high morbidity and mortality. Targeted treatment for patients at risk for PPCs can improve outcomes. This multicenter prospective trial examined the impact of oscillation and lung expansion (OLE) therapy, using continuous high-frequency oscillation and continuous positive expiratory pressure on PPCs in high-risk patients. METHODS: In stage I, CPT and ICD codes were queried for patients (n = 210) undergoing thoracic, upper abdominal, or aortic open procedures at 3 institutions from December 2014 to April 2016. Patients were selected randomly. Age, comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification scores, and PPC rates were determined. In stage II, 209 subjects were enrolled prospectively from October 2016 to July 2017 using the same criteria. Stage II subjects received OLE treatment and standard respiratory care. The PPCs rate (prolonged ventilation, high-level respiratory support, pneumonia, ICU readmission) were compared. We also compared ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and mortality using t-tests and analysis of covariance. Data are mean ± SD. RESULTS: There were 419 subjects. Stage II patients were older (61.1 ± 13.7 years vs 57.4 ± 15.5 years; p < 0.05) and had higher American Society of Anesthesiologists scores. Treatment with OLE decreased PPCs from 22.9% (stage I) to 15.8% (stage II) (p < 0.01 adjusted for age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and operation time). Similarly, OLE treatment reduced ventilator time (23.7 ± 107.5 hours to 8.5 ± 27.5 hours; p < 0.05) and hospital LOS (8.4 ± 7.9 days to 6.8 ± 5.0 days; p < 0.05). No differences in ICU LOS, pneumonia, or mortality were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment with OLE reduces PPCs and resource use in high-risk surgical patients.

Leading Change and Negotiation Strategies for Division Leaders in Clinical Medicine.

Most physician leaders assume their administrative role based on past achievements but with very little leadership training. In this article, leaders of the Association of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division Directors describe two leadership skills that are often required to effectively lead in a clinical division at an academic or community hospital setting: leading change and negotiation strategy. We adopted our discussion from the business sector and refined the approaches through our own experiences to help division leaders in leading a successful team, whether as a division chief, residency or fellowship program director, or a clinical service director. Leading any change project may include an eight-step process, starting with creating a sense of urgency and completing with anchoring the change to the organizational culture. We then review negotiation strategies, comparing positional bargaining vs principled negotiation, to create more changes and continuing growth for the division. Finally, we discuss the importance of emotional intelligence, exemplary leadership practices, and self-development that the division leader should embrace.

Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy in Intensive Care Units.

PURPOSE: We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the physiological and clinical outcomes of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with standard oxygen (O2) or conventional noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in intensive care units (ICUs). PROCEDURES: We selected the full-text prospective studies comparing HFNC with standard O2 or NIV in ICU. The continuous variables were analyzed with sample size-adjusted pooled t test. The categorical variables were extracted and combined for recalculating odds ratio. FINDINGS: We included 18 articles with 2004 patients. No difference was observed in the below outcomes comparing HFNC with standard O2: oxygen saturation (95.0% vs 93.8%, P = .27), Pao2/Fio2 (217.7 vs 161.9 mm Hg, P = .29), Paco2 (38.3 vs 39.3 mm Hg, P = .33), pH (7.416 vs 7.419, P = .90), discomfort (1.19 vs 1.44, P = .44), intubation or reintubation rate (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-1.21, P = .27), and ICU stay (4.0 vs 4.5 days, P = .90). Below outcomes were modestly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: respiratory rate (21.6 vs 24.7, P = .06) and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.43-1.11, P = .13). Below outcomes were significantly improved with HFNC compared to standard O2: heart rate (89.1 vs 98.4, P = .03), Pao2 (104.5 vs 90.0 mm Hg, P = .04), and dyspnea (2.7 vs 4.3, P = .05). When comparing HFNC to NIV, below outcomes were significantly lower: Pao2 (106.9 vs 134.2 mm Hg, P = .02), Pao2/Fio2 (178.4 vs 220.0 mm Hg, P = .02), Paco2 (37.7 vs 39.2 mm Hg, P = .04), and ICU mortality (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19-0.82, P = .01). CONCLUSION: When comparing to standard O2, the most effective outcomes from HFNC are reduced heart rate and dyspnea in both ICU and critical care unit patients. The HFNC modestly reduced intubation rate and ICU mortality. Patients with pneumonia may benefit from HFNC in reduced respiratory rate, heart rate, dyspnea, discomfort, intubation rate, ICU mortality, ICU stay, and improved Pao2. When comparing to NIV, HFNC group did not do as good in Pao2 and Pao2/Fio2 but had a slightly lower intubation rate and ICU mortality.

Does Robotic Telerounding Enhance Nurse-Physician Collaboration Satisfaction About Care Decisions?

BACKGROUND: Delivering healthcare using remote robotic telepresence is an evolving practice in medical and surgical intensive critical care units and will likely have varied implications for work practices and working relationships in intensive care units. Our study assessed the nurse-physician collaboration satisfaction about care decisions from surgical intensive critical care nurses during remote robotic telepresence night rounds in comparison with conventional telephone night rounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a randomized trial to test whether robotic telerounding enhances the nurse-physician collaboration satisfaction about care decisions. A physician randomly used either the conventional telephone or the RP-7 robot (InTouch(®) Health, Santa Barbara, CA) to perform nighttime rounding in a surgical intensive care unit. The Collaboration and Satisfaction About Care Decisions (CSACD) survey instrument was used to measure the nurse-physician collaboration. The CSACD scores were compared using the signed-rank test with a significant p value of ≤0.05. RESULTS: From December 1, 2011 to December 13, 2012, 20 off-shift nurses submitted 106 surveys during telephone rounds and 108 surveys during robot rounds. The median score of surveys during robot rounds was slightly but not significantly higher than telephone rounds (51.3 versus 50.5; p=0.3). However, the CSACD score was significantly increased from baseline with robot rounds (51.3 versus 43.0; p=0.01), in comparison with telephone rounds (50.5 versus 43.0; p=0.09). The mediators, including age, working experience, and robot acceptance, were not significantly (p>0.1) correlated with the CSACD score difference (robot versus telephone). CONCLUSIONS: Robot rounding in the intensive care unit was comparable but not superior to the telephone in regard to the nurse-physician collaboration and satisfaction about care decision. The working experience and technology acceptance of intensive care nurses did not contribute to the preference of night shift rounding method from the aspect of collaboration with the physician about care decision-making.

Resource utilization and end-of-life care in a US hospital following medical emergency team-implemented do not resuscitate orders.

BACKGROUND: Medical emergency teams frequently implement do not resuscitate orders, but little is known about end-of-life care in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine resource utilization and end-of-life care following medical emergency team-implemented do not resuscitate orders. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Single, tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Consecutive adult inpatients requiring a medical emergency team activation over 1 year. MEASUREMENTS: Changes to code status, time spent on medical emergency team activations, frequency of palliative care consultation, discharges with hospice care. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: We observed 1156 medical emergency team activations in 998 patients. Five percent (58/1156) resulted in do not resuscitate orders. The median time spent on activations with a change in code status was longer than activations without a change (66 vs 60 minutes, P = 0.05). Patients with a medical emergency team-implemented do not resuscitate order had a higher inpatient mortality (43 vs 27%, P = 0.04) and were less likely to be discharged with hospice at the end of life than patients with a preexisting do not resuscitate order (4 vs 29%, P = 0.01). There was no difference in palliative care consultation in patients with a preexisting do not resuscitate versus medical emergency team-implemented do not resuscitate order (20% vs 12%, P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Despite high mortality, patients with medical emergency team-implemented do not resuscitate orders had a relatively low utilization of end-of-life resources, including palliative care consultation and home hospice services. Coordinated care between medical emergency teams and inpatient palliative care services may help to improve end-of-life care.

Evaluation of the total face mask for noninvasive ventilation to treat acute respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the total face mask (TFM) would be perceived as more comfortable than a standard oronasal mask (ONM) by patients receiving noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) therapy for acute respiratory failure (ARF) and would be quicker to apply by respiratory therapists. METHODS: Sixty patients presenting with ARF were randomized to receive NIV via either an ONM or a TFM. Mask comfort and dyspnea were assessed using visual analog scores. Other outcomes included time required to apply, vital signs and gas exchange at set time points, and early NIV discontinuation rates (ie, stoppage while still requiring ventilatory assistance). RESULTS: Mask comfort and dyspnea scores were similar for both groups through 3 h of use. The time required to apply the mask (5 min [interquartile range (IQR), 2-8] vs 3.5 min [IQR, 1.9-5]), and duration of use (15.7 h [IQR, 4.0-49.8]) vs 6.05 h [IQR, 0.9-56.7]) were not significantly different between the ONM and the TFM group, respectively. Except for heart rate, which was higher at baseline in the TFM group, no differences in vital signs or gas exchange were detected between the groups during the first 3 h (P > .05). Early NIV discontinuation rates were similar for both the ONM group and TFM group (40% vs 57.1%); however, eight patients in the TFM group were switched to an ONM within 3 h, and none from the ONM group was switched to a TFM (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ARF requiring NIV, the ONM and TFM were perceived to be equally comfortable and had similar application times. Early NIV discontinuation rates, improvements in vital signs and gas exchange, and intubation and mortality rates were also similar. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00686257; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology sleep sonography in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in adults compared to standard polysomnography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of snoring and apnea analysis by SNAP (SNAP Laboratories; Glenview, IL), a technology that uses snoring recorded by a home microphone system and nasal airflow, to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as well as determine its severity. METHODS: For all patients who had undergone a prior SNAP study and were referred to the Sleep Disorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals for polysomnography testing from January 2000 through December 2001, we compared the results of the SNAP study to standard polysomnography (polysomnography). The severity of each apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) [mild, moderate, or severe, as defined by the AHI Severity Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine] recorded by SNAP was compared to that of the polysomnography result. All polysomnography tests were scored independently and without the prior knowledge of any SNAP results. RESULTS: For the 31 patients on whom data were available, the mean age, body mass index, and Epworth sleepiness scale scores were 50.3 years (range, 29 to 77 years), 31.6 kg/m(2) (range, 24 to 44 kg/m(2)), and 11.3 (range, 1 to 20), respectively. The mean follow-up time between the two studies was 5 months. The severity criteria indicated by the SNAP study accurately assessed the true severity confirmed by polysomnography in only 11 of 31 patients (35.5%). When the AHI severity score from the SNAP study was compared to polysomnography using a kappa statistic measure of agreement, there was overall agreement with a kappa value of 0.23 (p = 0.008), but the agreement was only fair. SNAP study severity scores were overestimated in 13 of 31 patients (41.9%) compared to the polysomnography results. In the majority of these subjects (8 of the 13 "overestimated" patients or 8 of 31 total patients [25.8%]), the SNAP study diagnosed OSA when the patient had a normal polysomnography finding. CONCLUSION: Although there may be some night-to-night variability in polysomnography testing, these results suggest that SNAP studies do not appear to accurately assess the severity of OSA.