Cognitive function is well preserved in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: Roles of cognitive reserve, resilience, and general health.

Many patients return to cognitively demanding work after breast cancer treatments. This makes treatment-related cognitive decline an important research topic. Psychological resilience, cognitive reserve and better perceived general health may work as protective factors against cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to analyse whether these factors are associated with cognitive function among such women. Data from 384 breast cancer survivors who underwent neuropsychological examination at follow-up 4-9 years after surgery were used. The neurocognitive domain variable Learning and Memory was computed from Wechsler Memory Scale-III subtests Learning and Delayed Recall. Another variable, Attention, Processing speed and Executive function, was computed from semantic and verbal fluency tests, Trail Making Test A and B, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-IV subtest Coding. Psychological resilience was measured with Resilience Scale-14, and perceived general health with RAND-36 subitem General Health. RESULTS: showed that levels of cognitive performance and general health were statistically higher than population average. Resilience and general health in separate models were associated with Attention, Processing speed and Executive function (ß = 0.14, p = 0.01; ß = 0.13, p = 0.03, respectively). When added simultaneously in the same model, resilience was significant (ß = 0.13, p = 0.04), but general health was not. These associations were nonsignificant after controlling for confounding factors. Learning and Memory was not associated with resilience or general health. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies identifying patients at a high risk of developing cognitive decline after breast cancer treatments and on preventive and therapeutic approaches.

A randomized controlled trial protocol for persistent physical symptoms associated with indoor environment or chronic fatigue: Effectiveness of video-based functional case conceptualization and web-program for improving quality of life.

Introduction: Persistent physical symptoms (PPS) refer to symptoms that cannot be fully explained by structural bodily pathology or by environmental factors. Their impact on daily functioning varies from mild to severe disability. So far, evidence-based treatments for PPS have resulted in only small to moderate effects. Treatment protocols with a stronger orientation toward personalized approaches are needed to improve the efficacy and applicability of treatment. In this study, we aim to assess the effect of an online individual case conceptualization with web-based program for PPS. This study is conducted among two focus groups: patients with indoor air-related symptoms and patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Methods and analyses: Using a randomized controlled design (RCT) with two parallel groups in a 1:1 ratio, we will compare individual video-based case conceptualization with a web-based program based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), combined with treatment as usual, with treatment as usual only. The web-based program consists of ten modules, each lasting 1 week and including training. The planned sample size is 124 eligible patients without attrition. The primary outcome will be the health-related quality of life as measured by the 15D questionnaire. The secondary outcome measures will include questionnaires on psychiatric and physical symptoms, illness perceptions, psychological flexibility, and work ability. We will also use national registers to obtain information on the use of healthcare and social benefits to complete patient-reported outcomes. Data collection began in August 2020 and will continue until 2023. Discussion: This trial will provide information on the effects and usefulness of an online administrated individual case conceptualization and an ACT-based web-program on PPS. Ethics and dissemination: The Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland, has granted approval for the study. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04532827 preresults.

Psychological resilience associates with pain experience in women treated for breast cancer.

Background and aims Psychological resilience refers to successful adaptation or a positive outcome in the context of significant life adversity, such as chronic pain. On the other hand, anxiety closely associates with pain. The aim of this study was to explore how anxiety and psychological resilience together associate with persistent and experimental pain. Methods In a cross-sectional design, we studied 160 patients who had previously been treated for breast cancer and who now reported at least moderate pain (NRS ≥ 4) in any area of the body. Psychological resilience was measured on the Resilience Scale-14, anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and intensity and interference of persistent pain by means of the Brief Pain Inventory. The cold pressor test was conducted to assess sensitivity to experimental cold pain. Results The results showed that resilience associated with pain interference in persistent pain, and that anxiety moderated this effect. Higher psychological resilience was associated with lower pain interference and this association was stronger in patients with low anxiety than among patients with high anxiety. These effects were visible with regard to persistent pain but not in experimental cold pain. Conclusions These results indicate that chronic pain and experimental pain as well as pain severity and pain interference are psychologically different phenomena. Psychological resilience protects against pain interference but effectively only in patients with low anxiety. It is necessary also to consider protective factors in addition to vulnerability factors in cases of persistent pain. Implications Resilience has been considered a potential target for intervention in chronic pain. However, high levels of anxiety might diminish the protective effect of psychological resilience in clinical settings. Therefore, it is important to treat anxiety in addition to resilience enhancing interventions. Patients with low psychological distress might be more suitable for resilience enhancing interventions than patients with high anxiety.