The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor originating in the nasopharynx and has a high incidence in Southeast Asia and North Africa. To develop these comprehensive guidelines for the diagnosis and management of NPC, the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) arranged a multi-disciplinary team comprising of experts from all sub-specialties of NPC to write, discuss, and revise the guidelines. Based on the findings of evidence-based medicine in China and abroad, domestic experts have iteratively developed these guidelines to provide proper management of NPC. Overall, the guidelines describe the screening, clinical and pathological diagnosis, staging and risk assessment, therapies, and follow-up of NPC, which aim to improve the management of NPC.

MicroRNA-326 functions as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer by targeting the nin one binding protein.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple processes in cancer development and progression. miR-326 has been identified as a tumor suppressor miRNA in several types of human cancer. However, the specific function of miR-326 and its target the nin one binding protein (NOB1) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains unclear. In the present study, we found that miR-326 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of CRC cells by directly targeting NOB1. Furthermore, the upregulation of miR-326 in CRC cells was revealed to be associated with a feedback loop involving downregulation of the NOB1, which mimics the phenotype induced by miR-326. Importantly, we found that the CRC patients with high expression of miR-326 or low expression of NOB1 tend to obtain a better prognosis. Thus, for the first time, we provide convincing evidence that downregulation of miR-326 inhibited tumor proliferation and tumor metastasis by directly targeting NOB1 in CRC. NOB1 and miR-326 could be potential therapeutic targets for CRC.

[Effects of lanthanum chloride on the expression of immediate early genes in the hippocampus of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study influence of lanthanum chloride (LaCl(3)) on the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) including c-jun, early growth response gene 1 (Egr1) and activity-regulated cytoskeletal gene (Arc) in the hippocampus of rats, and discuss the mechanism of LaCl(3) undermining learning and memory capability. METHODS: Forty female Wistar adult rats were divided into control group, low LaCl(3)-contaminated group (0.25%), medium LaCl(3)-contaminated group (0.50%), and high LaCl(3)-contaminated group (1.00%) by randomized design. Each group had ten female rats along with five male rats and mated by the ratio of 2:1. The amounts of pups in the above four groups were 80, 83, 78 and 75 separately. The pups in respective group were La-dyed by lactation, and then the pups in LaCl(3)-contaminated groups drank 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% LaCl(3) separately for one month. Learning and memory capability of pups were measured in jumping stairs experiment. Hippocampal lanthanum content was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Hippocampal c-jun, Egr1 and Arc mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, and corresponding protein expression was measured by Western blotting method. RESULTS: In the jumping stairs experiment, pups in 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% LaCl(3)-contaminated groups respectively made (1.75 ± 0.71), (2.38 ± 0.92) and (3.00 ± 0.76) mistakes; significantly higher than control group (1.25 ± 0.46) (q values were 4.386, 6.793, P < 0.05). However, the incubation period of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% LaCl(3)-contaminated groups were (174.13 ± 33.72), (139.25 ± 45.83) and (75.50 ± 18.56) respectively, which were all significantly lower than that of control group (206.75 ± 20.47) (q values were 2.958, 6.121, 11.902, P < 0.05). Hippocampal c-jun mRNA expression were (0.89 ± 0.08), (0.77 ± 0.12), (0.58 ± 0.14) and (0.29 ± 0.10); while the c-jun protein expression were (0.72 ± 0.13), (0.64 ± 0.11), (0.43 ± 0.11) and (0.31 ± 0.14), and the Egr1 mRNA expression were (0.78 ± 0.09), (0.61 ± 0.13), (0.53 ± 0.10) and (0.22 ± 0.08), Egr1 protein expression were (0.65 ± 0.18), (0.40 ± 0.15), (0.32 ± 0.13) and (0.14 ± 0.09) in 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% LaCl(3)-contaminated groups; and all of which presented a dose-effect relationship that the correlation coefficients of these parameters with dose were -0.900 (t = 11.309, P = 0.000), -0.969 (t = 7.058, P = 0.000), -0.898 (t = 11.179, P = 0.000) and -0.962 (t = 6.739, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: LaCl(3) undermines the learning and memory capability of rats, which is possibly related to lower expression of c-jun and Egr1 gene and protein induced by lanthanum in hippocampus.

[The expression changes of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor in hippocampus of offspring from female rats exposed to aluminum in the pregnancy and lactation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aluminum on learning and memory and the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) of hippocampus in offspring from female rats exposed to Al in the pregnancy or lactation, and to explore the mechanism of toxic effects of Al on central nervous system (CNS) during development. METHODS: The pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups based on their body weight, i.e. control group was exposed to distilled water, low exposure group (0.2%AlCl3) and high exposure group (0.4%AlCl3) were exposed orally to AlCl3 in pregnancy and lactation for 6 weeks, 10 rats each group. Aluminum content in blood and brains was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Platform experiment was used to detect the abilities of learning and memory. The expression levels of NMDARs were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS: The Al content in blood and brains of rats in exposure groups increased significantly with Al dose, as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In platform experiment, the incubation periods of rats in low and high exposure groups were (202.71 ± 81.99) and (19.67 ± 8.44) s respectively, which were significantly lower than that [(300.00 ± 0.00) s] in control group (P < 0.01), but the mistake times of rats in low and high exposure groups were 1.43 ± 0.85 and 2.47 ± 0.99 respectively, which were significantly higher than that (0.00 ± 0.00) in control group (P < 0.01). The Al exposure could change the proportion of NMDAR subtypes, the expression levels of NR1 and NR2B in hippocampus of newborn rats in low and high exposure groups were 25.22 ± 0.68, 81.23 ± 15.37 and 24.75 ± 0.71, 56.63 ± 7.82, respectively, which were significantly lower than those (31.69 ± 3.44, 107.61 ± 9.05) in control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aluminum exposure in pregnancy and lactation could reduce the abilities of learning and memory in newborn rats, and change the proportion of NMDAR subtypes. The reduced NR1 and NR2B expression levels may be one of important mechanisms to influence the abilities of learning and memory in offspring.

[Effect of aluminum on Ca²+ concentration and expression of phospholipase C and NMDA receptor α genes in hippocampus of weaning rats as well as their neural behavior through subchronic exposure].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of aluminum on hippocampal intracellular Ca²+ concentration and expression of phospholipase C (PLC) and NMDA receptor α (NMDARα) genes in hippocampus as well as the neural behaviors in weaning rats through subchronic exposure in order to explore the mechanism which aluminum impaired the ability of learning and memory of central nervous system development. METHODS: Weaning Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups based on their body weight. Aluminium chloride was administered by water at the doses of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% (m/v) for 90 days. Platform experiment was used to detect the activity of learning and memory. Fura-2/AM calcium ions fluorescence indicator was used to measure Ca²+ concentration in hippocampal neurons. Western blot method was used to detect the expressions of PLC and NMDARα genes. RESULTS: The incubation of rats in platform experiment [(232.20 ± 57.45), (35.00 ± 9.37), (16.10 ± 5.57) s] shortened while increase of mistake times (1.10 ± 0.74, 2.20 ± 0.92, 3.40 ± 1.51) was significantly associated with the dose of aluminum (P < 0.01). The Ca(2+) concentration decreased significantly in the rats of aluminum exposed groups (P < 0.01). The expression of PLC and NMDARα in aluminum exposed groups (0.30 ± 0.06, 0.18 ± 0.04, 0.16 ± 0.03; 0.38 ± 0.03, 0.32 ± 0.02, 0.25 ± 0.02) decreased significantly compared with that in the control group (0.47 ± 0.07, 0.48 ± 0.04) (P < 0.01) and there was a dose-effect relationship in the NMDARα expression. CONCLUSION: Subchronic exposure of aluminium could impair the ability of learning and memory in rats during development, inhibit the expression of NMDARα and PLC and reduce Ca²+ concentration, suggesting that the disorder of Ca²+ signaling system might be one of mechanisms of aluminium damaging the ability of learning and memory.

Study of qingre liyan decoction in treating and preventing acute radioactive oral mucositis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Qingre Liyan Decoction (QRLYD) in the prevention and treatment of acute radiative oral mucositis (AROM), and to explore the mechanism of QRLYD by detecting epidermal growth factor (EGF) and T lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, and CD8). METHODS: Sixty patients conforming with the standard were randomly assigned to two groups, 30 patients in each group. Patients in the trial group were treated with QRLYD, and those in the control group were treated with Dobell's solution, both groups receiving conventional radiation treatment. The treatment course for both groups was 6 weeks on average. Blood routine test, CD3, CD4, and CD8 in the peripheral blood and EGF in the saliva were detected one day before and on the 14th and 28th day of radio-therapy. RESULTS: Patients in the trial group were in good condition with normal spirits and intake of food and drinks. The incidence of AROM is lower and the effect in preventing AROM is higher in the trial group than those in the control group (P<0.05). The EGF in saliva, and CD4 and CD8 in the blood of patients in the trial group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: QRLYD can cure and prevent AROM. The mechanism may be related with its effects in enhancing body immunity and promoting salivary EGF.