PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effect of integrated music-video therapy on pain and anxiety of gynecologic cancer patients at different stages of brachytherapy. DESIGN: This study used a single-group crossover design. METHODS: Data on 27 patients diagnosed with gynecologic cancer and receiving brachytherapy were collected from February 2018 to January 2019. Participants' pain and anxiety levels were measured four times using a numerical rating scale (before, during, after applicator insertion, and during the radiation). In addition, vital signs were measured three times (before, after applicator insertion, and during radiation). Data were analyzed for frequency and percentage. The normality and homogeneity of the dependent variables were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the experimental and control phases in pain degree during radiation exposure (Z = -1.68, p = .046) and anxiety degree during applicator insertion (Z=-4.42, p = .000), after applicator insertion (Z = -4.85, p = .000), and during radiation exposure (Z = -5.38, p = .000). However, no significant difference was found between the changes in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need to actively employ integrated music-video therapy to reduce acute pain and anxiety in gynecologic cancer patients undergoing brachytherapy. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This study provides insights into the methodological approaches for implementing integrated music-video therapy in clinical practice, targeting the reduction of acute pain and anxiety triggered by gynecological surgeries and procedures.
BACKGROUND: Approximately 10% to 30% of patients who receive chemotherapy experience hyperglycemia, which can affect the adverse reactions and treatment efficacy of chemotherapy. However, there is a paucity of research to explore the factors affecting hyperglycemia and include them in nursing interventions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the prognostic factors of hyperglycemia in cancer patients on chemotherapy. METHODS: This retrospective, descriptive study included 134 adult patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy at Keimyeng University Dongsan Hospital in Daegu between July 1, 2021, and March 31, 2022. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, average, and standard deviation statistics and compared by t test, χ2 test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed that sex (male) (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.24-745.49; odds ratio [OR], 73.48); education (95% CI, 4.02-201.59; OR, 28.46); exercise durations of 30 to 60 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.06; OR, 0.01), 60 to 90 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.05, OR = 0.01), and ≥90 minutes (95% CI, 0.00-0.42; OR, 0.03); exercise amount ≥ 2000 kcal/wk (95% CI, 0.01-0.77; OR, 0.06); and daily fat (95% CI, 1.02-1.14; OR, 1.08), protein (95% CI, 0.82-0.95; OR, 0.88), and seaweed (95% CI, 0.85-0.99; OR, 0.92) intake were significant predictors of hyperglycemia. CONCLUSION: The prognostic factors of hyperglycemia should be included in nursing interventions to prevent and manage hyperglycemia, which in turn may help reduce adverse reactions related to chemotherapy and improve treatment efficacy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: To prevent and manage hyperglycemia in patients on chemotherapy, prognostic factors, including exercise and protein, fat, and seaweed consumption, should be considered in nursing interventions. Particularly, in men and patients with low education levels who are at a high risk of hyperglycemia, nursing interventions for diet and exercise should be individualized.
BACKGROUND: Vasospastic angina (VSA) is characterized by chest pain at rest with transient ischemic electrocardiographic changes in the ST segment, and a prompt response to nitrates. Vasospastic angina is among the most frequent of the coronary artery diseases in Asia, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) may become available as a non-invasive diagnosis method. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 100 patients with suspected vasospastic angina at two centers from 2018 to 2020. All patients underwent baseline CCTA without a vasodilator in the early morning followed by catheterized coronary angiography and spasm testing. CCTA with intravenous infusion of nitrate (IV) was repeated within 2 weeks of baseline CCTA. Vasospastic angina as detected by CCTA was defined as significant stenosis (≥50%) with negative remodeling without definite plaques or diffuse small diameter (<2 mm) of a major coronary artery with a beaded appearance on baseline CT that completely dilated on IV nitrate CT. We analyzed diagnostic performance of dual-acquisition CCTA for the detection of vasospastic angina. RESULTS: The patients were categorized into three groups according to their provocation test result (negative, n = 36; probable positive, n = 18; positive, n = 31). The diagnostic accuracy in terms of CCTA per patient had a sensitivity of 55% (95% CI, 40-69), specificity of 89% (95% CI, 74-97), positive predictive value (PPV) of 87% (95% CI, 72-95), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59% (95% CI, 51-67). CONCLUSIONS: Dual-acquisition CCTA can support the non-invasive detection of vasospastic angina with relatively good specificity and PPV. CCTA was helpful for non-invasive screening of variant angina.
A 43-year-old man presented with cardiac arrest 2 days after the second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination with an mRNA vaccine. Electrocardiograms showed ventricular fibrillation and type 1 Brugada pattern ST segment elevation. The patient reported having no symptoms, including febrile sensation. There were no known underlying cardiac diseases to explain such electrocardiographic abnormalities. ST segment elevation completely disappeared in two weeks. Although there were no genetic mutations or personal or family history typical of Brugada syndrome, flecainide administration induced type 1 Brugada pattern ST segment elevation. This case suggests that COVID-19 vaccination may induce cardiac ion channel dysfunction and cause life threatening ventricular arrhythmias in specific patients with Brugada syndrome.
Brugada Syndrome , COVID-19 , Male , Humans , Adult , Brugada Syndrome/diagnosis , Brugada Syndrome/etiology , Ventricular Fibrillation/diagnosis , Ventricular Fibrillation/etiology , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Electrocardiography/adverse effects , Vaccination/adverse effects , mRNA Vaccines
Objectives: This study evaluated the diagnostic value of transesophageal contrast echocardiography (TECE) with the agitated saline test for diagnosing pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) in comparison with chest CT or pulmonary angiography. Background: Although transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE) is the recommended screening test for diagnosing PAVMs, it has low specificity and positive predictive value. TECE is expected to offer improved sensitivity and specificity compared with TTCE, but no studies have reported the diagnostic accuracy and clinical significance of TECE in detecting PAVMs. Methods and results: In total, 1,809 patients underwent TECE with the agitated saline test to evaluate symptoms of a suspected right to left shunt. Patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) were excluded. A total of 387 patients showed transpulmonary bubble passage, indicating a PAVM. Among them, 182 patients had additional chest CT or pulmonary angiography. Those patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of a PAVM in the radiologic imaging. A total of 18 patients (9.8%) were confirmed for the PAVM group. Only 13 patients required embolization for their PAVMs. The TECE with saline test results were divided into four grades according to the number of bubbles: grade 1 (n = 91), grade 2 (n = 47), grade 3 (n = 35), and grade 4 (n = 9). None of the patients in the PAVM group had grade 1 shunts in their TECE results. The positive predictive values for the presence of a PAVM according to the TECE grade scale were 10.6% for grade 2, 22.8% for grade 3, and 55.6% for grade 4. Conclusion: TECE with a grade scale is a useful method for initially diagnosing PAVMs in non-HHT patients with a suspected right to left shunt. The findings of this study also suggest that patients with a small grade (<10 bubbles) shunt in their TECE findings should be spared unnecessary radiation exposure from CT scans or pulmonary angiography.
Background: East Asian patients receiving treatment with the potent P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel or ticagrelor experience more potent platelet inhibition than with clopidogrel. Methods: This study investigated differences in OPR rates with reduced doses of prasugrel (n = 38) or ticagrelor (n = 40) for maintenance therapy in 118 Korean ACS patients who had undergone PCI, in comparison to conventional-dose clopidogrel (n = 40). We assessed drug responses at one- and three-months post-PCI with VerifyNow and multiple electrode aggregometry assays. Results: At the one-month period, patients receiving standard-dose prasugrel or ticagrelor had lower platelet reactivity as determined by the three assays than those receiving the conventional dose of clopidogrel (VN: p = 0.000; MEA: p = 0.000; LTA: p = 0.000). At the 3-month point, platelet reactivity was lower in those receiving reduced-dose prasugrel or ticagrelor than the clopidogrel-treated patients (VN: p = 0.000; MEA: p = 0.012; LTA: p = 0.002). Prasugrel resulted in significantly lower platelet inhibition than ticagrelor as determined by VN and LTA (VN: p = 0.000; LTA: p = 0.003). At three months, there was a significant overall difference in OPR among the three groups when measured by VN (p < 0.001), but not when measured by MEA (p = 0.596). OPR in the reduced-dose prasugrel group was not significantly different to the clopidogrel group at three months (VN: p = 0.180; MEA: p = 0.711). OPR in the reduced-dose ticagrelor group was similar to clopidogrel as determined by MEA at three months, but was different when assessed by VN (VN: p = 0.000; MEA: p = 0.540). Compared to standard-dose, the reduced-dose prasugrel OPR rate was significantly increased (VN: p = 0.008; MEA: p = 0.020). Conclusions: OPR values for reduced-dose prasugrel and conventional-dose clopidogrel at three months were similar but higher than for reduced-dose ticagrelor as determined by VN, but no differences were noted by MEA. The MEA assay might have less sensitivity and consistency than the VN assay. Further studies are needed to explore this discrepancy.
BACKGROUND: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a major issue facing breast cancer survivors (BCS) that can negatively impact their symptoms and quality of life. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to examine levels of fatigue, identify preferred types of fatigue self-management, and explore the relationship between fatigue levels and management choices by cancer stage. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 229 BCS recruited from 5 hospitals in Korea. The study inclusion criteria were limited to BCS between 20 and 69 years old in stages 1, 2, or 3 who were undergoing or had completed active therapy. The Revised Piper Fatigue Scale and a questionnaire developed for fatigue management were used for data collection. RESULTS: The stage 2 group experienced more fatigue (mean, 5.31) than the other cancer stage groups, and significant differences in fatigue were found between stages 1 and 2 (P < .001). Fatigue self-management choices showed different correlations with fatigue levels in each stage. Physical activity control was most frequently used in stage 1, whereas exercise was most frequently used in stages 2 and 3. Multivariate regression analysis showed that exercise consistently and effectively decreased all fatigue dimensions. CONCLUSION: Stage 2 BCS experienced the greatest level of CRF, and fatigue levels and management choices differed in BCS by cancer stage. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Recognizing how CRF and patients' preferences for fatigue self-management may differ by cancer stage can alert clinicians in assessing CRF and tailoring effective fatigue management for BCS.
Breast Neoplasms , Self-Management , Adult , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Fatigue/etiology , Fatigue/therapy , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Quality of Life , Young Adult
Patients with Stage I gastric cancer experience decreased postgastrectomy quality of life (QoL) despite the excellent surgical outcomes. We need to find foundational data required to develop effective nursing care plans designed to improve their QoL. This study examined QoL of patients with Stage I gastric cancer over time following gastrectomy and the effects of QoL subdomains on the patients' overall QoL over time after surgery. Data were collected from 138 patients with Stage I gastric cancer who had undergone gastrectomy within the previous 3 years. Data were classified into 3 groups according to the length of postsurgery time: 12 months or less (Group 1), 13-24 months (Group 2), and 25-36 months (Group 3). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the effects of QoL subdomains. Quality of life of patients with Stage I gastric cancer improves over time following gastrectomy. Postoperative physical symptoms influenced QoL most in Group 1 patients, whereas physical well-being and emotional well-being were the highest contributors to QoL in Groups 2 and 3, respectively. Nursing interventions must be tailored to meet the particular needs of patients at each period of recovery in order to improve QoL of patients with Stage I gastric cancer after a gastrectomy.
Gastrectomy , Quality of Life , Stomach Neoplasms/psychology , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Aged , Emotions , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Health Status , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Recovery of Function , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a model for estimating the quality of life mediated by adaptation to changes experienced after stomach cancer diagnosis and surgery in patients with gastrectomy and to verify the model based on the Cancer Survivor Adaptation Model by Naus et al. (2009) and literature reviews. METHODS: Data was collected from 297 gastric cancer patients who underwent a gastrectomy at an outpatient clinic of two university hospitals in Daegu city from May to August, 2016. The exogenous variables were perceived gastrointestinal symptoms, self-efficacy, anxiety, social support, and spiritual well-being. The endogenous variables were adaptation and quality of life, and adaptation was the mediating variable. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was performed using IBM SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. RESULTS: The fitness parameters of the final model showed a reasonable fit to the data. Based on R2, the exogenous variables explained 73.9% of the quality of life of stomach cancer patients who underwent surgery, through the mediation of adaptation; adaptation alone explained 73.5% of quality of life. Adaptation of stomach cancer patients with gastrectomy was a factor that strongly influenced their quality of life. CONCLUSION: It is important for gastric cancer patients with gastrectomy to adapt well to changes after surgery in order to improve the quality of life. Nursing interventions to aid successful adaptation would ultimately exert positive influences and improve the patients' quality of life.
Adaptation, Psychological , Gastrectomy , Models, Psychological , Quality of Life , Stomach Neoplasms/psychology , Stomach Neoplasms/surgery , Adult , Aged , Female , Hospitals, University , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Republic of Korea , Self Efficacy , Social Support
PURPOSE: To identify risk factors for premature birth among premature obstetric labor women. METHODS: Participants were 129 hospitalized women who were diagnosed with potential premature obstetric labor with 20 weeks to 37 weeks of gestation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 test, t-test, and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 129 women, 78(60.5%) gave premature birth and 51 (39.5%) gave full-term birth. Risk factors for premature birth were education level (≤bachelor's degree), abnormal bowel condition (constipation or diarrhea), time firstly diagnosed with a premature obstetric labor (below 28 weeks of pregnancy), and multiple pregnancy. There were also increased risks of premature birth for participants with high level of anxiety and high level of prenatal stress. In social support, there was an increased risk of premature birth for participants with low level of social support. CONCLUSION: Prenatal nursing programs should consider not only psychosocial factors such as anxiety, prenatal stress, and social support, but also some general and obstetric factors such as education level, abnormal bowel condition, time firstly diagnosed with a premature obstetric labor, and multiple pregnancy to increase maternal and child health.
Telogen hairs presented in the crime scene are commonly encountered as trace evidence. However, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling of the hairs currently have low and limited use due to poor success rate. To increase the success rate of STR profiling of telogen hairs, we developed a rapid and cost-effective method to estimate the number of nuclei in the hair roots. Five cationic dyes, Methyl green (MG), Harris hematoxylin (HH), Methylene blue (MB), Toluidine blue (TB), and Safranin O (SO) were evaluated in this study. We conducted a screening test based on microscopy and the percentage of loss with nuclear DNA, in order to select the best dye. MG was selected based on its specific nuclei staining and low adverse effect on the hair-associated nuclear DNA. We examined 330 scalp and 100 pubic telogen hairs with MG. Stained hairs were classified into five groups and analyzed by STR. The fast staining method revealed 70% (head hair) and 33.4% (pubic hair) of full (30 alleles) and high partial (18-29 alleles) STR profiling proportion from the lowest nuclei count group (one to ten nuclei). The results of this study demonstrated a rapid, specific, nondestructive, and high yield DNA profiling method applicable for screening telogen hairs.
Coloring Agents/analysis , DNA Fingerprinting/methods , Hair/chemistry , Cations , Coloring Agents/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods , Humans , Methyl Green/analysis , Methyl Green/chemistry , Microsatellite Repeats , Polymerase Chain Reaction
OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the current use of depression rating scales by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists in Korea. METHODS: The questionnaires from many psychiatrists and clinical psychologists were included in the analysis. The questionnaire was composed of items about examining the percentage of patients clinically using depression rating scales, reasons for not use of them, the degree of satisfaction, the perceived agreement rate between the result of depression rating scales and doctor's clinical interview in the evaluation of patients with depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed by χ(2) and independent t-test. RESULTS: The clinical use of depression rating scales was more frequent in the psychologists than in the psychiatrists. The purposes for using depression rating scales were assessed into six areas, there was no significant difference in between two groups, and both groups pointed out their purpose as rating of severity and screening. The reasons for not using scales were that their interview may be sufficient for diagnosis and assessment of depressive patients and they are not familiar with the use of depression rating scales. The psychiatrists usually prefer the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Symptom Checklist 90-Revision (SCL-90-R) in order of frequency, and the clinical psychologists are more likely to use the BDI, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and SCL-90-R. Overall rate of satisfaction in the use of the scales was 67.29±14.45% and overall perceived agreement rate was 70.89±16.45%. CONCLUSION: Currently used depression rating scales at the clinical practice were not various. Therefore, to heighten clinicians' utility of these depression rating scales measures, either educational efforts or advertisements, or both, will be necessary to spread them wildly.
We evaluated the feasibility of using technology for melanoma patient education in a clinic setting. We assessed technology skill level and preferences for education. Data were collected using an adapted version of the Use of Technology Survey. Most participants owned a computer and DVD player and were skilled in the use of these devices, along with Internet and e-mail. Participants preferred the option of using in-clinic and at-home technology versus in-clinic only use. Computer and DVD applications were preferred because they were familiar and convenient. Using technology for patient education intervention is a viable option; however, patients' skill level and preferences for technology should be considered.
Computer Literacy , Electronic Mail/statistics & numerical data , Internet/statistics & numerical data , Melanoma/prevention & control , Patient Education as Topic , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Videotape Recording , Young Adult
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To investigate cancer surveillance behaviors of women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) who presented for clinical BRCA cancer susceptibility testing, specifically to describe cancer surveillance behaviors and reasons for not engaging in behaviors, compare surveillance behaviors with existing surveillance guidelines, and evaluate associations of cancer surveillance behaviors with BRCA results. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive. SETTING: Genetic risk-assessment programs in a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center and a community cancer center, both in the southwestern region of the United States. SAMPLE: Purposive sample of 107 at-risk women. METHODS: Self-report survey. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Breast and ovarian cancer surveillance behaviors and BRCA test results. FINDINGS: Ninety percent of participants had a personal history of breast cancer; 84% had a negative BRCA result. About 60% of participants engaged in at least the minimum recommended breast cancer surveillance behaviors, but 70% had suboptimal ovarian cancer surveillance behaviors. Lack of physician recommendation was the most frequently reported reason for not having surveillance procedures. BRCA results were not associated with the breast cancer surveillance categories and the ovarian cancer surveillance recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Although most participants were not carriers of a mutation, the presence of other risk factors for breast and ovarian cancer dictates continued cancer surveillance. At-risk women may not be informed adequately about cancer surveillance. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Healthcare providers should be aware of changing breast and ovarian cancer surveillance recommendations and counsel their at-risk patients accordingly.
Genes, BRCA1 , Genes, BRCA2 , Genetic Testing/psychology , Health Behavior , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Women/psychology , Adult , Arizona , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Genetic Testing/statistics & numerical data , Guideline Adherence , Health Care Surveys , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Mass Screening/methods , Mass Screening/psychology , Middle Aged , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/diagnosis , Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics , Nursing Methodology Research , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Patient Education as Topic , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Risk Assessment/methods , Women/education
Many women who are offered BRCA genetic testing by genetics professionals do not have the test, possibly for financial reasons. We explored financial factors implicated in non-uptake of BRCA testing in women who had received genetic counseling in a clinical setting. Specifically, we described financial factors (affordability, health insurance, other) involved with BRCA testing; compared nonfinancial factors (disease, sociodemographic, risk assessment) in women who did not have BRCA testing (nontesters) with women who had the test (testers); showed associations of financial and nonfinancial factors with BRCA testing; and identified predictors of non-uptake of BRCA testing. The sample of 100 women (64 nontesters and 36 testers) completed an anonymous mailed survey on financial factors; 52 of the nontesters answered questions about nonfinancial factors. Testers had significantly better affordability and insurance coverage (p < 0.001), more diagnoses of breast or ovarian cancer (p < 0.05) and higher rates of receiving post-counseling risk estimates (p < 0.05), than nontesters. Non-uptake was 5.5-fold more likely in women that could not afford full or partial payment for the test and was 15.5-fold more likely in women that did not recall receiving risk estimates post-counseling. For many women having risk factors for breast/ovarian cancer, affordability of BRCA testing and insurance coverage for the test remain problematic. Post-counseling reminders of risk estimates may contribute to uptake of testing.
Genes, BRCA1 , Genes, BRCA2 , Genetic Testing/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Female , Humans , Middle Aged
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility of using Weinstock et al.'s thorough skin self-examination (TSSE) assessment in patients with melanoma, to describe TSSE characteristics of patients with melanoma, and to explore associations of personal and disease variables with TSSE. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive feasibility study; part of a larger study of melanoma in families. SETTING: Outpatient melanoma clinics in a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center. SAMPLE: Purposive sample of 70 predominantly white participants (47% women, 53% men), with a mean age of 65 years (SD = 11 years) and pathologically confirmed cutaneous melanoma (any stage). METHODS: Weinstock et al.'s TSSE assessment (self-report of the number of times patients examined the surface of seven specific body areas during the prior two months) and items regarding partnered TSSE and skin examination from healthcare providers. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Frequency of TSSE and healthcare provider skin examination, partnered TSSE, and reasons for not performing TSSE. FINDINGS: Forty-one (59%) participants reported performing TSSE; by Weinstock et al.'s criteria, only 23 (33%) practiced TSSE. Use of a partner was significantly associated with TSSE (p = 0.001); patients indicated high rates of skin examination by healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with melanoma are at high risk for recurrent disease. TSSE contributes to early detection of melanoma. Although Weinstock et al.'s TSSE assessment is feasible for use among patients with melanoma in a clinical setting, the focus should be on examination of specific body areas, rather than global skin examination. Overall, patients with melanoma had a low frequency of TSSE; however, data regarding previous knowledge or instruction of TSSE were not collected. Involving a partner enhances the frequency of TSSE. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Patients with melanoma should be informed of the importance of conducting systematic TSSE and using a partner during examination; however, some patients may prefer skin examination by healthcare providers. Measurement of TSSE self-report merits further study.
Melanoma/diagnosis , Self-Examination , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male
We examined the morphologies of two-phase emulsions in the ternary 2-butoxyethanol/n-decane/water system at various temperatures and water-to-oil ratios (WORs). The two-phase emulsion morphologies depended on temperature, WOR, and amphiphile concentration, and the results are presented in a temperature-amphiphile concentration coordinate system or a "fish" diagram. The observations made in this work contradict the predictions by the phase-inversion-temperature (PIT) concept. At WOR<1, a vertical inversion line was observed at T
Alkanes/chemistry , Ethylene Glycols/chemistry , Phase Transition , Temperature , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Emulsions , Surface Properties , Water/chemistry
Equations have been developed for the electrical and thermal conductivities of dispersions of two different phases of low conductivity in a third, conductive phase. These equations predict the conductivity of the dispersion from the volume fractions and conductivities of the constituent phases. Electrical conductivity measurements on dispersions of three liquid phases, i.e., three-phase emulsions, were made over a wide range of volume fractions of each dispersed phase and used to test the equations. The equations predict accurately dispersion conductivities from the measured volume fractions and conductivities of the constituent phases without any adjustable parameters. The predicted values are in excellent agreement with the measured conductivities of three-phase emulsions in the nonionic amphiphile/oil/water systems. This leads to the determination of three-phase emulsion morphologies. When the ratio Kd of the emulsion-drop conductivity to the continuous phase conductivity is O(10(-1))
