RESUMEN
Integrin α4ß7 mediates the trafficking of leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, to lymphoid tissues in the gut. Virus mediated damage to the gut is implicated in HIV and SIV mediated chronic immune activation and leads to irreversible damage to the immune system. We employed an immuno-PET/CT imaging technique to evaluate the impact of an anti-integrin α4ß7 mAb alone or in combination with ART, on the distribution of both SIV infected cells and CD4+ cells in rhesus macaques infected with SIV. We determined that α4ß7 mAb reduced viral antigen in an array of tissues of the lung, spleen, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes. These sites are not directly linked to α4ß7 mediated homing; however, the most pronounced reduction in viral load was observed in the colon. Despite this reduction, α4ß7 mAb treatment did not prevent an apparent depletion of CD4+ T cells in gut in the acute phase of infection that is characteristic of HIV/SIV infection. However, α4ß7 mAb appeared to facilitate the preservation or restoration of CD4+ T cells in gut tissues at later stages of infection. Since damage to the gut is believed to play a central role in HIV pathogenesis, these results support further evaluation of α4ß7 antagonists in the study and treatment of HIV disease.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Colon/virología , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , VIH-1/fisiología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/inmunología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/fisiología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/virología , Supervivencia Celular , Supresión Clonal , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Integrinas/inmunología , Macaca , Receptores de Superficie Celular , Carga ViralRESUMEN
One of the significant challenges today in home care for people of any age group, is to keep the level of care realistic and manageable for the whole family. As nurses, we need to be aware of the changes in home care, such as who needs it and what their requirements are, and we should further examine the benefits and limitations of using newer technology in the home.
Asunto(s)
Enfermería en Salud Comunitaria/organización & administración , Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio/organización & administración , Satisfacción del Paciente , Enfermería Pediátrica/organización & administración , Niño , Familia/psicología , Humanos , Ciencia del Laboratorio Clínico , Evaluación de Necesidades , Relaciones Profesional-FamiliaRESUMEN
We have investigated how altering the activation of adenosine A1 receptors modifies nicotinic receptor antagonist-induced fade of tetanic contractions in the mouse isolated hemi-diaphragm. Vecuronium-induced tetanic fade was attenuated by an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, DPCPX, 10(-7) M) and by an inhibitor of the synthesis of extracellular adenosine from ATP (alpha,beta-methylene ADP, MeADP, 5 x 10(-5) M). Conversely, vecuronium-induced tetanic fade was potentiated by an adenosine A1 receptor agonist (N6-cyclohexyladenosine, CHA, 10(-7) M) and an inhibitor of the extracellular destruction of adenosine (erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl]adenine, EHNA, 10(-4) M). The ability of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist to attenuate vecuronium-induced tetanic fade indicates that a component of this fade is due to endogenous adenosine. Further, the ability of the inhibitor of adenosine synthesis to attenuate vecuronium-induced tetanic fade indicates that this endogenous adenosine is derived from ATP. Hexamethonium-induced tetanic fade was also potentiated by increasing adenosine A1 receptor activation, albeit with a higher concentration of CHA (10(-4) M). However, unlike for vecuronium, hexamethonium-induced tetanic fade was not attenuated by reducing adenosine A receptor activation. This latter observation suggests that the tetanic fade produced by hexamethonium and vecuronium does not share a common mechanism of action.
Asunto(s)
Hexametonio/farmacología , Unión Neuromuscular/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacología , Receptores Presinapticos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/efectos de los fármacos , Bromuro de Vecuronio/farmacología , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/farmacología , Animales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Bloqueo Neuromuscular , Antagonistas de Receptores Purinérgicos P1 , Receptores Presinapticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores Presinapticos/metabolismo , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismo , Tetania/fisiopatología , Xantinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Infants are very responsive to stimuli and may be even more vulnerable to the adverse effects of hospitalization than older children. Play techniques are effective in helping older children cope with the emotional effects of hospitalization; however their potential may be limited with small infants. Music therapy could offer a more direct and effective means of constructive interaction with this easily overlooked and underestimated age group. This paper reviews the results of a three-month trial of music therapy in an infant ward at the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children, Halifax, Nova Scotia.