Regulation of ginseng adventitious root growth in Panax ginseng by the miR156-targeted PgSPL24-09 transcription factors.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding endogenous small-molecule, single-stranded RNAs, and it is involved in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development. Among them, miRNA156 regulates members of target SPL gene family and thus participates in plant growth and development, hormonal response and adversity stress. However, it has not been reported in ginseng. In this study, based on the previous analysis of the SPL gene family, the age-related and stably expressed SPL gene PgSPL24-09 was obtained in roots. The binding site of miRNA156 to this gene was analyzed using target gene prediction tools, and the interactions between miRNA156 and PgSPL24-09 gene were verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay and RT-qPCR. At the same time, miRNA156 silencing vector and overexpression vector were constructed and transformed into ginseng adventitious roots and Arabidopsis thaliana to analyze the molecular mechanism of miRNA156-SPL module in regulating the growth of ginseng adventitious roots. This study provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the molecular role of miRNAs in ginseng growth, and also lays the foundation for the study of the role of miRNA156-SPL module in regulating the growth and development of ginseng.

The association between telomere length and diabetes mellitus: accumulated evidence from observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: In order to assess the associations between telomere length (TL) and diabetes mellitus (DM), especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we performed this systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were thoroughly searched up to July 11, 2023. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were evaluated using the random-effects model. Age, sex, study design, duration of diabetes, region, sample size, and body mass index (BMI) were used to stratify subgroup analyses. RESULTS: A total of 37 observational studies involving 18,181 participants from 14 countries were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. In this study, patients with diabetes had shorter TL than the non-diabetic, whether those patients had T1DM (-2.70; 95% CI: -4.47, -0.93; P<0.001), T2DM (-3.70; 95% CI: -4.20, -3.20; P<0.001), or other types of diabetes (-0.71; 95% CI: -1.10, -0.31; P<0.001). Additionally, subgroup analysis of T2DM showed that TL was significantly correlated with age, sex, study design, diabetes duration, sample size, detection method, region, and BMI. CONCLUSION: A negative correlation was observed between TL and DM. To validate this association in the interim, more extensive, superior prospective investigations and clinical trials are required.

Genome-wide identification and integrated analysis of the FAR1/FHY3 gene family and genes expression analysis under methyl jasmonate treatment in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) is an important and valuable medicinal plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its metabolite ginsenoside is the primary active ingredient. The FAR1/FHY3 gene family members play critical roles in plant growth and development as well as participate in a variety of physiological processes, including plant development and signaling of hormones. Studies have indicated that methyl jasmonate treatment of ginseng adventitious roots resulted in a significant increase in the content of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides. Therefore, it is highly significant to screen the FAR1/FHY3 gene family members in ginseng and preliminarily investigate their expression patterns in response to methyl jasmonic acid signaling. In this study, we screened and identified the FAR1/FHY3 family genes in the ginseng transcriptome databases. And then, we analyzed their gene structure and phylogeny, chromosomal localization and expression patterns, and promoter cis-acting elements, and made GO functional annotations on the members of this family. After that, we treated the ginseng adventitious roots with 200 mM methyl jasmonate and investigated the trend of the expression of four genes containing the largest number of methyl jasmonate cis-acting elements at different treatment times. All four genes were able to respond to methyl jasmonate, the most significant change was in the PgFAR40 gene. This study provides data support for subsequent studies of this family member in ginseng and provides experimental reference for subsequent validation of the function of this family member under methyl jasmonic acid signaling.

Performance of fibroblast activating protein inhibitor PET imaging for pancreatic neoplasms assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown the potential of fibroblast activating protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET imaging for pancreatic cancer assessment. PURPOSE: This article is dedicated to comparing the diagnostic efficacy of FAPI PET and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in the evaluation of primary tumors, lymph nodes, and distant metastases in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: In this review, we conducted a systematic search of studies published in PubMed and Web of Science databases up to September 18, 2023. All included studies used radionuclide labeled FAPI and FDG as PET diagnostic tracers to evaluate their applicability in patients with pancreatic cancer. RESULTS: The FAPI PET imaging group showed significantly higher sensitivity in the detection of primary lesions (1.000, [95% CI: 0.999-1.000]), lymph node metastases (0.624 [95% CI: 0.391-0.834]) and distant metastatic (0.965 [95% CI: 0.804-1.000]) in pancreatic cancer compared to the FDG PET imaging group (0.889 [95% CI: 0.788-0.966], 0.373 [95% CI: 0.163-0.606] and 0.889 [95% CI: 0.689-0.999], respectively). Furthermore, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in FAPI PET imaging is significantly higher than that in FDG imaging for primary lesions (mean difference (MD) = 7.51, 95% CI: 5.34-9.67). CONCLUSION: Compared with [18F]FDG PET/CT, FAPI PET imaging showed higher sensitivity, SUVmax. This method can be effectively utilized for the evaluation of pancreatic cancer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Fibroblast activating protein inhibitor PET may be a better alternative to [18F]FDG in evaluating primary pancreatic cancer, lymph node metastases, and distant metastases. KEY POINTS: Fibroblast activating protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET is compared with FDG PET for evaluating pancreatic cancer. Multiple radiolabeled FAPI variants have shown promising results in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. FAPI PET imaging effectively helps clinicians diagnose and stage pancreatic cancer.

Reflections on the complex mechanisms of endometriosis from the perspective of ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterised by intracellular iron overload, increased lipid peroxidation and abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species.It has been implicated in the progression of several diseases including cancer, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases and liver disease. The etiology of endometriosis (EMS) is still unclear and is associated with multiple factors, often accompanied by various forms of cell death and a complex microenvironment. In recent decades, the role of non-traditional forms of cell death, represented by ferroptosis, in endometriosis has come to the attention of researchers. This article reviews the transitional role of iron homeostasis in the development of ferroptosis, the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, and focuses on summarising the links between iron death and various pathogenic mechanisms of EMS, including oxidative stress, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The possible applications of ferroptosis in the treatment of EMS, future research directions and current issues are discussed with the aim of providing new ideas for further understanding of EMS.

Efficiency of copy number variation sequencing combined with karyotyping in fetuses with congenital heart disease and the following outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Both copy number variant-sequencing (CNV-seq) and karyotype analysis have been used as powerful tools in the genetic aetiology of fetuses with congenital heart diseases (CHD). However, CNV-seq brings clinicians more confusions to interpret the detection results related to CHD with or without extracardiac abnormalities. Hence, we conducted this study to investigate the clinical value of CNV-seq in fetuses with CHD. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients with fetal CHD including 36 single CHD (sCHD), 41 compound CHD (cCHD) and 90 non-isolated CHD (niCHD) were recruited into the study. 28 cases (16.77%, 28/167) were revealed with chromosomal abnormalities at the level of karyotype. The pathogenic detection rate (DR) of CNV-seq (23.17%, 19/82) was higher than that of karyotyping (15.85%, 13/82) in 82 cases by CNV-seq and karyotyping simultaneously. The DR of pathogenic copy number variations (PCNVs) (31.43%) was higher in niCHD subgroup than that in sCHD and cCHD (9.52% and 23.08%). Conotruncal defect (CTD) was one of the most common heart malformations with the highest DR of PCNVs (50%) in 7 categories of CHD. In terms of all the pregnancy outcomes, 67 (40.12%) cases were terminated and 100 (59.88%) cases were live neonates. Only two among 34 cases with a pathogenic genetic result chose to continue the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: CNV-seq combined with karyotyping is a reliable and accurate prenatal technique for identifying pathogenic chromosomal abnormalities associated with fetal CHD with or without extracardiac abnormalities, which can assist clinicians to perform detailed genetic counselling with regard to the etiology and related outcomes of CHD.

Comparison of [18F]FDG and [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the feasibility of [68 Ga]pentixafor positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PROCEDURES: This prospective study included patients with NPC who underwent [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT and 2-[18F]fuoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) PET/CT within one week between November 2022 and March 2023. The [68 Ga]pentixafor and [18F]FDG uptakes in primary and metastatic lesions were measured and compared. RESULTS: Twenty-five participants (21 patients for initial stage and four patients for recurrence detection) were enrolled in our study. The participants underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT and [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT. [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT had the same detection rate as [18F]FDG for primary tumor (96% vs. 96%). The [68 Ga]pentixafor maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) and target-to-background ratio (TBR) of primary tumors were lower than those of [18F]FDG (SUVmax: 8.13 ± 2.78 vs. 14.25 ± 6.45; P < 0.01; TBR: 5.17 ± 2.14 vs. 9.81 ± 5.30, P < 0.01). The difference between tumor volume of [68 Ga]pentixafor (TVpentixafor) and tumor volume of [18F]FDG (TVFDG) showed no significance (median: 16.01 vs. 9.56, P = 0.332). In the detection of suspected metastatic cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), [68 Ga]pentixafor PET possessed a lower SUVmax than [18F]FDG PET/CT (SUVmax: 6.86 ± 2.63 vs. 10.39 ± 5.28, P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in the detection rate between [68 Ga]pentixafor and [18F]FDG PET/CT (96 vs. 98, P = 0.613). CONCLUSIONS: [68 Ga]pentixafor is a promising imaging tracer for detecting primary and metastatic NPC. [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT is comparable to [18F]FDG PET/CT in the detection rate of primary tumors and metastatic cervical lymph nodes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but [68 Ga]pentixafor uptake was heterogeneous. [68 Ga]pentixafor PET/CT may help select patients most likely to benefit from CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NO: ChiCTR2200065902.

MALT Lymphoma in Histologic Transformation: FDG-Avid but Pentixafor-Negative.

ABSTRACT: An 81-year-old woman experienced compression symptoms due to diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland. The cytopathological results of thyroid fine-needle suggested malignancy. Therefore, she underwent bilateral thyroidectomy. Postoperative pathology indicated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Three months later, she found a progressively enlarged mass in her neck. The biopsy showed MALT lymphoma with highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma transformation. 18F-FDG PET/CT showed increased metabolism in multiple lymph nodes. However, some of these lymph nodes were negative in 68Ga-pentxafor PET/CT. Our case demonstrated that 68Ga-pentixafor may have limited value in evaluating MALT lymphoma transformation.

ZBTB20 Regulates SERCA2a Activity and Myocardial Contractility Through Phospholamban.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular Ca2+ cycling determines myocardial contraction and relaxation in response to physiological demands. SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a) is responsible for the sequestration of cytosolic Ca2+ into intracellular stores during cardiac relaxation, and its activity is reversibly inhibited by PLN (phospholamban). However, the regulatory hierarchy of SERCA2a activity remains unclear. METHODS: Cardiomyocyte-specific ZBTB20 knockout mice were generated by crossing ZBTB20flox mice with Myh6-Cre mice. Echocardiography, blood pressure measurements, Langendorff perfusion, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot analysis, electrophysiological measurements, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were performed to clarify the phenotype and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: Specific ablation of ZBTB20 in cardiomyocyte led to a significant increase in basal myocardial contractile parameters both in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by an impairment in cardiac reserve and exercise capacity. Moreover, the cardiomyocytes lacking ZBTB20 showed an increase in sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content and exhibited a remarkable enhancement in both SERCA2a activity and electrically stimulated contraction. Mechanistically, PLN expression was dramatically reduced in cardiomyocytes at the mRNA and protein levels by ZBTB20 deletion or silencing, and PLN overexpression could largely restore the basal contractility in ZBTB20-deficient cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These data point to ZBTB20 as a fine-tuning modulator of PLN expression and SERCA2a activity, thereby offering new perspective on the regulation of basal contractility in the mammalian heart.

68 Ga-FAPI and 18 F-FDG Uptake in a Patient With Esophageal Candida Infection.

ABSTRACT: A 67-year-old woman presented with dysphagia for 2 months. Enhanced chest CT suggested thickening of the esophageal wall, which was suspected to be a malignancy. The patient then underwent 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Increased uptake was observed in both tracers in the thickened esophageal wall. However, biopsy demonstrated candida infection of esophagus. After treatment, the symptoms of the patient were relieved.

Mechanism of safener mefenpyr-diethyl biodegradation by a newly isolated Chryseobacterium sp. B6 from wastewater sludge and application in co-contaminated soil.

Safener mefenpyr-diethyl (MFD) was applied to cereal crops along with herbicides to improve herbicide selectivity for crops and weeds. However, the degradation mechanism of MFD in the environment remains unclear. One MFD-degrading bacterium, Chryseobacterium sp. B6, was isolated from activated sludge. According to Box-Behnken's optimal design, the degradation efficiency of MFD can reach 92% under conditions of pH 7.5, 30 °C, and a MFD concentration of 184 mg L-1. The degradation half-life experiment showed that a high concentration of MFD (300 mg L-1) inhibited the degradation ability of strain B6. Additionally, strain B6 was resistant to Ba2+, Cr3+, Li+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. The MFD degradation products of strain B6 were detected by GC/MS and its degradation pathway was proposed. MFD was first hydrolyzed by a hydrolase to an intermediate (RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester-3-carboxylic acid, and then further degraded by a decarboxylase to form the intermediate (RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, finally, it is completely degraded by strain B6. Furthermore, strain B6 could effectively remove MFD from MFD-contaminated soil, and the half-life of MFD was also significantly reduced in MFD and Cu2+ co-contaminated soil after inoculating strain B6. To our knowledge, strain B6 was the first strain reported to degrade safener MFD, and this study provides a valuable candidate to remediate the co-contaminated soil with MFD and Cu2+.

Pulmonary Cryptococcosis: Intense Uptake on Both 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT.

ABSTRACT: A 57-year-old woman without hepatitis B or immunodeficiency presented with right upper abdominal pain and cough for 3 months. CT revealed one nodule in the lung and another in the liver. Both 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed increased tracer uptake in these 2 nodules, suggesting pulmonary carcinoma with hepatic metastasis. Finally, biopsies of these 2 nodules demonstrated the diagnoses of hepatic adenocarcinoma and pulmonary cryptococcosis. This case highlights that cryptococcosis can be FAPI-avid.

Head-to-Head Comparison of 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for Radiological Evaluation of Cervical Cancer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the potential value of 68 Ga-FAPI-04 and 18 F-FDG PET/CT in primary cervical cancer and lymph node metastases. METHODS: Patients with cervical cancer underwent both 68 Ga-FAPI-04 and 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Histopathology and follow-up CT or MRI results (at least 3 months of follow-up) were used as reference criteria. Paired-sample t test was used to compare the SUV max of 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for cervical cancer primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients with a mean age of 53 ± 11 years (range, 30-76 years) were included. The detection rate of both tracers for primary tumors was 100%. There was no significant correlation between 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 for SUV max (14.5 ± 5.7 vs 15.1 ± 6.2; P = 0.645). In addition, the detection rates of 68 Ga-FAPI-04 and 18 F-FDG for lymph node metastasis were 100% and 98%, respectively. No significant difference was found in SUV max between 18 F-FDG and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 groups (7.6 ± 4.0 vs 7.0 ± 3.5; P = 0.572). Twelve false-positive lymph nodes were detected in 8 patients with 18 F-FDG PET/CT, none of which were developed on 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT. CONCLUSION: 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT has a high tracer rate for the diagnosis of primary cervical cancer and lymph node metastases. Moreover, 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT also showed good results in distinguishing metastatic lymph nodes from reactive lymph nodes of cervical cancer.

Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl Methyl Sulfides with Aryl Bromides.

A nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl methyl sulfides with aryl bromides has been developed to access biaryls in yields of up to 86%. The reactions proceeded well using Ni(COD)2 as catalyst with the ligand BINAP (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1'-binaphthalene) in the presence of magnesium. The method has a broad scope of substrates and is scalable. The wide availability of commercially available aryl bromides and the absence of preparation and preparation of organometallic reagents make the reaction of high application value.

Identifying immune cell infiltration and diagnostic biomarkers in heart failure and osteoarthritis by bioinformatics analysis.

Heart failure (HF) and osteoarthritis (OA) are medical conditions that can significantly impact daily activities. Evidence has shown that HF and OA may share some pathogenic mechanisms. However, the underlying genomic mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying molecular mechanism and identify diagnostic biomarkers for HF and OA. With the cutoff criteria of fold change (FC) > 1.3 and P < .05, 920, 1500, 2195, and 2164 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in GSE57338, GSE116250, GSE114007, and GSE169077, respectively. After making the intersection of DEGs, we obtained 90 upregulated DEGs and 51 downregulated DEGs in HF datasets and 115 upregulated DEGs and 75 downregulated DEGs in OA datasets. Afterward, we conducted genome ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and hub genes screening based on DEGs. Then, 4 common DEGs (fibroblast activation protein alpha [FAP], secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), Thy-1 cell surface antigen (THY1), matrix remodeling associated 5 [MXRA5]) between HF and OA were screened and validated in GSE5406 and GSE113825 datasets, based on which we established the support vector machine (SVM) models. The combined area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of THY1, FAP, SFRP4, and MXRA5 in the HF training and test sets reached 0.949 and 0.928. While in the OA training set and test set, the combined AUC of THY1, FAP, SFRP4, and MXRA5 reached 1 and 1, respectively. The analysis of immune cells in HF revealed high levels of dendritic cell (DC), B cells, natural killer T cell (NKT), Type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr1), cytotoxic T cell (Tc), exhausted T cell (Tex), and mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT), while displaying lower levels of monocytes, macrophages, NK, CD4 + T, gamma delta T (γδ T), T helper type 1 (Th1), T helper type 2 (Th2), and effector memory T cell (Tem). Moreover, the 4 common DEGs were positively correlated with DCs and B cells and negatively correlated with γδ T. In OA patients, the abundance of monocyte, macrophage, CD4 + naïve, and natural T regulatory cell (nTreg) was higher, while the infiltration of CD8 + T, γδ T, CD8 + naïve, and MAIT was lower. The expression of THY1 and FAP was significantly correlated with macrophage, CD8 + T, nTreg, and CD8 + naïve. SFRP4 was correlated with monocyte, CD8 + T, γδ T, CD4 + naïve, nTreg, CD8 + naïve and MAIT. MXRA5 was correlated with macrophage, CD8 + T, nTreg and CD8 + naïve. FAP, THY1, MXRA5, and SFRP4 may be diagnostic biomarkers for both HF and OA, and their correlation with immune cell infiltrations suggests shared immune pathogenesis.

Palladium-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Sulfonium Salts.

A palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl dimethylsulfonium salts using cheap, nontoxic, and bench-stable K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O as the cyanating reagent has been developed. The reactions proceeded well under base-free conditions with various sulfonium salts and provided aryl nitrile with yields of up to 92%. Aryl sulfides can be transformed to aryl nitriles directly via a one-pot process, and the protocol is scalable. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the reaction mechanism that involved a catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition, ligand exchange, reductive elimination, and regeneration to yield the product.

Missed diagnosis of lissencephaly after prenatal diagnosis: A case report.

RATIONALE: Lissencephaly (LIS) is a rare and serious cortical malformation characterized by a smooth or nearly smooth brain surface. With the progress of molecular genetics, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase brain isoform Ib is the most frequent type during the fetal period. Here, we report an infant with LIS who was missed although undergoing prenatal diagnosis. We aim to share our experiences and lessons. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 2-month-old male infant presented recurrent convulsions. Karyotype and copy number variation sequencing were conducted to be normal at the 23-week gestation because of bipedal varus and ventricular septal defect (2.3 mm). After birth, he suffered from epilepsy confirmed by video electroencephalogram exam, meanwhile, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed pachygyria. The infant was diagnosed with LIS carrying a de-novo mutation c.817 C > T (p.Arg273 Ter,138) in exon 8 of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase brain isoform Ib (NM_000430) detected by whole-exome sequencing. DIAGNOSES: Based on the clinical characteristics, imaging, and genetic test findings, the infant was diagnosed with LIS. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was treated with topiramate and dose was adjusted according to the seizure frequency. OUTCOMES: The infant had recurrent seizures. The muscle tone of his extremities increased, and he could not look up or turn over actively at the age of 6 months. LESSONS: Comprehensive evaluation of a multi-disciplinary team should be recommended for patients with epilepsy and cerebral hypoplasia. Individuals with LIS during the fetal period might be missed due to atypical features. In fetuses with structural abnormalities, if karyotype and copy number variation sequencing are both normal, whole-exome sequencing may be an effective complementary means to detect pathogenic variants.

Rabphilin-3A undergoes phase separation to regulate GluN2A mobility and surface clustering.

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are essential for excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. GluN2A and GluN2B, two predominant Glu2N subunits of NMDARs in the hippocampus and the cortex, display distinct clustered distribution patterns and mobility at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. However, how GluN2A clusters are specifically organized and stabilized remains poorly understood. Here, we found that the previously reported GluN2A-specific binding partner Rabphilin-3A (Rph3A) has the ability to undergo phase separation, which relies on arginine residues in its N-terminal domain. Rph3A phase separation promotes GluN2A clustering by binding GluN2A's C-terminal domain. A complex formed by Rph3A, GluN2A, and the scaffolding protein PSD95 promoted Rph3A phase separation. Disrupting Rph3A's phase separation suppressed the synaptic and extrasynaptic surface clustering, synaptic localization, stability, and synaptic response of GluN2A in hippocampal neurons. Together, our results reveal the critical role of Rph3A phase separation in determining the organization and stability of GluN2A in the neuronal surface.

The additional role of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in patients with unknown primary lesion with a negative or equivocal [18F]FDG.

PURPOSE: [18F]FDG PET/CT to detect unknown primary lesions is essential for clinical management but still has limitations. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI is a tumor-stromal imaging agent that provides a promising alternative to [18F]FDG for the assessment of malignancies. We aimed to investigate whether [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT has an additional role in identifying unknown primary lesions with negative or equivocal [18F] FDG PET/CT results. METHODS: This single-center prospective clinical study was conducted between March 2020 and March 2022 at Southwest Medical University Hospital. Patients underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT for the identification of unknown primary lesions. They underwent repeat [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT when [18F]FDG PET/CT results were negative or equivocal. Histopathological examination, surgery, or clinical follow-up (at least 3 months) for FAPI-positive lesions. The diagnostic efficacy of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI in identifying unknown primary lesions was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 44 participants (median age, 57 ± 12 [SD]; 22 [50%] men) were evaluated. Thirteen of the 44 patients had equivocal [18F]FDG PET/CT findings, while the diagnosis was clear on [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT also revealed primary lesions in additional 17 patients with negative [18F]FDG PET/CT findings. In fourteen of 44 patients, no primary lesion was detected by either tracer. On this basis, we analyzed 94 lymph node metastatic lesions. The mean SUVmax of lymph node metastases on [68Ga] Ga-FAPI PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/CT were 9.2 ± 5.1, 7.9 ± 4.8 (p = 0.03) and the mean TBR were 9.1 ± 5.2, 4.9 ± 3.1 (p < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT showed great potential for identifying unknown primary lesions and has the potential to improve the detection rate of unknown primary lesions with negative or equivocal for [18F]FDG findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrial.gov. Identifier: ChiCTR2100044131.

Benign lesions with 68Ga-FAPI uptake: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Although FAPI, as a pan-tumor tracer, shows high expression in the malignancy imaging, FAPI uptake is also seen in some benign lesions. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the characteristics of benign lesions with FAPI uptake on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging. METHODS: The electronic medical and imaging records of patients undergoing 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of our hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with benign lesions confirmed by histopathological analysis or long-term follow-up of FAPI-positive lesions were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients (i.e., 44 benign lesions) were included in this study, including 14 women and 30 men, ranging in age from 19 to 74 years. Benign lesions involved eight systems, including liver (n = 3), tail of pancreas (n = 3), stomach (n = 3), esophagus (n = 1), lung (n = 14), and mediastinum (n = 2), sinuses (n = 1), brain (n = 2), lymph nodes (n = 5), kidneys (n = 4), bones (n = 2), muscles (n = 1), thyroid (n = 1), parathyroid gland (n = 1), and breast (n = 1). The mean SUVmax (p = 0.471) and mean TBR (p = 0.830) of benign lesions in the eight systems were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Our studies have shown that in addition to malignant tumors, certain benign lesions also show uptake of FAPI, and it is necessary for doctors to distinguish these benign lesions from true malignant tumors. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Benign lesions may also show FAPI expression, which may make the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions difficult and should be alerted by physicians.