Agro-ecological product and its value realization pathway.

The value realization of agro-ecological products is of great significance to China's food security, ecological protection, and strategic blueprint. We reviewed the concepts and boundaries of agricultural ecosystem and agro-ecological products (including agricultural products, other ecosystem services and dis-services). Based on the emergy method, the agricultural ecosystem service quantification method was proposed and the ecosystem services and dis-services of typical agricultu-ral products per unit area in China were calculated. Further, the type-specific values realization pathways of the agro-ecological products were discussed. It was found that 1) the values of the agro-ecological products, which has been realized through market mechanism, can further be added by the means of increasing green degrees or special degree, and establishing agricultural industrial chains; 2) the values of the agro-ecological products, which have not yet been realized through market mechanism, should be compensated or realized through ecological product empowerment and regional shared brand quality commitment; 3) the values of the agro-ecological products can be preserved or increased through reducing the harmfulness of N, P, pesticides and insecticides to ecosystem and human health by multi-approaches-based GHG emission reduction, land nutrient management strategies, and rational landscape architecture; 4) some financial solutions can be promoted, e.g., cancellation of secondary agricultural subsidies, the establishment of ecological trading platform and the certification of ecological products. This study contributes to propose the value realization pathways of agro-ecological products, advance the development of green finance, and promote the modernization of natural resource management capabilities.

Urban energy water food land climate change nexus in the flow and policy perspective: A review.

Intricate associations exist between the internal elements of urban ecosystems, with the adjustment in one element can exert impacts of varying degrees on others. The rapid urbanization has brought numerous challenges on the urban sustainable development. To basically solve these problems, the nexus approach needs to be adopted. We clarified three application scenarios of nexus and their corresponding definitions. Meanwhile, the development of urban nexus theory was also provided. The analysis between any two characters among energy, water, food, land and climate change (EWFLC) systems was presented from the perspective of the physical nexus and policy effect nexus, respectively. From the perspective of the physical nexus, most the present stu-dies are concentrated on the urban scale, and aim at the direct nexus, lacking of indirect nexus reaches relatively. Most of the relationships between each two characters will have positive impacts on the society or economy. From the perspective of the policy effect nexus, current policies focused on the five systems are mostly oriented to directly solve problems of targeted system. The intermediate objectives of policy implementation are mostly quantifiable. There are generally multiple indicators of the policy effect evaluations. Furthermore, an analysis framework of urban EWFLC systems simultaneously combining physical and policy nexus was proposed in this study, which aimed to help make policy selections and realize urban sustainable development.

[Non-monetary accounting on forest ecosystem services value: Case study of forests in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region]. / æ£®æž—ç”Ÿæ€ç³»ç»ŸæœåŠ¡ä»·å€¼éžè´§å¸é‡æ ¸ç®—:以京津冀城市群为例.

Forest ecosystem has significant functions and services. The accounting on forest ecosystem services valuation (ESV) is one of the key prerequisites to forest ESV pricing, ecosystems protection, and the implementation of that "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets". We first reviewed the advantages and limitations of current forest ESV counting methods, and then established the non-monetary accounting method on forest ESV based on emergy method. Further, we used forests in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area to test this accounting method. In addition, we modified the ESV accounting results based on normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). Meanwhile, considering the uncertainty of data source, we conducted the uncertainty analysis on the accounting results. The results showed that the order of forest ESV in the different areas of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei was Chengde > Beijing > Baoding > Zhangjiakou > Shijiazhuang > Qinhuangdao > Tianjin > Tangshan > Xingtai > Langfang > Hengshui >Cangzhou. The ESV order of different forest types was deciduous broad-leaved forest > evergreen coniferous forest > deciduous coniferous forest. In terms of different ecosystem services subtypes, the largest type of the ESV per unit area in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei was climate regulation, accounting for around 60% of the total ESV per unit area, following by net primary productivity (NPP) increase and carbon sequestration, accounting for around 23%, and the proportion of other subtypes were small. The forest ESV in Hebei Province contributed most to local GDP, followed by Beijing and Tianjin. The non-monetary forest ESV accounting method established here could overcome the limitations of previous methods, including double counting, failure to establish ESV from donor side and the improper use or replacement of emergy transformities. We systematically assessed the forest ESV and could provide more effective optimization and decision-making basis on forest ecosystem services pricing, eco-compensation establishment and ecological civilization promotion.