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In this paper, we propose a method to suppress the speckle noise in a holographic display based on pixel processing. Through the separation of object pixels in space, the recorded object is divided into multiple object point groups. The complex amplitude of the light field for each object point group is recorded as a sub-computer-generated hologram (sub-CGH). The phase of each pixel on a sub-CGH is optimized to generate the final sub-CGH. Therefore, the pixels of the recorded object and sub-CGH are processed. In the reconstruction process, the final sub-CGHs are loaded on the spatial light modulator sequentially. The speckle noise of the reconstructed image is suppressed by reducing the algorithm error and the overlapping area of adjacent image points. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
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The bacterial ribonuclease RNase E plays a key role in RNA metabolism. Yet, with a large substrate spectrum and poor substrate specificity, its activity must be well controlled under different conditions. Only a few regulators of RNase E are known, limiting our understanding on posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in bacteria. Here we show that, RebA, a protein universally present in cyanobacteria, interacts with RNase E in the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120. Distinct from those known regulators of RNase E, RebA interacts with the catalytic region of RNase E, and suppresses the cleavage activities of RNase E for all tested substrates. Consistent with the inhibitory function of RebA on RNase E, depletion of RNase E and overproduction of RebA caused formation of elongated cells, whereas the absence of RebA and overproduction of RNase E resulted in a shorter-cell phenotype. We further showed that the morphological changes caused by altered levels of RNase E or RebA are dependent on their physical interaction. The action of RebA represents a new mechanism, potentially conserved in cyanobacteria, for RNase E regulation. Our findings provide insights into the regulation and the function of RNase E, and demonstrate the importance of balanced RNA metabolism in bacteria.
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Anabaena , Endorribonucleasas , Anabaena/genética , Cianobacterias/genética , Cianobacterias/metabolismo , Endorribonucleasas/genética , Endorribonucleasas/metabolismo , ARN , ARN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Bacteriano/metabolismoRESUMEN
In this paper, we propose a method to increase the field of view (FOV) in a holographic display. Different from the traditional method, a large-sized computer-generated hologram (CGH) is generated, and a holographic function screen is used in the proposed method. The CGH is formed by superposition of interference fringes. The diffraction boundary angle of the interferogram is set to be equal to the maximum diffraction angle of the reconstructed light. In the holographic reconstruction, three spatial light modulators (SLMs) arranged side by side in a linear configuration are used to load the CGH. The holographic functional screen is used for eliminating the seams between the SLMs and further enlarging the diffraction light. With the proposed method, the reconstructed light after each image point is expanded, so that the FOV can be increased effectively. Experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
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In this paper, a computer-generated hologram (CGH) generation method is proposed to increase the field of view (FOV) in the holographic display. The CGH is generated through accumulating interference patterns of all object points. The size of each interference pattern is equal to the sum of the size of the recorded object and the spatial light modulator (SLM), so the size of the interference pattern is increased. The position of the interference pattern is related to that of the corresponding recorded object point. In the reconstruction process, three SLMs in a planar configuration are used to load the CGH. The seams between the SLMs are eliminated by beam splitters. Meanwhile, the boundaries of the diffraction light of all interference patterns are parallel with each other. Compared with the holographic display method using one SLM, the experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the demand for viewing distance and expand the FOV obviously in the horizontal direction, especially for the large-sized recorded object.
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There are thousands of traditional Chinese medicines in China, and they all have to be stored for a period of time for the reason of market price or other factors. But some traditional Chinese medicines especially need to be stored longer, and the clinical efficacy will be better. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon have attracted much attention in recent years. In this study, we analyze the reason of "the longer storage period the better" of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR); method of microscopic and molecular identification was used to identify the fungi separated and purified from PCR. The HPLC and UV spectrophotometry methods were used to determine the contents of flavonoids in PCR. The isolated fungi were inoculated into sterile samples to screen the fungi closely related to the change of flavonoids. The results indicate that the strain of Aspergillus niger could obviously promote the contents of flavonoids, and it could also increase the antioxidant effect of PCR. In conclusion, this study explains the reason of "the longer storage period the better" of PCR from the perspective of microbe, proving the beneficial effect of microorganism on the surface of PCR.
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In this paper, we propose an effective information processing method to produce a computer-generated hologram (CGH) based on a spatial light modulator (SLM). The method generates CGHs according to the property of the field of view (FOV), which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been proposed before. The CGH is composed of essential interference patterns (EIPs). Each EIP records the information of different object points. The resolution of the EIP is reduced. In the reconstructed process, the boundaries of the diffraction light of each EIP and FOV of the reconstructed image are parallel with each other. Compared with the conventional method, the experiments here demonstrate that the effective reconstructed information in the FOV has no change, while the waste reconstructed information out of the FOV is decreased at any viewing distance. The CGH can reconstruct an image with high quality. Meanwhile, the computation burden of calculating the CGH is reduced with our method.
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This study examined the role of bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) and olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) cografting on neural function and underlying molecular mechanisms in acute stage of traumatic brain injury (TBI) rats. Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 16 per category): sham operated group (Sham), weight-drop-induced TBI group (TBI), BMSC transplantation group (BMSC), OEC transplantation group (OEC), and cotransplantation group (CO). Eight rats were randomly selected from each group for behavioral and morphological assessment. Another category (n = 8 rats) was employed in the genetic expression detection. BMSCs were isolated from GFP mice and identified by CD44 antibody. OECs were isolated from the SD rats, identified by P75 antibody and labeled by Hoechst 33342. They were then transplanted into the surrounding tissue of the epicenter of TBI rats. The result of neurological severity scores revealed that BMSC or OEC transplantation alone and BMSC and OEC cografting significantly ameliorated the neurological deficits of TBI rats. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed that graft-recipient animals possessed dramatically more neurons and regenerated axons and smaller amounts of astrocytes than controls 14 days posttransplantation (p < 0.05). However, the expressional level of ciliary neurotrophic factor significantly decreased in the cografting group as determined by RT-PCR (p < 0.05), and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway was significantly activated at 7 days after cell transplantation (p < 0.05). This study is the first to report the role of cotransplantation of BMSCs and OECs in the therapy of TBI and explore its potential molecular mechanisms, therefore providing the important morphological and molecular biological evidence for the clinical application of BMSC and/or OEC transplantation in TBI.
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Lesiones Encefálicas/terapia , Factor Neurotrófico Ciliar/metabolismo , Trasplante de Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatorio/trasplante , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Lesiones Encefálicas/patología , Diferenciación Celular , Movimiento Celular , Supervivencia Celular , Factor Neurotrófico Ciliar/genética , Femenino , Inmunohistoquímica , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Masculino , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas/citología , Bulbo Olfatorio/citología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismoRESUMEN
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), limit spontaneous functional recovery often emerged. However, the neuronal mechanisms associated with this phenomenon still remains obscure. By using proteomics analysis, endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) was discovered to increase in the motor cortexes of spinal cord transection (SCT) rats for 28 days post-operation (dpo) compared with in 14dpo. Then, the change in the expression of ERp29 was confirmed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. To determine the role of ERp29 in the recovery of locomotor functions following SCT, lentiviral vectors were used to up- and downregulate the expression level of ERp29. Here, we found that cortical neurons in vitro with high level of ERp29 expression exhibited a significant proliferation, characterized by smaller size of soma and more extensive axon outgrowth, compared with neurons used as control, while ERp29 silence got the opposite results. In vivo, Lentivirus was inject into the cerebral cortex following SCT at thoracic level 10, which resulted in an increase number of neuronal nuclei(NeuN)-positive cells and less apoptotic cells. Moreover, increased PKC-γ immunoreactivity density was also found in the spinal cord T9 level compared with control rats. This was associated with a great functional improvement, indicated by Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Lastly, we verified that ERp29 acts as a regulator by regulating a group of genes related with cell survival and apoptosis, involving in caspase and Erk, but not PI3K. Our findings showed that ERp29 can improve locomotor function by promoting neuronal survival and axonal regeneration in SCT rats via caspase and Erk signal pathway.
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Caspasas/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/fisiología , Regeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Tractos Piramidales/metabolismo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Animales , Axones/metabolismo , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/fisiopatología , Femenino , Neuronas/metabolismo , Tractos Piramidales/fisiopatología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the effects Governor Vessel electroacupuncture (GVEA) on the systematic regulation of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) in the spinal segments caudal (CSS) to the site of transection in rats subjected to spinal cord transection (SCT). Using RT-PCR, we amazingly found the gene expressions of NGF, IGF-1, FGF-2, CNTF, PDGF, TGF-ß1, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC were downregulated following GVEA treatment. However, the number of GAP-43 and Synaptophysin profiles in the CSS in the GVEA rats showed a significant increase, compared with non-EA animals, although both the 5-HT and corticospinal fibers have no statistical differences in the CSS. Simultaneously, there was significant recovery in hindlimb locomotor and sensory functions after GVEA treatment. Therefore, these findings challenge the past view that GVEA promotes functional restoration, which is linking to the up-regulation of NTFs in rats subjected to SCT. The present findings may give some novel indication on the mechanism of acupuncture for the treatment of SCI.
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Vasos Sanguíneos/fisiología , Electroacupuntura/métodos , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/biosíntesis , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Animales , Potenciales Evocados Somatosensoriales/fisiología , Expresión Génica/fisiología , Miembro Posterior/fisiología , Locomoción/fisiología , Regeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We sought to investigate the effects of co-grafting neural stem cells (NSCs) with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on neurological behavior in rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: TBI was established by percussion device made through a weight drop (50 g) from a 30 cm height. Cultured NSCs and OECs isolated from rats were labeled by Hoechst 33342 (blue) and chloromethyl-benzamidodialkyl carbocyanine (CM-Dil) (red), respectively. Then, NSCs and/or OECs, separately or combined, were transplanted into the area surrounding the injury site. Fourteen days after transplantation, neurological severity score (NSS) were recorded. The brain tissue was harvested and processed for immunocytochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Significant neurological function improvement was observed in the three transplant groups, compared to the TBI group, and co-transplantation gave rise to the best improvement. Morphological evaluation showed that the number of neurons in cortex from combination implantation was more than for other groups (P <0.05); conversely, the number of apoptotic cells showed a significant decrease by TUNEL staining. Transplanted NSCs and OECs could survive and migrate in the brain, and the number of neurons differentiating from NSCs in the co-transplantation group was significantly greater than in the NSCs group. At the molecular level, the expressions of IL-6 and BAD in the co-graft group were found to be down regulated significantly, when compared to either the NSC or OEC alone groups. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates for the first time the optimal effects of co-grafting NSCs and OECs as a new strategy for the treatment of TBI via an anti-inflammation mechanism.
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Lesiones Encefálicas/terapia , Trasplante de Células/métodos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células-Madre Neurales/trasplante , Bulbo Olfatorio/citología , Células de Schwann/trasplante , Animales , Apoptosis , Bencimidazoles , Carbocianinas , Diferenciación Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Células-Madre Neurales/fisiología , Examen Neurológico , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Células de Schwann/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Spinal cord injury causes sensory loss below the level of lesion. Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) is a t-SNARE protein essential for exocytosis and neurotransmitter release, but its role in sensory functional recovery has not been determined. The aim of the present study is therefore to investigate whether SNAP25 can promote sensory recovery. By 2D proteomics, we found a downregulation of SNAP25 and then constructed two lentiviral vectors, Lv-exSNAP25 and Lv-shSNAP25, which allows efficient and stable RNAi-mediated silencing of endogenous SNAP25. Overexpression of SNAP25 enhanced neurite outgrowth in vitro and behavior response to thermal and mechanical stimuli in vivo, while the silencing of SNAP25 had the opposite effect. These results suggest that SNAP25 plays a crucial role in sensory functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). Our study therefore provides a novel target for the management of SCI for sensory dysfunction.
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Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Proteína 25 Asociada a Sinaptosomas/genética , Proteína 25 Asociada a Sinaptosomas/metabolismo , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación hacia Abajo , Exocitosis/fisiología , Masculino , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Taking the typical karst peak-cluster depressions in Huanjiang County of northwest Guangxi as the objects, and by using the method of replacing time with space, an analysis was made on the dynamic changes of top soil (0-15 cm) nutrients and their dominant controlling factors during the process of vegetation succession. With the positive succession of vegetation (herb-shrub-secondary forest-primary forest), the soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents increased significantly, with the soil SOC, TN, and TP increased from 29.1 g x kg(-1), 2.48 g x kg(-1), and 0.72 g x kg(-1) in herb community to 73.9 g x kg(-1), 8.10 g x kg(-1), and 1.6 g x kg(-1) in primary forest, respectively, which indicated that the positive succession of vegetation was helpful to the soil nutrient accumulation. The soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) had close relationships with the soil SOC and TN, being the primary controlling factor for the accumulation of the soil C and N. The litter P content, C/P ratio, and N/P ratio were the major factors controlling the P accumulation in the topsoil. The litters higher P content and N/P ratio and smaller C/P ratio were helpful for the P accumulation. Topographic indices (slope, aspect, and rock exposure ratio) had little effects on the soil nutrients.
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Carbono/análisis , Bosques , Poaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Suelo/química , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Geología/métodos , Nitrógeno/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , Fósforo/análisisRESUMEN
Neural stem cells (NSC) could promote the repair after spinal cord transection (SCT), the underlying mechanism, however, still keeps to be defined. This study reported that NSC grafts significantly improved sensory and locomotor functions in adult rats with SCT in acute stage after injury. NSC could survive; differentiate towards neurons or glia lineage in vitro and vivo. Biotin dextran amine (BDA) tracing showed that little CST regeneration in the injury site, while SEP was recorded in NSC engrafted rats. Immunohistochemistry and Real time PCR confirmed that engrafted NSC expressed BDNF and increased the level of BDNF mRNA in injured site following transplantation. The present data therefore suggested that the functional recovery following SCT with NSC transplantation was correlated with the expression of BDNF, indicating the usage of BDNF with NSC transplantation in the treatment of SCI following injury.
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Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/biosíntesis , Células-Madre Neurales/trasplante , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/terapia , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Animales , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/genética , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Dextranos , Potenciales Evocados Somatosensoriales/efectos de los fármacos , Potenciales Evocados Somatosensoriales/fisiología , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Miembro Posterior/inervación , Miembro Posterior/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Locomoción/fisiología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Recuperación de la FunciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the cause for allelic drop-out at short tandem repeat (STR) loci upon paternity testing with a PowerPlex® 16 kit. METHODS: A total of 10 642 DNA confirmed paternity testing cases (18 314 parent/child allelic transfers) were analyzed with the PowerPlex® 16 kit. Samples suspected for having allelic drop-out were verified with an Identifiler™ kit and/or locus-specific singleplex amplification systems. PCR products of null alleles were separated and directly sequenced. RESULTS: Eight cases of allelic drop-out were found. The overall rate of null allele in the PowerPlex® 16 system was 0.437 × 10(-3). DNA sequencing has confirmed single base variations within the binding region of published primers, in which 4 cases involved the D18S51 locus (2 cases with G>A transitions at 79 bp upstream of the repeats, 1 case with G>T transversion at 162 bp downstream of the repeats and 1 case with G>C transversion at 74 bp upstream of the repeats), 2 cases involved the D21S11 locus (1 case with C>A transversion at 17 bp upstream of the repeats and 1 case with A>G transition at 12 bp upstream of the repeats). One case involved the FGA locus (1 case with G>A transition at 142 bp downstream of the repeats) and 1 case involved TPOX locus (1 case with G>A transition at 198 bp downstream of the repeats). CONCLUSION: Base variation in the primer binding region may cause failed PCR and result in null allele reports. Alternative primer sets should be used to verify the suspected allelic drop-out. Attention should be paid to this during paternity testing and data exchange for personal identification.
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Alelos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Variación Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Paternidad , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
It is well known that neural stem cells (NSC) could promote the repairment after spinal cord injury, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. This study showed that the transplantation of NSC significantly improved hindlimb locomotor functions in adult rats subjected to transection of the spinal cord. Biotin dextran amine tracing together with the stimulus experiment in motor sensory area showed that little CST regeneration existed and functional synaptic formation in the injury site. Immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR demonstrated the secretion of NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 by NSC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. However, only mRNA expression of BDNF and NT-3 but not NGF in injury segment following NSC transplantation was upregulated remarkably, while caspase-3, a crucial apoptosis gene, was downregulated simultaneously. These provided us a clue that the functional recovery was correlated with the regulation of BDNF, NT-3, and caspase-3 in spinal cord transected rats following NSC transplantation.
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Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/biosíntesis , Células-Madre Neurales/trasplante , Neurotrofina 3/biosíntesis , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Trasplante de Células Madre , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Supervivencia de Injerto/fisiología , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/biosíntesis , Regeneración Nerviosa/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Trasplante de Células Madre/métodos , Regulación hacia Arriba/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To develop a HPLC- ELSD method for determination the contents of geniposide, crocin and crocetin in different processing products of Fructus Gardeniae. METHODS: The separation was performed in the HyperClone ODS C18 column (250 mm x 4. 6 mm, 5 microm) with linear gradient elution using methanol-water and 0.05% phosphoric acid in water, the flowing rate was 0.8 mL/min, the column temperature was 30 degrees C, and the ELSD parameter was as follow: 70 degrees C as atomization temperature and 2.0 L/min as the gas flowing rate. RESULTS: The contents of geniposide and crocin in raw, yellowish, carbocoal and scorched Fructus Gardeniae decreased with the deepening of processing degree. However, the content of crocetin in carbocoal and scorched Fructus Gardeniae increased comparing with the raw one. CONCLUSION: This is a simple and credible quality control method, and can be used for the quality control and comprehensive evaluation for different processed products of Fructus Gardeniae.