Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty versus Non-Operative Treatment of Three-Part and Four-Part Proximal Humerus Fractures in the Elderly Patient: A Pooled Analysis and Systematic Review.

Background: The treatment of complex proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients is not yet fully elucidated. Of all treatment options, reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) and non-operative treatment (NOT) appear to provide the best results. Evidence to guide the choice between the two is sparse. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the available evidence on RSA versus NOT. Methods: Studies comparing complex proximal humerus fractures in patients aged >65 years treated either with RSA or NOT were included for systematic review and direct comparison via pooled analysis of patient-rated outcome and range of motion. Indirect comparison of case series and non-comparative studies on either treatment was performed separately. Results: Three comparative studies including 77 patients treated with RSA and 81 treated non-operatively were analysed. The RSA group scored better for both the Constant-Murley score (mean difference 6 points) and DASH score (mean difference 8 points). No differences were detected in ASES, PENN score, pain scores, or range of motion between treatment groups. The most common complications for RSA were infection (3%), nerve injury (2%), and dislocation (2%). Reoperation was required in 5%. In the NOT group, common complications included malunion (42%), osteonecrosis (25%), and non-union (3%); no reoperation was required. Patient satisfaction was equal in both groups. Conclusions: The functional outcomes and range of motion after RSA seemed satisfactory and potentially superior to NOT in elderly patients. Patient satisfaction was comparable despite a high malunion and osteonecrosis rate in the non-operative treatment group, which did not require re-interventions.

Biomechanical evaluation of double-stranded knot configurations in high-strength sutures and tapes.

PURPOSE: Recently, a new dynamic high-strength suture (DC) was introduced, also available in tape form (DT), featuring a salt-infused silicone core attracting water in a fluid environment to preserve tissue approximation. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the influence of securing throw number on knot security of two double-stranded knot configurations (Cow-hitch and Nice-knot) tied with either dynamic (DC and DT) or conventional (FW and ST) high-strength sutures and tapes, and (2) compare the ultimate force and knot slippage of the novel dynamic versus conventional sutures and tapes when used with their minimal number of needed securing throws. METHODS: Seven specimens of each FW, ST, DC and DT were considered for tying with Cow-hitch or Nice-knots. The base of these Cow-hitch and Nice-knots was secured with surgeons` knots using 1-3 alternating throws. Tensile tests were conducted under physiologic conditions to evaluate knot slippage, ultimate force at rupture, and minimum number of throws ensuring 100% knot security.  RESULTS:  For both Cow-hitch and Nice-knots, 100% security was achieved with 2 securing throws for DC, DT, ST, and with 3 securing throws for FW. With these minimum numbers of securing throws, ultimate force was significantly higher for Nice-knots versus Cow-hitch tied with DT (p = 0.001) and slippage was significantly less with Nice-knots versus Cow-hitch tied with DC (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The minimum number of securing throws required to achieve 100% security was 2 with DC, DT and ST for both Cow-hitch and Nice-knots configurations, in contrast to FW where 3 securing throws were needed. With these minimum numbers of securing throws, Nice-knots were associated with significantly higher ultimate forces when using DT and lower slippage with DC versus Cow-hitch knots.

Let's Agree to Disagree on Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Distal Radius Fractures in Older People: Protocol for a Prospective International Multicenter Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Distal radius fractures are the most frequently encountered fractures in Western societies, typically affecting patients aged 50 years and older. Although this is a common injury, the best treatment for these fractures in older patients is still under debate. OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aims to compare the outcome of operatively and nonoperatively treated distal radius fractures in the older population. Only patients with distal radius fractures for which equipoise regarding the optimal treatment exists will be included. METHODS: This prospective international multicenter observational cohort study will be designed as a natural experiment. Natural experiments are observational studies in which treatment allocation is determined by factors outside the control of the investigators but also (largely) independent of patient characteristics. Patients aged 65 years and older with an acute distal radius fracture will be considered for inclusion. Treatment allocation (operative vs nonoperative) will be based on the local preferences of the treating hospital either in Switzerland or the Netherlands. Hence, the process governing treatment allocation resembles that of randomization. Patients will be identified after treatment has been initiated. Based on the radiographs and baseline information of the patient, an expert panel of 6 certified trauma surgeons from 2 regions will provide their treatment recommendation. Only patients for whom the experts disagree on treatment recommendations will ultimately be included in the study (ie, for whom there is a clinical equipoise). For these patients, both operative and nonoperative treatment of distal radius fractures are viable, and treatment choice is predominantly determined by personal or local preference. The primary outcome will be the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes will include the Physical Activity Score for the Elderly, the EQ questionnaire, pain, the living situation, range of motion, complications, and radiological outcomes. By including outcomes such as living situation and the Physical Activity Score for the Elderly, which are not relevant for younger cohorts, valuable information to tailor treatment to the needs of the older population can be gained. According to the sample size collection, which was based on the minimal important clinical difference of the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation, 92 patients will have to be included, with at least 46 patients in each treatment group. RESULTS: Enrollment began in July 2023 and is expected to continue until summer 2024. The final follow-up will be 2 years after the last patient is included. CONCLUSIONS: Although many trials on this topic have previously been published, there remains an ongoing debate regarding the optimal treatment for distal radius fractures in older patients. This observational study, which will use a fairly new methodological study design, will provide further information on treatment outcomes for older patients with distal radius fractures for which to date equipoise exists regarding the optimal treatment. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/52917.

Digitally enhanced hands-on surgical training (DEHST) enhances the performance during freehand nail distal interlocking.

PURPOSE: Freehand distal interlocking of intramedullary nails remains a challenging task. Recently, a new training device for digitally enhanced hands-on surgical training (DEHST) was introduced, potentially improving surgical skills needed for distal interlocking. AIM: To evaluate whether training with DEHST enhances the performance of novices (first-year residents without surgical experience in freehand distal nail interlocking). METHODS: Twenty novices were randomly assigned to two groups and performed distal interlocking of a tibia nail in mock operation under operation-room-like conditions. Participants in Group 1 were trained with DEHST (five distal interlocking attempts, 1 h of training), while those in Group 2 did not receive training. Time, number of X-rays shots, hole roundness in the X-rays projection and hit rates were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Time to complete the task [414.7 s (range 290-615)] and X-rays exposure [17.8 µGcm2 (range 9.8-26.4)] were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 [623.4 s (range 339-1215), p = 0.041 and 32.6 µGcm2 (range 16.1-55.3), p = 0.003]. Hole projections were significantly rounder in Group 1 [95.0% (range 91.1-98.0) vs. 80.8% (range 70.1-88.9), p < 0.001]. In Group 1, 90% of the participants achieved successful completion of the task in contrast to a 60% success rate in Group 2. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS: In a mock-operational setting, training with DEHST significantly enhanced the performance of novices without surgical experience in distal interlocking of intramedullary nails and hence carries potential to improve safety and efficacy of this important and demanding surgical task to steepen the learning curve without endangering patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Is augmented femoral lateral plating with helically shaped medial plates biomechanically advantageous over straight medial plates?

Dual plating of comminuted distal femoral fractures allows for early patient mobilization. An additional helically shaped medial plate avoids the medial vital structures of the thigh. The aim of this study is to investigate the biomechanical competence of an augmented lateral locking compression plate distal femur (LCP-DF) using an additional straight versus a helically shaped medial LCP of the same length. Ten pairs of human cadaveric femora were instrumented with a lateral anatomical 15-hole LCP-DF. Following, they were pairwise instrumented with either an additional medial straight 14-hole LCP (group 1) or a 90°-helical shape LCP (group 2). All specimens were biomechanically tested under quasi-static and progressively increasing combined cyclic axial and torsional loading until failure. Initial interfragmentary axial displacement and flexion under static compression were significantly smaller in group 1 (0.11 ± 0.12 mm and 0.21 ± 0.10°) versus group 2 (0.31 ± 0.14 mm and 0.68 ± 0.16°), p ≤ 0.007. Initial varus deformation under static compression remained not significantly different between group 1 (0.57 ± 0.23°) and group 2 (0.75 ± 0.34°), p = 0.085. Flexion movements during dynamic loading were significantly bigger in group 2 (2.51 ± 0.54°) versus group 1 (1.63 ± 1.28°), p = 0.015; however, no significant differences were observed in terms of varus, internal rotation, and axial and shear displacements between the groups, p ≥ 0.204. Cycles to failure and load at failure were higher in group 2 (25,172 ± 6376 and 3017 ± 638 N) compared to group 1 (22,277 ± 4576 and 2728 ± 458 N) with no significant differences between them, p = 0.195. From a biomechanical perspective, helical double plating may be considered a useful alternative to straight double plating, demonstrating ameliorated damping capacities during flexion deformation and safer application as the medial neurovascular structures of the thigh are avoided.

Helical Plating Compared with Straight Plating and Nailing for Treatment of Proximal Third Humeral Shaft Fractures-A Biomechanical Study.

Background and Objectives: The surgical treatment of proximal humeral shaft fractures usually considers application of either long straight plates or intramedullary nails. By being able to spare the rotator cuff and avoid the radial nerve distally, the implementation of helical plates might overcome the downsides of common fixation methods. The aims of the current study were (1) to explore the biomechanical competence of different plate designs and (2) to compare their performance versus the alternative treatment option of using intramedullary nails. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four artificial humeri were assigned to the following four groups for simulation of an unstable proximal humeral shaft fracture and instrumentation: Group 1 (Straight-PHILOS), Group 2 (MULTILOC-Nail), Group 3 (45°-Helical-PHILOS), and Group 4 (90°-Helical-PHILOS). All specimens underwent non-destructive, quasi-static biomechanical testing under loading in axial compression, torsion in internal/external rotation, and pure bending in four directions, accompanied by motion tracking. Results: Axial stiffness/displacement in Group 2 was significantly higher/smaller than in all other groups (p ≤ 0.010). Torsional displacement in Group 2 was significantly bigger than in all other groups (p ≤ 0.017). Significantly smaller coronal plane displacement was identified in Group 2 versus all other groups (p < 0.001) and in Group 4 versus Group 1 (p = 0.022). Significantly bigger sagittal plane displacement was detected in Group 4 versus all other groups (p ≤ 0.024) and in Group 1 versus Group 2 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intramedullary nails demonstrated higher axial stiffness and smaller axial interfragmentary movements compared with all investigated plate designs. However, they were associated with bigger torsional movements at the fracture site. Although 90°-helical plates revealed bigger interfragmentary movements in the sagittal plane, they demonstrated improved resistance against displacements in the coronal plane when compared with straight lateral plates. In addition, 45°-helical plates manifested similar biomechanical competence to straight plates and may be considered a valid alternative to the latter from a biomechanical standpoint.

A natural experiment study: Low-profile double plating versus single plating techniques in midshaft clavicle fractures-Study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Single plate osteosynthesis is commonly employed when performing surgical stabilization of midshaft clavicle fractures. In recent years, a smaller structural low-profile double plating technique has been described as a possible solution for the high removal rates associated with single plating. A previous meta-analysis has demonstrated that low-profile double plating attains the same healing rates as single plating without a higher chance of fracture-related infections. This meta-analysis, however, was based on relatively small studies. Therefore, a multicentre prospective natural experiment was designed using natural variation in treatment regimens and geographical location of the trauma as treatment allocation mechanism to compare both treatments on a larger scale. This manuscript describes its protocol. MATERIAL & METHODS: Patients (≥16 years) with primary midshaft clavicle fractures that are eligible for operative treatment will be included. Treatment allocation will be determined by the geographical location of the accident and local hospital providing treatment. In two centres, single plating is the treatment of choice for these patients. In two others, low-profile double plating has become the standard treatment. For the low-profile double plating group, one superiorly positioned VariAx 2.0mm and one anterior VariAx 2.4mm or 2.7mm plate will be used. For the single plating group, the standard locally available implant will be used. A total of 336 patients will be included. The primary outcome of interest is re-intervention. Secondary outcomes include complications, operative time, length of incision, functional scores (DASH, EQ-5D-DL, VAS-Pain/Satisfaction) and cost-effectiveness. DISCUSSION: This study will determine whether low-profile double plating has significant clinical and cost-effective benefits over single plating techniques in midshaft clavicle fractures. The study will also give insight in the performance of a natural experiment study design for orthopedic trauma research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been registered on ClincialTrials.gov, identifier NCT05579873.

[Distal radius fracture-tactic and approach]. / Distale Radiusfrakturen ­ Taktik und Zugangswahl.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of surgical treatment is fracture healing with restored alignment, rotation, and joint surface. Stable fixation allows for functional postoperative aftercare. INDICATIONS: Displaced intra- and extra-articular fractures which either could not be adequately reduced or in which a secondary displacement is to expected due to instability criteria. The following factors are considered instability criteria: age > 60 years, female, initial dorsal displacement > 20°, dorsal comminution, radial shortening > 5 mm, palmar displacement. CONTRAINDICATIONS: The only absolute contraindication is if the patient is deemed unfit for surgery due to concerns regarding anesthesia. Old age is a relative contraindication, as it is currently debated whether older patients benefit from the operation. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The surgical technique is guided by the fracture pattern. Palmar plating is most commonly performed. If the joint surface needs to be visualized, a dorsal approach (in combination with another approach or alone) or arthroscopically assisted fixation should be chosen. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: In general, a functional postoperative regime can be carried out after plate fixation with mobilization without weightbearing. Short-term splinting can provide pain relief. Concomitant ligamentous injuries and fixations, which are not stable enough for functional aftercare (such as k­wires) require a longer period of immobilization. RESULTS: Provided the fracture is reduced correctly, osteosynthesis improves functional outcome. The complication rate ranges between 9 and 15% with the most common complication being tendon irritation/rupture and plate removal. Whether surgical treatment holds the same benefits for patients > 65 years as for younger patients is currently under debate.

In patients with combined clavicle and multiple rib fractures, does fracture fixation of the clavicle improve clinical outcomes? A multicenter prospective cohort study of 232 patients.

BACKGROUND: Clavicle and rib fractures are often sustained concomitantly. The combination of injuries may result in decreased stability of the chest wall, making these patients prone to (respiratory) complications and prolonged hospitalization. This study aimed to assess whether adding chest wall stability by performing clavicle fixation improves clinical outcomes in patients with concurrent clavicle and rib fractures. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study was performed including all adult patients admitted between January 2018 and March 2021 with concurrent ipsilateral clavicle and rib fractures. Patients treated operatively versus nonoperatively for their clavicle fracture were matched using propensity score matching. The primary outcome was hospital length of stay (HLOS). Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, pain, complications, and quality of life at 6 weeks and 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: In total, 232 patients with concomitant ipsilateral clavicle and rib fractures were included. Fifty-two patients (22%) underwent operative treatment of which 39 could be adequately matched to 39 nonoperatively treated patients. No association was observed between clavicle plate fixation and HLOS (mean difference, 2.3 days; 95% confidence interval, -2.1 to 6.8; p = 0.301) or any secondary endpoint. Eight of the 180 nonoperatively treated patients (4%) had a symptomatic nonunion, for which 5 underwent secondary clavicle fixation. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that, in patients with combined clavicle and multiple rib fractures, plate fixation of the clavicle reduces HLOS, pain, or (pulmonary) complications, nor that it improves quality of life. STUDY TYPE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level III.

Primary Closure or Secondary Wound Healing of Pin Sites After External Fixator Removal: A Single-Center Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this single-center randomized controlled trial was to compare primary wound closure using a suture with secondary wound healing of pin sites after removal of temporary external fixation. METHODS: This noninferiority trial included all patients who were treated with a temporary external fixator on an upper or lower extremity at 1 institution. The primary outcome was pin-site infection. Secondary outcomes were measured at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 52 weeks and included all other complications, time to pin-site wound healing (in weeks), the most satisfactory pin site as rated by the patient, the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, and the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). The most proximal pin site was randomly allocated (1:1) to either primary closure or secondary wound healing, and the other pin sites were treated alternately. RESULTS: Seventy patients, providing 241 pin sites, were included between January 1, 2019, and March 1, 2020. A total of 123 pin sites were treated with primary closure and 118, with secondary wound healing. The median age was 55 years (interquartile range, 46 to 67 years), 44% were male, and the median duration of the external fixation was 6 days (interquartile range, 4 to 8 days). There were no pin-site infections in either group. Wound healing was significantly faster in the primary closure group (median of 2 versus 6 weeks, p = 0.013). The VSS and patient satisfaction showed no differences between groups. There was 1 case of fracture-related infection not related to any pin site. CONCLUSIONS: Primary closure of temporary external fixator pin sites did not result in higher infection rates compared with secondary wound healing, and pin sites healed significantly faster after primary closure. Primary closure should therefore be considered in patients treated with a temporary external fixator. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

[Pyoderma gangrenosum in a grade 3 open fracture after a forest accident : When one cannot see the wood for the trees]. / Pyoderma gangraenosum bei einer 3-gradig offenen Fraktur nach einem Forstunfall : Wenn man den Wald vor lauter Bäumen nicht sieht.

We describe the case of a forest worker with a Gustilo-Anderson III dislocation fracture of the ankle joint. After initial external fixation, round necrotic skin lesions with hyperemic border walls appeared on the entire lower leg. Recurrent débridements worsened the soft tissue instead of improving it. An immunoglobulin and corticosteroid treatment was initiated, which diminished the inflammatory reaction and granulation of soft tissue began. Posttraumatic pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare diagnosis. Nevertheless, it needs to be on the list of differential diagnoses if uncommon soft tissue reactions appear.

Rib fractures in the elderly population: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Multiple rib fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients. There is growing interest in surgical stabilization in this subgroup of patients. This systematic review compares conservative treatment to surgical fixation in elderly patients (older than 60 years) with multiple rib fractures. The primary outcome is mortality. Secondary outcomes include hospital and intensive care length of stay (HLOS and ILOS), duration of mechanical ventilation (DMV) and pneumonia rates. METHODS: Multiple databases were searched for comparative studies reporting on conservative versus operative treatment for rib fractures in patients older than 60 years. Both observational studies and randomised clinical trials were considered. RESULTS: Five observational studies (n = 2583) were included. Mortality was lower in operatively treated patients compared to conservative treatment (4% vs. 8%). Pneumonia rate and DMV were similar (5/6% and 5.8/6.5 days) for either treatment modality. Overall ILOS and HLOS of stay were longer in operatively treated patients (6.5 ILOS and 12.7 HLOS vs. 2.7 ILOS and 6.5 ILOS). There were only minimal reports on perioperative complications. Notably, the median number of rib fractures (8.4 vs. 5) and the percentage of flail chest were higher in operatively treated patients (47% vs. 39%). CONCLUSION: It remains unknown to what extent conservative and operative treatment contribute individually to reducing morbidity and mortality in the elderly with multiple rib fractures. To date, the quality of evidence is rather low, thus well-performed comparative observational studies or randomised controlled trials considering all confounders are needed to determine whether operative treatment can improve a patient's outcome.

Treatment and outcome in combined scapula and rib fractures: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The primary aim was to describe the population characteristics of patients with combined scapula and rib fractures and outcomes associated with different treatment strategies. METHODS: All adult (≥ 18 years) patients with concurrent ipsilateral scapula and rib fractures admitted to the study hospital between 1st January 2010 and 31st June 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 223 patients were admitted with concurrent ipsilateral rib and scapula fractures. A total of 160 patients (72%) were treated conservatively, 63 patients (28%) operatively. Among operatively treated patients, 32 (51%) underwent rib fixation (RF) only, 24 (38%) underwent scapula fixation (SF) only, and seven patients (11%) underwent combined fixation of scapula and ribs (SRF). In general, more severely injured patients were treated with more extensive surgery. RF patients had a median hospital length of stay of 16 days, the SF patients 11 days and SRF patients 18 days. There were no significant differences in complications (pneumonia, recurrent pneumothorax and revision surgery) between groups. CONCLUSION: Injury severity resulted in different treatment modalities. As a result, different patient characteristics between treatment groups were observed, which makes direct comparison between treatment modalities impossible. All treatment modalities seem feasible; however, the additional value of both rib and scapula fixation has yet to be proven in large multicentre studies.

Non-operative vs. operative treatment for multiple rib fractures after blunt thoracic trauma: a multicenter prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple rib fractures without a clinical flail chest are increasingly being treated with rib fixation; however, high-quality evidence to support this development is lacking. METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicenter observational study comparing rib fixation to non-operative treatment in all patients aged 18 years and older with computed tomography confirmed multiple rib fractures without a clinical flail chest. Three centers performed rib fixation as standard of care. For adequate comparison, the other three centers performed only non-operative treatment. As such clinical equipoise formed the basis for the comparison in this study. Patients were matched using propensity score matching. RESULTS: In total 927 patients with multiple rib fractures were included. In the three hospitals that performed rib fixation, 80 (14%) out of 591 patients underwent rib fixation. From the nonoperative centers, on average 71 patients were adequately matched to 71 rib fixation patients after propensity score matching. Rib fixation was associated with an increase in hospital length of stay (HLOS) of 4.9 days (95%CI 0.8-9.1, p = 0.02) and a decrease in quality of life (QoL) measured by the EQ5D questionnaire at 1 year of 0.1 (95% CI - 0.2-0.0, p = 0.035) compared to non-operative treatment. A subgroup analysis of patients who received operative care within 72 h showed a similar decrease in QoL. Up to 22 patients (28%) who underwent surgery experienced implant-related irritation. CONCLUSIONS: We found no benefits and only detrimental effects associated with rib fixation. Based on these results, we do not recommend rib fixation as the standard of care for patients with multiple rib fractures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in the Netherlands Trial Register NTR6833 on 13/11/2017.

Anatomical analysis of different helical plate designs for proximal humeral shaft fracture fixation.

OBJECTIVES: Helical plates are preferably used for proximal humeral shaft fracture fixation and potentially avoid radial nerve irritation. AIMS: Safety of applying four different long plate designs (straight, 45°-, 90°-helical and ALPS) with MIPO technique as well as assessment and comparison of their distances to adjacent anatomical structures. METHODS: MIPO was performed in 16 human cadaveric humeri using either a straight (group 1), a 45°-helical (group 2), a 90°-helical (group 3) plate, or an ALPS (group 4). Applying CT angiography, distances between brachial arteries and plates were evaluated. All specimens were dissected and distances to the axillary, radial and musculocutaneous nerve were evaluated. RESULTS: No specimens demonstrated injuries of the anatomical structures at risk after MIPO with all investigated plate designs. Closest overall distance (mean (range); mm) between each plate and the radial nerve was 1 (1-3) in group 1, 7 (2-11) in group 2, 14 (7-25) in group 3 and 6 (3-8) in group 4. It was significantly bigger in group 3 and significantly smaller in group 1 compared to all other groups, p < 0.001. Closest overall distance between each plate and the musculocutaneous nerve was 16 (8-28) in group 1, 11 (7-18) in group 2, 3 (2-4) in group 3 and 6 (3-8) in group 4. It was significantly bigger in group 1 and significantly smaller in group 3 compared to all other groups, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: MIPO with 45°- and 90°-helical plates as well as with ALPS is safely feasible and demonstrates significantly bigger distances to the radial nerve compared to straight plates. However, the distances remain small and attention must be paid to the musculocutaneous nerve and the brachial artery when MIPO is applied using ALPS, 45°- and 90°-helical implants.

High Percentage of Complications and Re-Operations Following Dynamic Locking Plate Fixation with the Targon® FN for Intracapsular Proximal Femoral Fractures: An Analysis of Risk Factors.

The ideal surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures remains controversial. When treating these fractures with internal fixation, many fixation constructs exist. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and specific risk factors associated with complication and re-operation following fixation of intracapsular proximal femoral fractures using the Targon-FN system (B.Braun Melsungen AG). A secondary aim was to identify if lateral prominence of the implant relative to the lateral border of the vastus ridge was a specific risk factor for elective plate removal. Methodically, a retrospective case series was conducted of all consecutive adult patients treated at a single level 1 trauma center in Switzerland for an intracapsular proximal femoral fracture with the Targon-FN. Demographic data were collected. Patients with a follow-up of less than three months were excluded. Complications as well as plate position were recorded. Statistical analysis to identify specific risk factors for re-operation and complications was performed. In result, a total of 72 cases with intracapsular femoral neck fractures were treated with the Targon-FN locking plate system between 2010 and 2017. Thirty-four patients (47.2%) experienced one or more complications. The most common complication was mechanical irritation of the iliotibial band (ITB) (23.6%, n = 17). Complications included intraarticular screw perforation (6.9%, n = 5), avascular necrosis (5.6%, n = 4), non-union (5.6%, n = 4) among others. In total, 46 re-operations were required. Younger age, fracture displacement and time to postoperative weight bearing were identified as risk factors for re-operation. In conclusion, intracapsular femoral neck fractures treated with the Targon-FN system resulted in a high rate of post-operative complication and re-operation. Statistical analysis revealed patient age, fracture displacement, time to postoperative full weight bearing were risk factors for re-operation. The main limitation is the limited number of cases and a short follow-up of less than 12 months in a subgroup of our patients.

Low-profile dual mini-fragment plating of diaphyseal clavicle fractures. A biomechanical comparative testing.

BACKGROUND: Implant removal rates after clavicle plating are high. Recently, low-profile dual mini-fragment plate constructs have revealed lower implant removal rates following fixation of diaphyseal clavicle fractures. However, they have not been subject to a biomechanical investigation. AIMS: To: (1) investigate thebiomechanical competence of different dual plate designs and (2) compare them against single superoanterior plating. METHODS: Twelve artificial clavicles with a simulated AO/OTA 15.2C unstable diaphyseal clavicle fracture were assigned to 2 groups and instrumented with dual titanium mandible plates as follows: Group 1 - 2.5 mm anterior plus 2.0 mm superior (2.5/2.0); Group 2 - 2.0 mm anterior plus 2.0 mm superior (2.0/2.0). Specimens were cyclically tested to failure under craniocaudal cantilever bending superimposed with torsion around the shaft axis and compared to previous published data acquired using 6 locking superoanterior plates tested under the same conditions (Group 3). FINDINGS: Initial stiffness was highest in Group 1 followed by Group 2 and Group 3, being significantly different between Group 1 and Group 3 (p = 0.020). Displacement after 5000 cycles was biggest in Group 3, followed by Group 2 and Group 1, with significant differences between Group 3 and both Group 1 and Group 2 (p ≤ 0.027). Cycles to failure were highest in Group 3 followed by Group 1 and Group 2, being significantly different between Group 2 and Group 3 (p = 0.004). INTERPRETATION: Low-profile 2.0/2.0 dual plates demonstrated similar initial stiffness compared with single 3.5 mm locking plates, however, they revealed significantly lower resistance to failure. Moreover, low-profile 2.5/2.0 dual plates demonstrated significantly higher initial stiffness and similar resistance to failure compared with single 3.5 mm locking plates and can therefore be considered as their useful alternative for diaphyseal clavicle fracture fixation.

[Augmentation in the treatment of proximal humeral and femoral fractures]. / Augmentation bei der Versorgung proximaler Humerus- und Femurfrakturen.

BACKGROUND: Proximal humeral and trochanteric femoral fractures in older patients are typically caused by low-energy trauma and are therefore often associated with osteoporosis. The treatment of such fragility fractures can be difficult as implant purchase is reduced in osteoporotic bone. By augmenting the fixation with cement the contact surface between implant and bone can be increased, which improves the stability of the osteosynthesis. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the operative technique for the augmentation of trochanteric femoral fractures treated with the Trochanteric Fixation Nail-Advanced (TFNA, DePuy Synthes, Oberdorf BL, Switzerland) and proximal humeral fractures stabilized with a PHILOS plate (DePuy Synthes). Furthermore, the evidence for the augmentation of these two fracture types is elucidated. RESULTS: Biomechanical studies could show an improved stability of the osteosynthesis after successful augmentation for both fracture types. The current evidence also indicates a clinical reduction of fixation failure. Whether the augmentation has an influence on the functional result could so far not yet clearly be proven. CONCLUSION: Augmentation seems to be a safe and valuable addition to available treatment options especially for patients with fragility fractures.

Low profile dual plating for mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a meta-analysis and systematic review of observational studies.

INTRODUCTION: Low profile dual plate fixation using two mini fragment plates (< 2.7 mm thickness) is a relatively new technique and alternative to single plating for treating midshaft clavicle fractures. To date, no meta-analysis has been performed comparing these two techniques. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized clinical trials was performed comparing single plating to low profile dual plating for midshaft clavicle fractures. METHODS: PubMed/Medline/Embase/CENTRAL/CINAHL were searched for both randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies comparing both treatments. Effect estimates were pooled across studies using random effects models. The primary outcome is overall complication rate and re-intervention rate. Secondary outcomes include healing, operation duration and functional scores. RESULTS: Low profile dual plating has favourable outcomes regarding overall complication rate (8.1% vs. 22.5%, OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7, I2 = 16%, p = 0.007) and re-intervention rate (6.1% vs. 16.1%, OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, I2 = 25%, p = 0.02). The largest contributing factor behind these differences was the high incidence of implant related complaints in the single plating group (4.7% vs. 11.6%, OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9, I2 = 0%, p = 0.02). The use of low profile dual plating does not have a detrimental effect on healing with union being attained in 99% compared to 97.4% in the single plating group (OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.3-10.7, I = 0%, p = 0.5). Data on operating time and functional results is limited. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis shows that dual plating low profile plates for midshaft clavicle fractures is a safe procedure attaining the same union rates seen in patients treated with single plating. In addition, it seems to have a lower overall complication and re-intervention rate, mostly driven by the lower incidence of implant related complaints. Low profile dual plating, however, is a fairly new technique and should be further explored in respect to more differentiated endpoints to test whether these first findings are valid. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Anatomical analysis of different helical plate designs for distal femoral fracture fixation.

PURPOSE: Helical plates potentially avoid the medial neurovascular structures of the thigh. Two implant designs for additional medial 90° helical plate in double plate constructs for geriatric patients and 180° helical plate for single plating in young patients are potential alternatives to widely used standard straight plates. AIMS: (1) assess the distances to adjacent anatomical structures being at risk when applying medial 90° and 180° helical plates with MIPO technique to the femur, (2) compare these distances with medial straight plates, and (3) correlate measurements performed during surgical dissection with CT angiography. METHODS: MIPO was performed in ten human cadaveric femoral pairs using either a 90° helical 14-hole LCP (Group 1) or a 180° helical 15-hole LCP-DF (Group 2). Using CT angiography, distances between femoral arteries and plates as well as distances between plates and perforating vessels were evaluated. Following, specimens were dissected and distances determined again. All plates were removed and measurements were repeated with straight medial plates (Group 3). RESULTS: Overall closest distances between plates and femoral arteries were 14.5 mm (11-19 mm) in Group 1, 21.6 mm (15-24 mm) in Group 2 and 6.5 mm (5-8 mm) in Group 3, with significant differences between Group 3 and both other groups (p < 0.001). Distances to the nearest perforating vessels were 22.4 mm (15-30 mm) in Group 1 and 1.2 mm (1-2 mm) in Group 2. Measurement techniques (visual after surgical disection and CT angiography) demonstrated a strong correlation (p < 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Inserting 90° and 180° helical plates with MIPO technique is safe, however, attention must be paid to the medial neurovascular structures with 90° helical plates and to the proximal perforating vessels with 180° helical plates. Helical plates can avoid irritation of medial neurovascular structures - compared with straight plates - although care must be taken during their distal insertion. Measurements during surgical dissection correlate with CT angiography.