Identification of tumor-specific T cell signature predicting cancer immunotherapy response in bladder cancer by multi-omics analysis and experimental verification.

BACKGROUND: Numerous gene signatures predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer have been identified. However, a tumor-specific T cell signature related to immunotherapy response in bladder cancer remains under investigation. METHODS: Single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing from the Gene expression omnibus (GEO) database were used to identify tumor-specific T cell-related genes in bladder cancer. Subsequently, we constructed a tumor-specific T cell signature (TstcSig) and validated its clinical relevance for predicting immunotherapy response in multiple immunotherapy cohorts. Further analyses explored the immune characteristics of TstcSig in bladder cancer patients from other cohorts in the TCGA and GEO databases. Western blot (WB), multicolor immunofluorescence (MIF), qRT-PCR and flow cytometry assays were performed to validate the results of bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS: The established TstcSig, based on five tumor-specific T cell-related genes, could predict outcomes in a bladder cancer immunotherapy cohort. This was verified using two additional immunotherapy cohorts and showed better predictive performance compared to 109 published T cell signatures. TstcSig was strongly correlated with immune characteristics such as immune checkpoint gene expression, tumor mutation burden, and T cell infiltration, as validated by single-cell and spatial transcriptomics datasets. Notably, the positive correlation between TstcSig and T cell infiltration was confirmed in the TCGA cohort. Furthermore, pan-cancer analysis demonstrated the heterogeneity of the prognostic value of TstcSig. Tumor-specific T cells highly expressed CD27, IFNG, GZMB and CXCL13 and secreted more effector cytokines for tumor cell killing, as validated experimentally. CONCLUSION: We developed a five-gene signature (including VAMP5, TIGIT, LCK, CD27 and CACYBP) based on tumor-specific T cell-related genes to predict the immunotherapy response in bladder cancer patients.

Unraveling the association between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Emerging evidence has underscored the complex link between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy; however, establishing causality remains elusive due to confounding factors. This study, leveraging bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, explores the casual relationship between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy. Utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the MiBioGen consortium for gut microbiota and IEU Open GWAS for chemotherapy efficacy, we employed genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median estimator (WME), and MR-Egger regression method were applied, with sensitivity analyses ensuring robustness. Furthermore, we conducted reverse MR analyses between chemotherapy efficacy and identified significant gut microbial taxa. The results indicated that genus Butyricicoccus (OR = 3.7908, 95% CI: 1.4464-9.9350, P = 0.01), Dorea (OR = 3.3295, 95% CI: 1.2794-8.6643, P = 0.01), Hungatella (OR = 2.6284, 95% CI: 1.0548-6.5498, P = 0.04), and Turicibacter (OR = 2.5694, 95% CI: 1.0392-6.3526, P = 0.04) were positively associated with chemotherapy efficacy using the IVW method. Conversely, family Porphyromonadaceae (OR = 0.2283, 95% CI: 0.0699-0.7461, P = 0.01) and genus Eggerthella (OR = 0.4953, 95% CI: 0.2443-1.0043, P = 0.05) exhibited negative associations. WME demonstrated consistent results with IVW method only for genus Eggerthella (OR = 0.3343, 95% CI: 0.1298-0.8610, P = 0.02). No significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was observed. Reverse MR analyses revealed no significant causal effect of chemotherapy on identified gut microbiota. This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on the genus Eggerthella, and chemotherapy efficacy, offering valuable insights for refining cancer treatment strategies.IMPORTANCEGlobal advancements in cancer treatment, particularly in chemotherapy, have notably decreased mortality rates in recent years. However, the correlation between gut microbiota and chemotherapy efficacy remains elusive. Our study, emphasizing the role of genus Eggerthella, represented a crucial advance in elucidating this intricate interplay. The identified associations offer potential therapeutic targets, contributing to global efforts for enhanced treatment precision and improved patient outcomes. Furthermore, our findings hold promise for personalized therapeutic interventions, shaping improved strategies in the ever-evolving landscape of cancer treatment.

Prognostic analysis of systemic antitumor therapy in young patients with advanced liver cancer: A cohort study.

Advanced liver cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the elderly, but it also occurs in young people in areas where hepatitis B virus is prevalent. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of systemic antitumor therapy in young patients with advanced liver cancer and investigate the influencing factors. The baseline demographic and clinical data of 38 young patients (≤35 years old) with liver cancer were collected as group A and that of 79 elderly patients (≥55 years old) with liver cancer were collected as group B. There were no significant between-group differences regarding the proportion of patients with increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, low serum albumin, increased α-fetoprotein (AFP) and high Child-Pugh score. The median (m)PFS time in groups A and B was 3.9 and 8.3 months, respectively [hazard ratio (HR), 1.702; P=0.009]. The mOS in group A (17.6 months) was 12.4 months shorter than that in group B (HR, 1.799; P=0.010). In the subgroup analysis, male sex [HR, 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.79], pathological diagnosis (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.10-2.91), previous surgical treatment (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.18-3.95), no tumor thrombus (HR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.22-4.93), increased alanine aminotransferase (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.07-4.65), increased aspartate aminotransferase (HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.62-6.39), normal total bilirubin (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.09-2.87) and increased AFP (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.19-3.41) were associated with shorter survival time in group A compared with those in group B (P<0.05). Group A also had a higher incidence of hyper-progressive disease (HPD) (31.6 vs. 3.8%; P<0.001). HPD was a risk factor for advanced liver cancer (HR, 4.530; 95% CI, 2.251-9.115; P<0.001]. In conclusion, the efficacy of systemic antitumor therapy in young patients was poorer compared with that in elderly patients. Young patients with liver cancer had a high HBV infection rate and were prone to HPD.

Uncovering urban water consumption patterns through time series clustering and entropy analysis.

Sustainable urban water management is crucial for meeting the growing demands of urban populations. This study presents a novel approach that combines time series clustering, seasonal analysis, and entropy analysis to uncover residential water consumption patterns and their drivers. Using a three-year dataset from the SmartH2o project, encompassing 374 households, we identify nine distinct water consumption patterns through time series clustering, leveraging Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) as the optimal similarity measure. Multiple linear regression reveals key household characteristics influencing water usage behaviors, such as the number of bathrooms and appliance efficiency ratings. Seasonal analysis uncovers temporal dynamics, highlighting shifts towards lower consumption during summer months and increased variability in transitional seasons. Entropy analysis quantifies the diversity and complexity of water consumption at both cluster and household levels, informing targeted interventions. This comprehensive, granular approach enables the development of personalized water conservation strategies and policies, empowering water utilities to optimize resource management and contribute to sustainable urban water practices.

Utilizing child-centered nursing care approaches for pediatric ENT patients undergoing nasal endoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the child-centered treatment significantly increased satisfaction as revealed by CBCL scores and decreased duration of nasal endoscopy. METHODS: A total of 206 pediatric patients were selected as study participants. Using a random number table, the participants were divided into the control group and the treatment group, with 103 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing care, whereas the treatment group received child-centered health education nursing intervention. The differences between the two groups were observed in four aspects: examination compliance, child behavior checklist (CBCL) scores, the satisfaction level of the patient's family with the nurses in the endoscopy room, and the average duration of the nasal endoscopy. RESULTS: Subsequent to the implementation of the intervention, it was observed that within the treatment group, the level of compliance among pediatric patients undergoing nasal endoscopy exhibited a statistically significant increase when compared to the control group; the CBCL scores of both groups were lower than those before nursing care, and those of the treatment group were statistically significantly lower than those of the control group; the satisfaction rate of the patient's family in two groups was 74 % and 90 %, respectively. The average duration of nasal endoscopy was statistically significantly lower in the treatment group than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a child-centered health education nursing intervention for pediatric patients undergoing nasal endoscopy has been shown to effectively mitigate instances of crying and screaming, enhance patient compliance, reduce examination duration, and elevate the overall satisfaction levels among their respective families.

A ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of Ephedra herb against viral pneumonia.

Ephedra herb (EH), an important medicine prescribed in herbal formulas by Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners, has been widely used in the treatment of viral pneumonia in China. However, the molecular basis of EH in viral pneumonia remains unclear. In this study, a ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy was established based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of EH against viral pneumonia. Results showed that 143 compounds of EH and 70 prototype components were identified in vivo. EH could reduce alveolar-capillary barrier disruption in rats with viral pneumonia and significantly downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Plasma metabolomics revealed that EH may be involved in the regulation of arachidonic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism. The multi-symptom network showed that 12 compounds have an integral function in the treatment of viral pneumonia by intervening in many pathways related to viruses, immunity and inflammation, and lung injury. Further verification demonstrated that sinapic acid and frambinone can regulate the expression of related genes. It has been shown to be a promising representative of the pharmacological constituents of ephedra.

The pattern of tumor progression on first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor-based systemic therapy for Chinese advanced hepatocellular carcinoma -CLEAP 004 study.

Background: For decades, stratification criteria for first-line clinical studies have been highly uniform. However, there is no principle or consensus for restratification after systemic treatment progression based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of disease progression in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not eligible for surgical intervention, following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods: This is a retrospective study that involved patients with inoperable China liver stage (CNLC) IIIa and/or IIIb. The patients were treated at eight centers across China between January 2017 and October 2022. All patients received at least two cycles of first-line treatment containing immune checkpoint inhibitors. The patterns of disease progression were assessed using RECIST criteria 1.1. Different progression modes have been identified based on the characteristics of imaging progress. The study's main outcome measures were post-progression survival (PPS) and overall survival (OS). Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method to compare the difference among the four groups. Subgroup analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy of different immunotherapy combinations. Variations in the efficacy of immunotherapy have also been noted across patient groups exhibiting alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels equal to or exceeding 400ng/mL, in contrast to those with AFP levels below 400ng/mL. Results: The study has identified four distinct patterns of progress, namely p-IIb, p-IIIa, p-IIIb, and p-IIIc. Diverse patterns of progress demonstrate notable variations in both PPS and OS. The group p-IIb had the longest PPS of 12.7m (95% 9.3-16.1) and OS 19.6m (95% 15.6-23.5), the remaining groups exhibited p-IIIb at PPS 10.5 months (95%CI: 7.9-13.1) and OS 19.2 months (95%CI 15.1-23.3). Similarly, p-IIIc at PPS 5.7 months (95%CI: 4.2-7.2) and OS 11.0 months (95%CI 9.0-12.9), while p-IIIa at PPS 3.4 months (95%CI: 2.7-4.1) and OS 8.2 months (95%CI 6.8-9.5) were also seen. Additional stratified analysis was conducted and showed there were no differences of immunotherapy alone or in combination in OS (HR= 0.92, 95%CI: 0.59-1.43, P=0.68) and PPS (HR= 0.88, 95%CI: 0.57-1.36, P=0.54); there was no significant difference in PPS (HR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.55-1.12, P=0.15) and OS (HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.61-1.24, P=0.39) for patients with AFP levels at or over 400ng/mL. However, it was observed that patients with AFP levels above 400ng/mL experienced a shorter median progression of PPS (8.0 months vs. 5.0 months) after undergoing immunotherapy. Conclusion: In this investigation of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma among Chinese patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, we identified four distinct progression patterns (p-IIb, p-IIIa, p-IIIb and p-IIIc) that showed significant differences in PPS and OS. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of disease progression and prognosis after immunotherapy failure. Further validation in large cohorts is necessary to develop prognostic models that integrate distinct progression patterns to guide subsequent treatment decisions. Additionally, post-immunotherapy progression in patients with AFP levels ≥400ng/mL indicates a shortened median PPS. These findings provide valuable insights for future personalized treatment decisions.

Composite control based on FNTSMC and adaptive neural network for PMSM system.

In this paper, a novel fixed-time non-singular terminal sliding mode control (NFNTSMC) method with an adaptive neural network (ANN) is proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system to improve PMSM performance. For nominal PMSM system without disturbance, a novel fixed-time non-singular terminal sliding mode control is designed to achieve fixed-time convergence property to improve the dynamic performance of the system. However, parameters mismatch and external load disturbances generally exist in PMSM system, the controller designed by NFNTSMC requires a large switching gain to ensure the robustness of the system, which will cause high-frequency sliding mode chattering. Therefore, an adaptive radial basis function (RBF) neural network is designed to approximate the unknown nonlinear lumped disturbance including parameters mismatch and external load disturbances online, and then the output of the neural network can be compensated to the NFNTSMC controller to reduce the switching gain and sliding mode chattering. Finally, the fixed-time convergence property and stability of the system are proved by Lyapunov method. The simulation and experimental results show that the presented strategy possesses satisfactory dynamic performance and strong robustness for PMSM system. And the proposed control scheme also provides an effective and systematic idea of the controller design for PMSM.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody/tyrosine kinase inhibitors with or without transarterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CHANCE2201): a target trial emulation study.

Background: The role of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unconfirmed. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) plus anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibody/tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with or without TACE as first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Methods: This nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort study included advanced HCC patients receiving either TACE with ICIs plus anti-VEGF antibody/TKIs (TACE-ICI-VEGF) or only ICIs plus anti-VEGF antibody/TKIs (ICI-VEGF) from January 2018 to December 2022. The study design followed the target trial emulation framework with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (sIPTW) to minimize biases. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05332821. Findings: Among 1244 patients included in the analysis, 802 (64.5%) patients received TACE-ICI-VEGF treatment, and 442 (35.5%) patients received ICI-VEGF treatment. The median follow-up time was 21.1 months and 20.6 months, respectively. Post-application of sIPTW, baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the two groups. TACE-ICI-VEGF group exhibited a significantly improved median OS (22.6 months [95% CI: 21.2-23.9] vs 15.9 months [14.9-17.8]; P < 0.0001; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.63 [95% CI: 0.53-0.75]). Median PFS was also longer in TACE-ICI-VEGF group (9.9 months [9.1-10.6] vs 7.4 months [6.7-8.5]; P < 0.0001; aHR 0.74 [0.65-0.85]) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) version 1.1. A higher ORR was observed in TACE-ICI-VEGF group, by either RECIST v1.1 or modified RECIST (41.2% vs 22.9%, P < 0.0001; 47.3% vs 29.7%, P < 0.0001). Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 178 patients (22.2%) in TACE-ICI-VEGF group and 80 patients (18.1%) in ICI-VEGF group. Interpretation: This multicenter study supports the use of TACE combined with ICIs and anti-VEGF antibody/TKIs as first-line treatment for advanced HCC, demonstrating an acceptable safety profile. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, and Nanjing Life Health Science and Technology Project.

4'-O-MethylbavachalconeB Targeted 14-3-3ζ Blocking the Integrin ß3 Early Outside-In Signal to Inhibit Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis.

14-3-3ζ protein, the key target in the regulation and control of integrin ß3 outside-in signaling, is an attractive new strategy to inhibit thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. In this study, 4'-O-methylbavachalconeB (4-O-MB) in Psoraleae Fructus was identified as a 14-3-3ζ ligand with antithrombosis activity by target fishing combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. The competitive inhibition analysis showed that 4-O-MB targeted 14-3-3ζ and blocked the 14-3-3ζ/integrin ß3 interaction with inhibition constant (Ki) values of 9.98 ± 0.22 µM. Molecular docking and amino acid mutation experiments confirmed that 4-O-MB specifically bound to 14-3-3ζ through LSY9 and SER28 to regulate the 14-3-3ζ/integrin ß3 interaction. Besides, 4-O-MB affected the integrin ß3 early outside-in signal by inhibiting AKT and c-Src phosphorylation. Meanwhile, 4-O-MB could inhibit ADP-, collagen-, or thrombin-induced platelet aggregation function but had no effect on platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces in vivo. Administration of 4-O-MB could significantly inhibit thrombosis formation without disturbing hemostasis in mice. These findings provide new prospects for the antithrombotic effects of Psoraleae Fructus and the potential application of 4-O-MB as lead compounds in the therapy of thrombosis by targeting 14-3-3ζ.

Mudanpioside C Discovered from Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Acts as a Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitor with Antithrombotic Activities.

Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. is a well-known landscape plant worldwide and also holds significant importance in China due to its medicinal and dietary properties. Previous studies have found that Cortex Moutan (CM), the dried root bark of P. suffruticosa, showed antiplatelet and cardioprotective effects, although the underlying mechanism and active compounds remain to be revealed. In this study, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitors in CM were identified using a ligand-fishing method combined with the UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS assay. Further, their binding sites and inhibitory activities toward PDI were validated. The antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic activity were investigated. The results showed that two structurally similar compounds in CM were identified as the inhibitor for PDI with IC50 at 3.22 µM and 16.73 µM; among them Mudanpioside C (MC) is the most effective PDI inhibitor. Molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and MST assay unequivocally demonstrated the specific binding of MC to the b'-x domain of PDI (Kd = 3.9 µM), acting as a potent PDI inhibitor by interacting with key amino acids K263, D292, and N298 within the b'-x domain. Meanwhile, MC could dose-dependently suppress collagen-induced platelet aggregation and interfere with platelet activation, adhesion, and spreading. Administration of MC can significantly inhibit thrombosis formation without disturbing hemostasis in mice. These findings present a promising perspective on the antithrombotic properties of CM and highlight the potential application of MC as lead compounds for targeting PDI in thrombosis therapy.

Transmission risk evaluation of transfusion blood containing low-density Babesia microti.

Background: Babesia is a unique apicomplexan parasite that specifically invades and proliferates in red blood cells and can be transmitted via blood transfusion, resulting in transfusion-transmitted babesiosis. However, detecting Babesia in blood before transfusion has not received enough attention, and the risk of transfusing blood containing a low density of Babesia microti (B. microti) is unclear, possibly threatening public health and wellness. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the lower detection limit of B. microti in blood and to evaluate the transmission risk of blood transfusion containing low-density B. microti. Methods: Infected BALB/c mouse models were established by transfusing infected whole blood with different infection rates and densities of B. microti. Microscopic examination, nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested PCR), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to evaluate the infection status of the mouse models. Meanwhile, the nested PCR detection limit of B. microti was obtained using pure B. microti DNA samples with serial concentrations and whole blood samples with different densities of B. microti-infected red blood cells. Thereafter, whole mouse blood with a B. microti density lower than that of the nested PCR detection limit and human blood samples infected with B. microti were transfused into healthy mice to assess the transmission risk in mouse models. The infection status of these mice was evaluated through microscopic examination, nested PCR tests, and ELISA. Results: The mice inoculated with different densities of B. microti reached the peak infection rate on different days. Overall, the higher the blood B. microti density was, the earlier the peak infection rate was reached. The levels of specific antibodies against B. microti in the blood of the infected mice increased sharply during the first 30 days of infection, reaching a peak level at 60 days post-infection, and maintaining a high level thereafter. The nested PCR detection limits of B. microti DNA and parasite density were 3 fg and 5.48 parasites/µL, respectively. The whole blood containing an extremely low density of B. microti and human blood samples infected with B. microti could infect mice, confirming the transmission risk of transfusing blood with low-density B. microti. Conclusion: Whole blood containing extremely low density of B. microti poses a high transmission risk when transfused between mice and mice or human and mice, suggesting that Babesia detection should be considered by governments, hospitals, and disease prevention and control centers as a mandatory test before blood donation or transfusion.

Corrigendum: Lactobacillus reuteri strain 8008 attenuated the aggravation of depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS in high-fat diet-fed mice through regulating the gut microbiota.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149185.].

Multi-cohort validation study of a four-gene signature for risk stratification and treatment response prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The intricate molecular landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant challenge to achieving precise risk stratification through clinical genetic testing. At present, there is a paucity of robust gene signatures that could assist clinicians in making clinical decisions for patients with HCC. METHODS: We obtained gene expression profiles of patients with HCC from 20 independent cohorts available in public databases. A gene signature was developed by employing two machine learning algorithms. In addition to validating the signature with high-throughput data in public cohorts, we external validated the signature in 64 HCC cases by RT-PCR method. We compared genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic features between different subgroups. We also compared our signature to 130 gene signatures that have already been published. RESULTS: We developed a novel four-gene signature, designated as HCC4, that demonstrates significant potential for the prediction of survival outcomes in more than 1300 patients with HCC. The HCC4 also has potential for predicting recurrence and tumor volume doubling time, assessing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and immunotherapy responses, and non-invasive detection of HCC. The high HCC4 score group shows a higher frequency of mutations in genes TP53, RB1 and TSC1/2, as well as increased activity of cell-cycle, glycolysis and hypoxia signaling pathways, higher cancer stemness score, and lower lipid metabolism activity. In seven HCC cohorts, HCC4 exhibited a higher average C-index in predicting overall survival compared to the 130 signatures previously published. Drug screening indicated that patients with high HCC4 scores were more sensitive to agents targeting AURKA, TUBB, JMJD6 and KIFC1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that HCC4 is a powerful tool for improving risk stratification and for identifying HCC patients who are most likely to benefit from TACE treatment, immunotherapy, and other experimental therapies.

Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta­analysis.

At present, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often applied to patients who are not suitable or are unwilling to undergo surgical treatment. However, to the best of our knowledge, the efficacy and safety of HAIC combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in HCC have not been fully demonstrated. Published studies involving the treatment of patients with HCC with HAIC, ICIs and TKIs were searched from public databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Sinomed. Efficacy and safety data for each study, including progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and adverse events (AEs) were collected. The present study included 17 treatment groups from 15 studies, including 1,987 patients with HCC in the systematic review. The target population was dominated by those unsuitable for surgical treatment, with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2 and Child-Pugh score A or B. The results showed that the longest estimated median PFS (95% CI) in the HAIC + ICI/TKI therapy group (group C) was 9.37 months (95% CI, 6.81-11.93); in the HAIC therapy group (group B) was 7.45 months (95% CI, 6.45-8.46); and in the ICIs + other systemic therapies group (group A) was 5.92 months (95% CI, 5.31-6.54). There was no significant difference in the expected OS among the three groups, which may be because OS events were not reached in numerous studies during the follow-up time. The incidence of treatment-related adverse effects, such as increased AST [14/221 (6.33%)], increased ALT [13/221 (5.88%)], and decreased platelet count [13/221 (5.88%)], was not significantly increased in group C when compared with groups A or B (P>0.05). In conclusion, the effectiveness of HAIC + ICI/TKI for the treatment of advanced HCC was better than that of ICIs + other systemic therapies or HAIC alone. In addition, the incidence of AEs above grade 3 was not significantly higher compared with that in the other treatment groups, and the safety profile was good.

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer (2022 Edition).

Background: Primary liver cancer, of which around 75-85% is hepatocellular carcinoma in China, is the fourth most common malignancy and the second leading cause of tumor-related death, thereby posing a significant threat to the life and health of the Chinese people. Summary: Since the publication of Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer in China in June 2017, which were updated by the National Health Commission in December 2019, additional high-quality evidence has emerged from researchers worldwide regarding the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of liver cancer, that requires the guidelines to be updated again. The new edition (2022 Edition) was written by more than 100 experts in the field of liver cancer in China, which not only reflects the real-world situation in China but also may reshape the nationwide diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. Key Messages: The new guideline aims to encourage the implementation of evidence-based practice and improve the national average 5-year survival rate for patients with liver cancer, as proposed in the "Health China 2030 Blueprint."

Expanding the applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced lung cancer beyond disease progression.

Background: Immunotherapy, particularly the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), assumes a pivotal role in the comprehensive management of advanced lung cancer. There has been substantial deliberation regarding the appropriateness of extending ICIs treatment beyond the point of disease progression. This study delves into the potential benefits of sustained utilization of ICIs subsequent to disease progression in patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 248 patients diagnosed with advanced lung cancer who received treatment with ICIs. The study population comprised 99 patients in the treatment beyond progression (TBP) group and 42 patients in the non-treatment beyond progression (NTBP) group. Parameters including progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were assessed. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was employed to analyze prognostic factors related to immunotherapy. Results: Patients undergoing primary treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors exhibited a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 5.3 months. In the context of disease progression, a comparison between the TBP and NTBP groups was performed with respect to mPFS. The results demonstrated that the TBP group manifested an mPFS of 8.6 months, contrasting with the NTBP group's mPFS of 4.0 months (p=0.028). The mean overall survival (mOS) in the TBP group exhibited a statistically significant increase in comparison to the NTBP group (14.1 months vs. 6.0 months, p=0.028). Evaluation of the objective response rate (ORR) between the TBP and NTBP groups revealed a substantial distinction. The TBP group displayed an ORR of 12.1%, while the NTBP group exhibited a lower ORR of 2.4%. The statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.068, signifying a notable trend towards significance. The disease control rate (DCR) was also assessed and exhibited a noteworthy variance between the two groups, with a higher DCR of 92.9% in contrast to 71.4% in the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Subsequent to ICIs treatment, a subset of patients may derive continued benefits from anticancer therapy, notwithstanding the progression of their advanced lung cancer.

An Enzymatic Strategy for the Selective Methylation of High-Value-Added Tetrahydroprotoberberine Alkaloids.

Tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs) are plant-specific alkaloids with significant medicinal value. They are present in trace amounts in plants and are difficult to chemically synthesize due to stereoselectivity and an unfavorable environment. In this study, a selective methylation strategy was developed for the biocatalysis of seven high-value-added THPB compounds using 4'-O-methyltransferase (Cj4'OMT), norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase (Cj6OMT), and (S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase (SiSOMT and PsSOMT) in engineered E. coli. The methyltransferases Cj4'OMT, Cj6OMT, PsSOMT, and SiSOMT were expressed heterologously in E. coli. Compound 1 (10-methoxy-2,3,9-tetrahydroxyberbine) was synthesized using the recombinant E. coli strain Cj4'OMT and the substrate 2,3,9,10-tetrahydroxyberbine. Compound 2 (9-methoxy-2,3,10-tetrahydroxyberbine) was produced in the recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain PsSOMT, and compounds 2 and 3 (discretamine) were produced in the recombinant E. coli strain SiSOMT. Compounds 4 (9,10-methoxy-2,3-tetrahydroxyberbine) and 5 (corypalmine) were obtained by co-culturing the recombinant strains Cj4'OMT and SiSOMT with substrate. Compounds 6 (scoulerine) and 7 (isoscoulerine) were produced by co-culturing the substrate with the recombinant strains Cj4'OMT and Cj6OMT. To increase the yield of novel compound 2, the flask culture conditions of the engineered SiSOMT strain were optimized, resulting in the production of 165.74 mg/L of this compound. This study thus presents an enzymatic approach to the synthesis of high-value-added THPBs with minimum environmental wastage.

A phase II randomised controlled trial of adjuvant tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes for pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus DNA-selected high-risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: The safety and objective clinical responses were observed in the phase I study using adjuvant autologous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) following concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred fifty-six patients with stage III-IVb and pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels of ≥4000 copies/ml were randomly assigned to receive CCRT combined with TIL infusion (n = 78) or CCRT alone (n = 78). All patients received CCRT and patients assigned to the TIL group received TIL infusion within 1 week after CCRT. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) at 3 years. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 62.3 months, no significant difference was observed in the 3-year PFS rate between the CCRT plus TIL infusion group and CCRT alone group (75.6% versus 74.4%, hazard ratios, 1.08; 95% confidence intervals, 0.62-1.89). TIL infusion was safe without grade 3 or 4 adverse events and all the high-grade adverse effects were associated with myelosuppression caused by CCRT. Exploratory analysis showed that a potential survival benefit was observed with TILs in patients with lower levels of circulating CD8+TIM3+ cells, serum IL-8 or PD-L1. The infused TIL products in patients with favourable outcomes were associated with increased transcription of interferon-γ and a series of inflammatory related genes and a lower exhausted score. CONCLUSION: The primary objective of prolonging PFS with CCRT plus TILs in high-risk NPC patients was not met. These findings may provide evidence for the design of future trials investigating the combination of TILs plus immune checkpoint inhibitors based on CCRT in high-risk NPC patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02421640.

Chinese expert consensus recommendations for the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors to special cancer patient populations.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death 1, programmed cell death ligand 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 have shown significantly durable clinical benefits and tolerable toxicities and have improved the survival of patients with various types of cancer. Since 2018, the National Medical Products Administration of China has approved 17 ICIs as the standard treatment for certain advanced or metastatic solid tumors. As ICIs represent a broad-spectrum antitumor strategy, the populations eligible for cancer immunotherapy are rapidly expanding. However, the clinical applications of ICIs in cancer patient populations with special issues, a term that refers to complex subgroups of patients with comorbidities, special clinical conditions, or concomitant medications who are routinely excluded from prospective clinical trials of ICIs or are underrepresented in these trials, represent a great real-world challenge. Although the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) has provided recommendations for screening before the use of ICIs in special populations, the recommendations for full-course management remain insufficient. The CSCO Expert Committee on Immunotherapy organized leading medical oncology and multidisciplinary experts to develop a consensus that will serve as an important reference for clinicians to guide the proper application of ICIs in special patient populations. This article is a translation of a study first published in Chinese in The Chinese Clinical Oncology (ISSN 1009-0460, CN 32-1577/R) in May 2022 (27(5):442-454). The publisher of the original paper has provided written confirmation of permission to publish this translation in Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.