RESUMEN
Aluminum-ion batteries have garnered significant interest as a potentially safer and cheaper replacement for conventional lithium-ion batteries, offering a shorter charging time and denser storage capacity. Nonetheless, the progress in this field is considerably hampered by the limited availability of suitable cathode materials that can sustain the reversible intercalation of Al3+/[AlCl4]- ions, particularly after long cycles. Herein, we demonstrate that rechargeable Al batteries embedded with two-dimensional (2D) Nb2CTx MXene as a cathode material exhibit excellent capacity and exceptional long cyclic performance. We have successfully improved the initial electrochemical performance of Nb2CTx MXene after being properly delaminated to a single-layered microstructure and subjected to a post-synthesis calcining treatment. Compared to pristine Nb2CTx MXene, the Al battery embedded with the calcined Nb2CTx MXene cathode has, respectively, retained high capacities of 108 and 80 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at current densities of 0.2 and 0.5 A g-1 in a wide voltage window (0.1-2.4 V). Noteworthily, the cyclic lifetime of Nb2CTx MXene was extended from â¼300 to >500 times after calcination. We reveal that attaining Nb2CTx nanosheets with a controllable d-spacing has promoted the migration of the [AlCl4]- and Al3+ ions in the MXene interlayers, leading to enhanced charge storage. Furthermore, we found out that the formation of niobium oxides and amorphous carbon after calcination probably benefits the electrochemical performance of Nb2CTx MXene electrode in Al batteries.
RESUMEN
It is essential to understand the mechanism of algal bloom and develop effect measures to control the hazard in aquatic environment, such as large reservoirs. In this study, a series of experiments, along with field observation from 2007 to 2016, were carried out to identify the hydrodynamic parameters that drive the algal bloom in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China, and their threshold values were determined. The results show that algae concentration was markedly diluted with a short retention time, and the threshold value of the retention time to avoid algal bloom was approximately less than 3 days. With strong stratification, the algae concentration was able to approach to the level of algal bloom in 10 days, even when the water temperature is lower than 12 °C. The ratio of mixing depth to euphotic depth (Zm/Ze) had significant negative correlations with both algae concentration and algae specific growth rate (SGR). The field monitoring data indicated that Zm/Ze is an important hydrodynamic parameter which sensitively affects algae growth and concentration. This study made the first attempt to determine Zm/Ze >2.8 to restrain algal bloom in the TGR. Our findings shed light on the influence of critical depth on the algal bloom in the TGR, and the results can serve to control algal bloom in reservoirs through discharge operation.