The neuropathological mechanisms underlying the association between sleep duration and mild cognitive impairment remain poorly understood. This population-based study included 2032 dementia-free people (age ≥ 60 years; 55.1% women) derived from participants in the Multimodal Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China; of these, data were available in 841 participants for Alzheimer's plasma biomarkers (e.g. amyloid-ß, total tau and neurofilament light chain), 1044 for serum microvascular biomarkers (e.g. soluble adhesion molecules) and 834 for brain MRI biomarkers (e.g. whiter matter, grey matter, hippocampus, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces and white matter hyperintensity WMH). We used electrocardiogram-based cardiopulmonary coupling analysis to measure sleep duration, a neuropsychological test battery to assess cognitive function and the Petersen's criteria to define mild cognitive impairment. Data were analysed with multivariable logistic and general linear models. In the total sample (n = 2032), 510 participants were defined with mild cognitive impairment, including 438 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 72 with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Long sleep duration (>8 versus 6-8â h) was significantly associated with increased likelihoods of mild cognitive impairment and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment and lower scores in global cognition, verbal fluency, attention and executive function (Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05). In the subsamples, long sleep duration was associated with higher plasma amyloid-ß40 and total tau, a lower amyloid-ß42/amyloid-ß40 ratio and smaller grey matter volume (Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.05). Sleep duration was not significantly associated with serum-soluble adhesion molecules, white matter hyperintensity volume, global enlarged perivascular spaces and lacunes (P > 0.05). Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative pathologies may represent common pathways linking long sleep duration with mild cognitive impairment and low cognition in older adults.
Probiotic intervention is an effective strategy to alleviate oxidative stress-related diseases. Our previous studies found that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NJAU-01 (NJAU-01) exhibited antioxidant effects in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mouse model. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be unveiled. This study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of NJAU-01 against oxidative stress induced by D-gal. The results showed that NJAU-01 could reverse the tendency of a slow body weight gain induced by D-gal. NJAU-01 relieved hepatic oxidative stress via increasing the hepatic total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT). Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reversed after NJAU-01 supplementation. The proteomic results showed that there were 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between NJAU-01 and D-gal groups. NJAU-01 regulated the expressions of glutathione S-transferase Mu 5 (Gstm5), glutathione S-transferase P2 (Gstp2) and NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex subunit 7 (Ndufa7) related to oxidative stress, and autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) and plasma alpha-L-fucosidase (Fuca2) involved in autophagy, etc. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that NJAU-01 supplementation could regulate the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by D-gal via increasing the relative abundances of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Lactobacillus and reducing the relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group as well as Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, etc.. Spearman correlation analysis results showed that the altered gut microbiota composition had a significant correlation with antioxidant enzyme activities and the DEPs related to oxidative stress. Overall, NJAU-01 alleviated hepatic oxidative stress induced by D-gal via manipulating the gut microbiota composition and hepatic protein expression profile.
In recent years, self-supervised learning has emerged as a powerful approach to learning visual representations without requiring extensive manual annotation. One popular technique involves using rotation transformations of images, which provide a clear visual signal for learning semantic representation. However, in this work, we revisit the pretext task of predicting image rotation in self-supervised learning and discover that it tends to marginalise the perception of features located near the centre of an image. To address this limitation, we propose a new self-supervised learning method, namely FullRot, which spotlights underrated regions by resizing the randomly selected and cropped regions of images. Moreover, FullRot increases the complexity of the rotation pretext task by applying the degree-free rotation to the region cropped into a circle. To encourage models to learn from different general parts of an image, we introduce a new data mixture technique called WRMix, which merges two random intra-image patches. By combining these innovative crop and rotation methods with the data mixture scheme, our approach, FullRot + WRMix, surpasses the state-of-the-art self-supervision methods in classification, segmentation, and object detection tasks on ten benchmark datasets with an improvement of up to +13.98% accuracy on STL-10, +8.56% accuracy on CIFAR-10, +10.20% accuracy on Sports-100, +15.86% accuracy on Mammals-45, +15.15% accuracy on PAD-UFES-20, +32.44% mIoU on VOC 2012, +7.62% mIoU on ISIC 2018, +9.70% mIoU on FloodArea, +25.16% AP50 on VOC 2007, and +58.69% AP50 on UTDAC 2020. The code is available at https://github.com/anthonyweidai/FullRot_WRMix.
Complex diseases do not always follow gradual progressions. Instead, they may experience sudden shifts known as critical states or tipping points, where a marked qualitative change occurs. Detecting such a pivotal transition or pre-deterioration state holds paramount importance due to its association with severe disease deterioration. Nevertheless, the task of pinpointing the pre-deterioration state for complex diseases remains an obstacle, especially in scenarios involving high-dimensional data with limited samples, where conventional statistical methods frequently prove inadequate. In this study, we introduce an innovative quantitative approach termed sample-specific causality network entropy (SCNE), which infers a sample-specific causality network for each individual and effectively quantifies the dynamic alterations in causal relations among molecules, thereby capturing critical points or pre-deterioration states of complex diseases. We substantiated the accuracy and efficacy of our approach via numerical simulations and by examining various real-world datasets, including single-cell data of epithelial cell deterioration (EPCD) in colorectal cancer, influenza infection data, and three different tumor cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) repositories. Compared to other existing six single-sample methods, our proposed approach exhibits superior performance in identifying critical signals or pre-deterioration states. Additionally, the efficacy of computational findings is underscored by analyzing the functionality of signaling biomarkers.
Sewage sludge is promising for the recovery and utilisation of nutrient components, but its complex nature hinders the release of these components. The combination of pH and thermal modifications shows promise for the release of nutrient components from sludge. However, comprehensive studies on the full spectrum of pH levels and corresponding mechanisms of pH-varying thermal modification are lacking. In this study, the main nutrient components, physicochemical properties, molecular structure, and noncovalent interactions of sludge were comprehensively investigated through pH-varying thermal modification (within a pH range of 2.0 to 12.0 under the same thermal condition). The experimental results showed that the release of main organics, particularly nitrogen (N)-containing organics, was well-fitted, with a tick-like function (R2: 0.74-0.96). The thermal protons exhibited a notable accumulative mutagenic effect on the N-containing organics release, while the thermal hydroxyl ions had a more direct effect, as revealed by the changes in multivalent metals and molecular structures with the protonation-deprotonation of carboxyl groups. The driving force for the release of N-containing organics was identified as the fluctuation of electrostatic interactions at the solid-liquid interface of the sludge. However, the release of phosphorus (P)-containing substances exhibited a contrasting response to that of N-containing substances with varying pH, likely because the reaction sites of thermal protons and thermal hydroxyl ions for P-containing substances were different. Moreover, high concentrations of thermal protons and hydroxyl ions collapsed the Lifshitz-van der Waals interactions of sludge, resulting in a decrease in viscoelasticity and binding strength. These propositions were further confirmed through statistical analyses of the main indicators of the main nutrient components, physicochemical properties, and noncovalent interactions of sludge. These findings can provide a basis for optimising characteristic-specific methods to recovery nutrient components (N/P) from sludge.
Molecular glues are typically small chemical molecules that act at the interface between a target protein and degradation machinery to trigger ternary complex formation. Identifying molecular glues is challenging. There is a scarcity of target-specific upregulating molecular glues, which are highly anticipated for numerous targets, including P53. P53 is degraded in proteasomes through polyubiquitination by specific E3 ligases, whereas deubiquitinases (DUBs) remove polyubiquitination conjugates to counteract these E3 ligases. Thus, small-molecular glues that enhance P53 anchoring to DUBs may stabilize P53 through deubiquitination. Here, using small-molecule microarray-based technology and unbiased screening, we identified three potential molecular glues that may tether P53 to the DUB, USP7, and elevate the P53 level. Among the molecular glues, bromocriptine (BC) is an FDA-approved drug with the most robust effects. BC was further verified to increase P53 stability via the predicted molecular glue mechanism engaging USP7. Consistent with P53 upregulation in cancer cells, BC was shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and suppress tumor growth in a xenograft model. In summary, we established a potential screening platform and identified potential molecular glues upregulating P53. Similar strategies could be applied to the identification of other types of molecular glues that may benefit drug discovery and chemical biology studies.
PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the impact of four exercise modes (aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, aerobic combined with resistance multimodal exercise, and stretching) on the physical performance of cancer patients. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were exclusively collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library, with a search deadline of April 30, 2023. Different exercise interventions on the physical performance of cancer patients were studied, and the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was employed to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Data analysis was conducted using STATA 15.1 software. RESULTS: This study included ten randomized controlled trials with a combined sample size of 503 participants. Network meta-analysis results revealed that aerobic combined with resistance multimodal exercise could reduce fat mass in cancer patients (SUCRA: 92.3%). Resistance exercise could improve lean mass in cancer patients (SUCRA: 95.7%). Furthermore, resistance exercise could enhance leg extension functionality in cancer patients with sarcopenia (SUCRA: 83.0%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that resistance exercise may be more beneficial for cancer-related sarcopenia.In clinical practice, exercise interventions should be tailored to the individual patients' circumstances. REGISTRATION NUMBER: This review was registered on INPLASY2023110025; DOI number is https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.11.0025 .
Exercise Therapy , Neoplasms , Network Meta-Analysis , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Sarcopenia , Humans , Neoplasms/complications , Sarcopenia/therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Exercise/physiology , Resistance Training/methods
BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested only the radial artery and the No-touch (NT) technique were effective in reducing graft occlusion after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. However, there is no randomized trial comparing these two graft conduits. The optimum second conduit for CABG remains undetermined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a prospective, single-center randomized clinical trial, aiming to compare the graft patency between the radial artery and the NT vein graft. All patients undergoing isolated CABG with left internal mammary artery (LIMA) plus at least two additional grafts will be considered eligible. 774 cases (516 in the radial artery group and 258 in the NT vein group) will be enrolled in over 1 to 2 years. Participants will be randomized and allocated to two bypass strategies: the LIMA plus one radial artery and one conventional vein graft, or the LIMA plus two NT vein grafts. The primary outcome is graft occlusion at 1 year after CABG evaluated by CT angiography. The secondary outcomes include graft occlusion at 3 and 5 years and major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events at 1, 3 and 5 years follow-ups. DISCUSSION: This study will define whether or not the NT vein has a lower graft occlusion rate than the radial artery in short and mid-term follow-ups, and provide new evidence for the second conduit choice in CABG surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06014047. Registered on October 15th, 2023.
In Chinese cabbage, rosette leaves expose their adaxial side to the light converting light energy into chemical energy, acting as a source for the growth of the leafy head. In the leafy head, the outer heading leaves expose their abaxial side to the light while the inner leaves are shielded from the light and have become a sink organ of the growing Chinese cabbage plant. Interestingly, variation in several ad/abaxial polarity genes is associated with the typical leafy head morphotype. The initiation of leaf primordia and the establishment of leaf ad/abaxial polarity are essential steps in the initiation of marginal meristem activity leading to leaf formation. Understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of leaf primordia formation, polar differentiation, and leaf expansion is thus relevant to understand leafy head formation. As Brassica's are mesa-hexaploids, many genes have multiple paralogues, complicating analysis of the genetic regulation of leaf development. In this study, we used laser dissection of Chinese cabbage leaf primordia and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to compare gene expression profiles between both adaxial and abaxial sides and the SAM aiming to capture transcriptome changes underlying leaf primordia development. We highlight genes with roles in hormone pathways and transcription factors. We also assessed gene expression gradients along expanded leaf blades from the same plants to analyze regulatory links between SAM, leaf primordia and the expanding rosette leaf. The catalogue of differentially expressed genes provides insights in gene expression patterns involved in leaf development and form a starting point to unravel leafy head formation.
BACKGROUND: Carbon-based nanozymes have recently received enormous concern, however, there is still a huge challenge for inexpensive and large-scale synthesis of magnetic carbon-based "Two-in-One" mimics with both peroxidase (POD)-like and laccase-like activities, especially their potential applications in multi-mode sensing of antibiotics and neurotransmitters in biofluids. Although some progresses have been made in this field, the feasibility of biomass-derived carbon materials with both POD-like and laccase-like activities by polyatomic doping strategy is still unclear. In addition, multi-mode sensing platform can provide a more reliable result because of the self-validation, self-correction and mutual agreement. Nevertheless, the use of magnetic carbon-based nanozyme sensors for the multi-mode detection of antibiotics and neurotransmitters have not been investigated. RESULTS: We herein report a shrimp shell-derived N, O-codoped porous carbon confined magnetic CuFe2O4 nanosphere with outstanding laccase-like and POD-like activities for triple-mode sensing of antibiotic d-penicillamine (D-PA) and chloramphenicol (CPL), as well as colorimetric detection of neurotransmitters in biofluids. The magnetic CuFe2O4/N, O-codoped porous carbon (MCNPC) armored mimetics was successfully fabricated using a combined in-situ coordination and high-temperature crystallization method. The synthesized MCNPC composite with superior POD-like activity can be used for colorimetric/temperature/smartphone-based triple-mode detection of D-PA and CPL in goat serum. Importantly, the MCNPC nanozyme can also be used for colorimetric analysis of dopamine and epinephrine in human urine. SIGNIFICANCE: This work not only offered a novel strategy to large-scale, cheap synthesize magnetic carbon-based "Two-in-One" armored mimetics, but also established the highly sensitive and selective platforms for triple-mode monitoring D-PA and CPL, as well as colorimetric analysis of neurotransmitters in biofluids without any tanglesome sample pretreatment.
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Carbon , Copper , Neurotransmitter Agents , Carbon/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/urine , Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Neurotransmitter Agents/urine , Neurotransmitter Agents/analysis , Neurotransmitter Agents/blood , Porosity , Copper/chemistry , Humans , Nanospheres/chemistry , Colorimetry/methods , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Biomimetic Materials/chemistry , Animals , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Chloramphenicol/analysis , Chloramphenicol/urine , Limit of Detection
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As the most common congenital craniofacial defect, patients with cleft lip -palate (CLP) experience morbidity and social stigma, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as those of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Delays in treatment secondary either to lack of awareness, skills, equipment and consumables; poor health infrastructure, limited resources or a combination of them, has led to SSA having the highest rates of death and second highest rates of disability-adjusted life years in patients with CLP globally. Here we review current perspectives on the state of comprehensive cleft lip and palate repair in Africa. RECENT FINDINGS: To bridge gaps in government health services, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have emerged to provide care through short-term surgical interventions (STSIs). These groups can effect change through direct provision of care, whereas others strengthen internal system. However, sustainability is lacking as there continue to be barriers to achieving comprehensive and longitudinal cleft care in SSA, including a lack of awareness of CLP as a treatable condition, prohibitive costs, poor follow-up, and insufficient surgical infrastructure. With dedicated local champions, a comprehensive approach, and reliable partners, establishing sustainable CLP services is possible in countries with limited resources. SUMMARY: The replacement of CLP 'missions' with locally initiated, internationally supported capacity building initiatives, integrated into local healthcare systems will prove sustainable in the long-term.
Immersive 360° videos are of interest to educators because of their ability to provide immersive sensory experience and other features. This study examined the effects of four cue conditions on 360° video learning performance, attention, cognitive load, and mood using eye-tracking devices, brainwave meters, and subjective questionnaires. The randomly assigned participants (n = 62) did go to the experimental group (visual cues only, auditory cues only, and audiovisual cues) or the control group (no cues). The results showed that visual and audiovisual cues effectively guide learners' attention to the related learning content, reduce cognitive load during learning, and improve retention performance but have no significant effect on knowledge transfer or long-term memory. Auditory cues increase the number of times learners look at the related learning content but do not affect gaze duration and distract their attention, hindering the acquisition of relevant learning content. The study also found that visual cues effectively increase the number of times learners looked at the content. However, they do not affect gaze duration. The study also revealed that visual cues effectively increase learners' relaxation when viewing 360° videos. The study's findings can provide a reference for the instructional processing of information related to 360° video design and its practical application in teaching.
Engineered bacteria have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy by dynamically releasing therapeutic payloads and inducing sustained antitumor immune response with the crosstalk of immune cells. In previous studies, FOLactis was designed, which could secret an encoded fusion protein of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand and co-stimulator OX40 ligand, leading to remarkable tumor suppression and exerting an abscopal effect by intratumoral injection. However, it is difficult for intratumoral administration of FOLactis in solid tumors with firm texture or high internal pressure. For patients without lesions such as abdominal metastatic tumors and orthotopic gastric tumors, intratumoral injection is not feasible and peritumoral maybe a better choice. Herein, an engineered bacteria delivery system is constructed based on in situ temperature-sensitive poloxamer 407 hydrogels. Peritumoral injection of FOLactis/P407 results in a 5-fold increase in the proportion of activated DC cells and a more than 2-fold increase in the proportion of effective memory T cells (TEM), playing the role of artificial lymph island. Besides, administration of FOLactis/P407 significantly inhibits the growth of abdominal metastatic tumors and orthotopic gastric tumors, resulting in an extended survival time. Therefore, these findings demonstrate the delivery approach of engineered bacteria based on in situ hydrogel will promote the efficacy and universality of therapeutics.
BACKGROUND: Goose, descendants of migratory ancestors, have undergone extensive selective breeding, resulting in their remarkable ability to accumulate fat in the liver and exhibit a high tolerance for significant energy intake. As a result, goose offers an excellent model for studying obesity, metabolic disorders, and liver diseases in mammals. Although the impact of the three-dimensional arrangement of chromatin within the cell nucleus on gene expression and transcriptional regulation is widely acknowledged, the precise functions of chromatin architecture reorganization during fat deposition in goose liver tissues still need to be fully comprehended. RESULTS: In this study, geese exhibited more pronounced changes in the liver index and triglyceride (TG) content following the consumption of the high-fat diet (HFD) than mice without significant signs of inflammation. Additionally, we performed comprehensive analyses on 10 goose liver tissues (5 HFD, 5 normal), including generating high-resolution maps of chromatin architecture, conducting whole-genome gene expression profiling, and identifying H3K27ac peaks in the livers of geese and mice subjected to the HFD. Our results unveiled a multiscale restructuring of chromatin architecture, encompassing Compartment A/B, topologically associated domains, and interactions between promoters and enhancers. The dynamism of the three-dimensional genome architecture, prompted by the HFD, assumed a pivotal role in the transcriptional regulation of crucial genes. Furthermore, we identified genes that regulate chromatin conformation changes, contributing to the metabolic adaptation process of lipid deposition and hepatic fat changes in geese in response to excessive energy intake. Moreover, we conducted a cross-species analysis comparing geese and mice exposed to the HFD, revealing unique characteristics specific to the goose liver compared to a mouse. These chromatin conformation changes help elucidate the observed characteristics of fat deposition and hepatic fat regulation in geese under conditions of excessive energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: We examined the dynamic modifications in three-dimensional chromatin architecture and gene expression induced by an HFD in goose liver tissues. We conducted a cross-species analysis comparing that of mice. Our results contribute significant insights into the chromatin architecture of goose liver tissues, offering a novel perspective for investigating mammal liver diseases.
BACKGROUND: The development of MI following ischemia damage is influenced by oxidative stress. Myocardial Infarction (MI) generates myocardial ischemia injury, which damages the cardiomyocytes. Ischemia builds up to a critical level over time in MI, causing permanent myocardial cell damage or death. AIM: The current study sought to determine whether Prunetin (PRU) could protect against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac heart failure in rats by examining cardiac diagnostic markers, lipid peroxidation products, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, and histological changes. METHODS: PRU (20 mg/kg bwt) was orally administered for 19 days to rats, and after the treatment, ISO (85 mg/kg bwt) was subcutaneously administered with an intermission of 24 h for a couple of days to induce myocardial infarction on 20th and 21st days. ISO-treated rats exhibited considerable alterations in cardiac-sensitive markers in the serum. The levels of lipid peroxidation markers augmented drastically in the plasma and myocardium. Enzymatic antioxidant levels in erythrocytes and myocardium and the states of non-enzymatic antioxidants were diminished in the plasma and heart tissue of ISO-treated rats. The histopathological examination of heart tissue exhibited cardiac damage in ISO-induced rats. RESULTS: The oral administration of PRU significantly lowered the levels of lipid peroxidation and biochemical indicators, while significantly improving the antioxidant system function of ISO-interposed rats. In PRU-treated ISO-injected rats, histological examinations revealed suppressed myocardial destruction. CONCLUSION: Our research shows that oral pretreatment of PRU prevented ISO-induced oxidative stress in MI.
In this paper, a high gain amplifier with phase compensation loop is presented. A structure of parallel gate cross-coupled transistors to both ends of differential pair drain and source is designed to improves the load impedance, which obtains sufficient gain and further reduces power consumption. A novel capacitor bootstrap load circuit is proposed. The capacitor bootstrap topology is constructed by the drain source resistance of the transistor working in the cut-off region, where the gate source parasitic capacitor of the transistor is in parallel with the bootstrap capacitor rather than the existing series structure, thereby only a small bootstrap capacitor is required. By avoiding the use of large capacitors, chip area can be effectively reduced without compromising performance such as gain and bandwidth. The amplifier is fabricated using 10-µm n-type a-IGZO TFT technology. Measurement results show that the proposed amplifier achieves a voltage gain of 43.5dB and a common mode rejection ratio of 61.2dB while maintaining low power consumption. The amplifier also exhibits a -3dB bandwidth covering 0.4~2.1KHz, encompassing major bioelectric frequency bands. A real-time ECG signal was successfully captured using the fabricated TFT amplifier and gel electrodes. It has great potential in flexible sensing and acquisition applications such as electro cardiogram (ECG), electro encephalogram (EEG), pulse detection, and other wearable applications.
BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormal functional interaction during the processing of emotional faces in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), thereby enhancing our comprehension of the pathophysiology of MDD. However, it is unclear whether there is abnormal directional interaction among face-processing systems in patients with MDD. METHODS: A group of patients with MDD and a healthy control group underwent a face-matching task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) analysis was used to investigate effective connectivity between 7 regions in the face-processing systems. We used a Parametric Empirical Bayes model to compare effective connectivity between patients with MDD and controls. RESULTS: We included 48 patients and 44 healthy controls in our analyses. Both groups showed higher accuracy and faster reaction time in the shape-matching condition than in the face-matching condition. However, no significant behavioural or brain activation differences were found between the groups. Using DCM, we found that, compared with controls, patients with MDD showed decreased self-connection in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, and fusiform face area (FFA) across task conditions; increased intrinsic connectivity from the right amygdala to the bilateral DLPFC, right FFA, and left amygdala, suggesting an increased intrinsic connectivity centred in the amygdala in the right side of the face-processing systems; both increased and decreased positive intrinsic connectivity in the left side of the face-processing systems; and comparable task modulation effect on connectivity. LIMITATIONS: Our study did not include longitudinal neuroimaging data, and there was limited region of interest selection in the DCM analysis. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence for a complex pattern of alterations in the face-processing systems in patients with MDD, potentially involving the right amygdala to a greater extent. The results confirm some previous findings and highlight the crucial role of the regions on both sides of face-processing systems in the pathophysiology of MDD.
Amygdala , Depressive Disorder, Major , Facial Recognition , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Humans , Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnostic imaging , Male , Female , Adult , Facial Recognition/physiology , Amygdala/diagnostic imaging , Amygdala/physiopathology , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/physiopathology , Neural Pathways/physiopathology , Neural Pathways/diagnostic imaging , Bayes Theorem , Young Adult , Brain Mapping , Facial Expression , Middle Aged , Reaction Time/physiology
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of anthocyanin-rich black currant extract (BCE) on the structural properties of starch and the inhibition of glycosidases, gathering data and research evidence to support the use of low glycemic index (GI) foods. The BCE induced a change in the starch crystal structure from A-type to V-type, resulting in a drop in digestibility from 81.41 % to 65.57 %. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of BCE on glycosidases activity (α-glucosidase: IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.05 mg/mL and α-amylase: IC50 = 2.67 ± 0.16 mg/mL) by inducing a change in spatial conformation were confirmed through in vitro analysis. The presence of a 5'-OH group facilitated the interaction between anthocyanins and receptors of amylose, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. The glycosyl moiety enhanced the affinity for amylose yet lowered the inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The in vivo analysis demonstrated that BCE resulted in a reduction of 3.96 mM·h in blood glucose levels (Area Under Curve). The significant hypoglycemic activity, particularly the decrease in postprandial blood glucose levels, highlights the potential of utilizing BCE in functional foods for preventing diabetes.
