A derivative of trihydroxynaphthalenone and a pyrone metabolite from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpurpgenus.

A newly discovered trihydroxynaphthalenone derivative, epoxynaphthalenone (1) involving the condensation of ortho-hydroxyl groups into an epoxy structure, and a novel pyrone metabolite characterized as pyroneaceacid (2), were extracted from Talaromyces purpurpgenus, an endophytic fungus residing in Rhododendron molle. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through a comprehensive analysis of their NMR and HRESIMS data. The determination of absolute configurations was accomplished using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations and CD spectra. Notably, these recently identified metabolites exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase (XOD).

Characterization and Engineering of Two Highly Paralogous Sesquiterpene Synthases Reveal a Regioselective Reprotonation Switch.

Sesquiterpene synthases (STPSs) catalyze carbocation-driven cyclization reactions that can generate structurally diverse hydrocarbons. The deprotonation-reprotonation process is widely used in STPSs to promote structural diversity, largely attributable to the distinct regio/stereoselective reprotonations. However, the molecular basis for reprotonation regioselectivity remains largely understudied. Herein, we analyzed two highly paralogous STPSs, Artabotrys hexapetalus (-)-cyperene synthase (AhCS) and ishwarane synthase (AhIS), which catalyze reactions that are distinct from the regioselective protonation of germacrene A (GA), resulting in distinct skeletons of 5/5/6 tricyclic (-)-cyperene and 6/6/5/3 tetracyclic ishwarane, respectively. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that these protonations occur at C3 and C6 of GA in AhCS and AhIS, respectively. The cryo-electron microscopy-derived AhCS complex structure provided the structural basis for identifying different key active site residues that may govern their functional disparity. The structure-guided mutagenesis of these residues resulted in successful functional interconversion between AhCS and AhIS, thus targeting the three active site residues [L311-S419-C458]/[M311-V419-A458] that may act as a C3/C6 reprotonation switch for GA. These findings facilitate the rational design or directed evolution of STPSs with structurally diverse skeletons.

Muyocoxanthones O-S: Undescribed xanthones with antioxidative damage bioactivity to cardiomyocytes from the endophytic fungus Muyocopron laterale.

The metabolites from the endophytic fungus Muyocopron laterale hosted in the medicinal plant Tylophora ovata were investigated, and five undescribed xanthones, muyocoxanthones O-S, along with seven known compounds were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and ECD calculations. Compounds were evaluated for their anti-cardiomyocyte oxidative damage activity using a model of oxidative damage induced by cell hypoxia incubation. Muyocoxanthones O-Q and blennolide L exhibited moderate activity against oxidative damage to cardiomyocytes with relative viabilities of 62.4, 54.8, 60.3 and 54.9%, respectively.

[Chemical constituents from leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense].

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from the leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense. The compounds were isolated and purified from the leaves of C. yunnanense by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography over polyamide, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses including MS and NMR data. As a result, 10 compounds, including melionoside F(1), meliosmaionol D(2), naringenin(3), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside(4), epicatechin(5), quercetin-3'-glucoside(6), corbulain Ib(7), loliolide(8), asiatic acid(9), and ursolic acid(10), were isolated. Compounds 1 and 2 were two new compounds, and compound 7 was isolated from this genus for the first time. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic activity by MTT assay.

Minor terpenoids from the leaves of Craibiodendron yunnanense.

One new taraxastane-type triterpenoid, three new grayanane-type diterpenoids (2 - 4), and 12 known compounds (5 - 16) were isolated from the leaves of Craiobiodendron yunnanens W. W. Smith. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. Compounds 1 and 8 exhibited partly anti-inflammatory activity based on the inhibition of NF-κB activity in SW480 cells at 10 µM with inhibition ratios of 60.53 and 59.20%, respectively. Compounds 10 and 13 showed excellent cytotoxicity against human leukemia cell (MV4-11) at 10 µM with inhibition ratios of 43.02 and 49.11%, respectively.

Undescribed meleagrin alkaloids from the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune.

Six undescribed meleagrin analogues, isomeleagrin, meleagrin F, meleagrin G, methylmeleagrin G, isomethylmeleagrin G and meleagrin H, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune, which was obtained from the fresh leaves of a toxic medicinal plant, Tylophora ovata. The structures of these analogues were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic data analysis, and their absolute configurations were characterized by calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Structurally, meleagrin F features an undescribed skeleton with an aniline moiety, which is linked to meleagrin through a C-C bond at C8-C26. Connecting N19-C3' through the C-N bond in meleagrin G, methylmeleagrin G, isomethylmeleagrin G and meleagrin H was rare for amino acid condensation. The cytotoxicity activity of these undescribed compounds was evaluated, and isomeleagrin exhibited a selective cytotoxicity activity against HGC27 cells with an IC50 value of 2.01 µM.

Two sydowic acid derivatives and a sulfonyl metabolite from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sydowii.

Two new sydowic acid derivatives, a pair of enantiomers, involving (+)-sydowiccal (1a) and (-)-sydowiccal (1b), a new sulfonyl metabolite of 2-methoxy-5-methyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)phenol (2), as well as three known sydowic acid derivatives, were isolated from Aspergillus sydowii, an endophytic fungus of Rhododendron mole. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by analyzing their NMR and HRESIMS data, and the absolute configurations of enantiomers were determined on the basis of the CD spectrum. Three new metabolites showed weak anti-inflammation on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Illicium simonsii and their antiviral activity and neuroprotective effect.

One undescribed diterpenoid illisimonone A, four undescribed sesquiterpenes named (±)-simonones A, simonterpenoids A and B, and two undescribed lignans, illisimonins A and B, along with five known compounds were isolated from the fruits of Illicium simonsii. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of illisimonone A was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Illisimonone A showed potential antiviral activity against the Coxsackie B3 virus, with an IC50 value of 3.70 µM. Illisimonin B and henrylactone A showed potential neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation induced cell injury in SK-N-SH cells, with survival rates of 57.6%, 58.0%, respectively.

Secondary metabolites with diversified structures from an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides associated with a toxic medicinal plant Tylophora ovata.

Six new secondary metabolites, including two new nor-triterpenes (1 and 2), one new sesquiterpene (4), two new α-pyrone derivatives (6 and 7), and one new natural product (5) along with two known compounds (3 and 8) were isolated from an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained from a toxic medicinal plant Tylophora ovata. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analyses, while their absolute configurations were determined by CD and X-ray diffraction analyses. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of these compounds were evaluated.

Anti-inflammatory Dimeric Tetrahydroxanthones from an Endophytic Muyocopron laterale.

Twelve new dimeric tetrahydroxanthones, muyocoxanthones A-L (1-12), were isolated from the endophytic fungus, Muyocopron laterale. Their structures were characterized on the basis of the interpretation of NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of 1-10 and 12 were unambiguously determined by ECD spectrum data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 2, 6, and 11 showed inhibitory activity against the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 5.2, 1.3, and 5.1 µM, respectively.

New lignans and diterpenoid glycosides from the fruits of Xanthium italicum Moretti.

A pair of new lignans [(+)- 1 and (-)- 1] and three new compounds (2-4), together with a known compound 5, were isolated from the fruits of Xanthium italicum Moretti. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, particularly HR-ESI-MS and 1 D and 2 D NMR. Compounds 2 and 3 showed antinociceptive effects in an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice with the writhe inhibition rates of 80.50% and 67.89% at the dose of 20 mg/kg, respectively.

Library construction of stereochemically diverse isomers of spirooliganin: their total synthesis and antiviral activity.

The construction of libraries of stereoisomers of natural products serves as an important approach to investigating the correlation between the stereostructure and biological activity. However, the total synthesis and isomerzation of polycyclic scaffolds with multiple chrial centers are rare. Spirooliganin (1), a new skeleton natural product isolated from the plant Illicium oligandrum, was structurally characterized by comprehensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and ECD which revealed an unprecedented 5-6-6-6-7 polycyclic framework with six chiral centers. Here we report a 17-step total synthesis to prepare a library of stereochemically diverse isomers of spirooliganin, including 16 diastereoisomers and 16 regioisomers. In addition to a regioselective hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition, the synthetic strategy involves a photo-induced stereoselective Diels-Alder reaction, which gives only the abnormal trans-fused product as rationalized by density functional theory calculations. Preliminary biological evaluation showed that spirooliganin and regioisomers 39 exhibited potent inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3. It also revealed the pharmacophore effect of the D-ring (16R,18R,24R, and 26R) for their antiviral activities.

Oxygenated pentacyclic triterpenoids from the stems and branches of Enkianthus chinensis.

Thirty new pentacyclic triterpenoids, including five oleanane-type (1-5), twenty-three ursane-type (9-23, 26-33) and two taraxerane-type (24 and 25), along with fourteen known triterpenoids, were isolated from the stems and branches of Enkianthus chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystallographic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) techniques. Sixteen compounds (1-5, 9-13, 20, 22, 32, 34-36) bearing a gem-hydroxymethyl group at C-4 represent rare examples of pentacyclic triterpenoids. In the in vitro biological activity evaluation, compounds 8, 9, 12-14, 17, 24, and 44 exhibited potent hepatoprotective effects at 10 µM. Moreover, compound 25 showed latent activity against HSV-1 with an IC50 value of 6.4 µM.

Bioactive prenylated C6-C3 derivatives from the stems and leaves of Illicium fargesii.

Seventeen new prenylated C6-C3 derivatives, namely, illifargeins A-M (1-13), including three pairs of enantiomers (1, 5, and 12) and one norillifargeal A (14), together with eight known analogues (15-22), were isolated from the stems and leaves of Illicium fargesii. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS). Their absolute configurations were determined by using experimental and calculated ECD data analysis, as well as a modified Mosher's method. Compounds 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5a, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, and 20 showed potential activity against Coxsackie virus B3, with IC50 values ranging from 6.23 to 33.33 µM. Compounds 9 and 15 exhibited potential activity against influenza virus A, with IC50 values of 11.11 and 19.24 µM, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, and 18 exhibited potential anti-oxidant activity, with IC50 values ranging from 1.43 to 6.71 µM.

Three new alkaloids from Menispermum dauricum.

Three new alkaloids (1-3) were isolated from the rhizomes of Menispermum dauricum. The structures and configurations were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D, 2D NMR, and ECD. [Formula: see text].

[Investigation on secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpurogenus hosted in Tylophora ovate].

Eight compounds,(R)-2-[5-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]acetic acid(1),(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydro-3,4-epoxy-5-hydroxynaphthalen-1(2H)-one(2),(-)-mitorubrinol(3),(-)-mitorubrin(4),(±)-asperlone A(5), terreusinone(6), verrucisidinol(7) and cerebroside C(8) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpurogenus by using various column chromatographic techniques. Their structures were identified by NMR, MS, CD and optical rotation. Compounds 1 and 2 were new compounds. Their anti-diabetic activities in vitro were evaluated, and compound 1 showed moderate inhibitory activity toward XOD at 10 µmol·L~(-1) with the inhibition rate of 69.9%.

Fungi: outstanding source of novel chemical scaffolds.

A large number of remarkable studies on the secondary metabolites of fungi have been conducted in recent years. This review gives an overview of one hundred and sixty-seven molecules with novel skeletons and their bioactivities that have been reported in seventy-nine articles published from 2013 to 2017. Our statistical data showed that endophytic fungi and marine-derived fungi are the major sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites.

Nonadride and Spirocyclic Anhydride Derivatives from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Talaromyces purpurogenus.

Six new nonadride derivatives (1-6) and three new spirocyclic anhydride derivatives (7-9) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces purpurogenus obtained from fresh leaves of the toxic medicinal plant Tylophora ovata. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD techniques. Maleic anhydride derivatives 1-9 were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory activities. Compound 1 showed significant inhibitory activity against NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 1.9 µM. Compounds 2 and 6 showed moderate inhibitory activities toward XOD and PTP1b, respectively, at 10 µM with inhibition rates of 67% and 76%.

Sesquiterpenes from an Endophytic Aspergillus flavus.

Eight new cadinene-sesquiterpenes (1-8), one eudesmane-sesquiterpene (9), and three known compounds (10-13) were isolated from an endophytic fungus, Aspergillus flavus, which was isolated from a toxic medicinal plant, Tylophora ovata. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data, and absolute configurations determined according to the specific rotation and electron circular dichroism methods. Compounds 4-8, 11, and 12 exhibited latent hepatic protection effects at 10 µM, and compound 12 selectively inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with an IC50 values of 2.6 µM.

New glycosides from the twigs and leaves of Rhododendron latoucheae.

Six new glycosides (1-6), together with three known ones, were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Rhododendron latoucheae. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data, including infrared spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, along with Mosher's method. In addition, all compounds were tested their antiviral (herpes simplex virus-1 and influenza A/95-359) activities.