Validating the Glenoid Track Concept Using Dynamic Arthroscopic Assessment.

Background: Failure after isolated Bankart repair has led surgeons to consider when to address the Hill-Sachs lesion, which is thought to be a contributor to recurrent instability. One approach utilizes the glenoid track concept to determine whether a Hill-Sachs lesion is classified as "off-track," suggesting that the addition of a remplissage procedure may aid stability. However, the accuracy and reliability of using this approach require validation using an appropriate reference. Purpose: To determine the accuracy and reliability of using the glenoid track concept against dynamic arthroscopic assessment of Hill-Sachs lesion engagement. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 49 patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair surgery for recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability were enrolled in this diagnostic validation study. Shoulders were classified as on-track or off-track using 3-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) and static arthroscopic measurements. These classifications were compared with dynamic arthroscopic assessment (engagement of the Hill-Sachs lesion on the anterior glenoid rim in the 'athletic position') to determine their accuracy and reliability. Results: The 3DCT-based measurements to determine glenoid track status had a higher positive predictive value (66% vs 42%), higher specificity (47% vs 42%), and higher accuracy (65% vs 59%) compared with static arthroscopic measurements. Static arthroscopic measurements to determine glenoid track status had a higher negative predictive value (96% vs 64%) and higher sensitivity (96% vs 81%) compared with 3DCT-based measurements. Interrater reliability (Krippendorff α) was 'fair' for determining the glenoid track status using 3DCT (0.368; 95% CI, 0.217-0.519) and 'moderate' for static arthroscopic measurements (0.523; 95% CI, 0.364-0.666). Intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 3,k) was 'moderate' for 3DCT measurements (0.660; 95% CI, 0.444-0.798) and 'good' for static arthroscopic measurements (0.769; 95% CI, 0.629-0.862). Conclusion: Determining glenoid track status using either 3DCT or static arthroscopic measurements yielded moderate accuracy and reliability. Surgeons using the glenoid track concept to aid surgical decision-making in traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability should utilize 3DCT or static arthroscopic measurements with caution.

Editorial Commentary: Acute Treatment Including Cerclage Result in Best Surgical Outcomes for High-Grade Acromioclavicular Joint Separations.

Despite years of research, optimal treatment of acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) separations remains controversial. ACJ separations occur in a "multiplanar" fashion and identification of horizonal plane instability is paramount to differentiate between high-grade versus low-grade injuries. As surgeons, we treat a self-selected group of patients referred for surgery, and our physiotherapy colleagues may rehabilitate many patients with both "low-grade" and "high-grade" separations who compensate. Of importance, ACJ separations stabilized <3 weeks after injury have the best chance of healing in a close-to anatomic position. The addition of the ACJ cerclage augmentation improves horizontal plane stability while the soft tissues heal and likely improves outcome.

Arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction with dermal allograft for primary and recurrent rotator cuff tears.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and retear rate of arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) with dermal allograft following structural failure of a previous rotator cuff repair, with a cohort of primary SCRs. Methods: This was a retrospective comparative study with a study group comprising 22 patients who were followed up at a minimum of 24 (mean, 41; range, 27-65) months after SCR with dermal allograft performed for structural failure of a previous rotator cuff repair. The control group included 13 patients who previously underwent a primary SCR using dermal allograft and were followed up for 24 months. Clinical outcome measures comprised range of motion, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) Index. Radiological outcomes included the acromiohumeral interval and graft integrity on magnetic resonance imaging at one year. Logistic regression was used to determine whether SCR being undertaken as either a primary or revision procedure influenced functional outcomes or retear rate. Results: The mean age at the time of surgery was 58 (range, 39-74) years for the study group and 60 (range, 48-70) years for the control group. Forward flexion improved from a mean of 117° (range, 7°-180°) preoperatively to 140° (range, 45°-170°) postoperatively (P = .11), and external rotation increased from a mean of 31° (range, 0°-70°) preoperatively to 36° (range, 0°-60°) postoperatively (P = .23). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved (P = 0) from a mean of 38 (range, 12-68) to 73 (range, 17-95), and the WORC Index improved (P = 0) from a mean of 29 (range, 7-58) to 59 (range, 30-97). Following SCR, there was no significant change in the acromiohumeral interval. The graft was intact in 42% of cases on magnetic resonance imaging and none of the retears underwent further surgery. Compared to revision SCR, primary SCR resulted in a significant improvement in forward flexion (P = .001), external rotation (P = 0), and WORC Index (P = .019). Logistic regression demonstrated that SCR performed as a revision procedure was associated with a higher retear rate (P = .006) and worse forward flexion (P = .009) and external rotation (P = .008). Conclusion: SCR using human dermal allograft following structural failure of a previous rotator cuff repair can lead to an improvement in clinical outcomes but the results are inferior to primary procedures.

The relationship between preoperative Goutallier stage and retear rates following posterosuperior rotator cuff repair: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: An association between higher preoperative Goutallier stage and higher retear rates following primary rotator cuff repairs has been previously reported. However, there are few reviews which have described clear retear rates for each repaired tendon classified according to preoperative Goutallier stage. The purpose of this study was therefore to systematically review the literature on the relationship between preoperative Goutallier stage and retear rates and provide predictable retear rates following primary repair of posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and checklist utilizing PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library. English-language studies of Level I through IV evidence examining the clinical results of primarily repaired posterosuperior rotator cuff tears as a function of Goutallier stage using magnetic resonance imaging were included. The primary outcome of interest was retear rates according to preoperative Goutallier stage. As a secondary outcome, rotator cuff tears were divided into 2 subgroups (Goutallier stage 0-2 and 3-4) and retear rates were assessed between the 2 subgroups. A random effects model with binomial within-study variance was used for both outcomes. RESULTS: Nine studies (687 shoulders) satisfied all inclusion criteria and reported sufficient data for statistical analysis. In the supraspinatus muscle group, rotator cuff muscles with preoperative Goutallier stages of 0, 1, and 2 had retear rates of 19.1%, 27.8%, and 33.5%, respectively, with no significant differences between each category. In contrast, when preoperative Goutallier stage of 3 and 4 existed, significant differences compared to Goutallier 0, 1, and 2 were observed with a retear rate of 74.1% and 78.5%, respectively. In the infraspinatus muscle group, the retear rates following rotator cuff repairs were 20.0%, 32.1%, and 35.1% in Goutallier 0, 1, and 2, respectively, with no significant differences between each category. In Goutallier 3 and 4, the rate was 76.6% and 100.0%, respectively, with significant differences compared to Goutallier 0, 1, and 2. CONCLUSION: The results of this study have clearly demonstrated that retear rates following surgical repair of the rotator cuff increased in proportion to the preoperative Goutallier stage in both the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

Open and arthroscopic posterior bone block with iliac crest autograft for posterior shoulder instability - systematic review of clinical and radiological outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is a rare and challenging pathology to manage. The aim of this review was to assess and compare whether open and arthroscopic iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) bone block procedures succeeded in improving functional and clinical outcomes as well as radiological outcomes of union and graft resorption. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesised that there will be no difference in recurrence rate and functional outcome between open and arthroscopic procedures but there will be a higher complication rate with open bone block procedures. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using the online databases MEDLINE and Embase. The review was registered on the PROSPERO database. Studies of open or arthroscopic ICBG bone block procedures reporting patient reported outcome measures, recurrence, complications and progression to osteoarthritis and radiological outcomes of graft union and resorption were selected. Studies were appraised using the Methodical index for non-randomised studies (MINORS) tool. RESULTS: 14 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria; five studies were arthroscopic and nine used open techniques. A total of 183 patients and 201 shoulders were included, mean age was 25 years range (14-75 years). Recurrent instability ranged from 0% to 12.5% for arthroscopic and 0% to 36.4% for open studies. Arthroscopic studies had statistically significant increases in numerous functional outcome scores but there was no evidence for similar improvements in open studies. Osteoarthritis at follow-up ranged from 12.5% to 47% in arthroscopic and 0% to 81.8% for open studies. Arthroscopic complication rate ranged from 6.7% to 75% compared to 0% to 80% for open studies. Majority of complications were metalware related requiring surgical intervention. Partial graft resorption ranged from 7.7-100% after arthroscopic and 4.8-100% after open procedures. High union rates were seen with both open and arthroscopic techniques. CONCLUSION: This study highlights a lack of high-level evidence for arthroscopic and open posterior bone block procedures using ICBG to manage PSI. Functional and instability outcome scores showed significant improvement with arthroscopic ICBG bone block procedures however limited evidence was available for open studies. Metalwork related complications requiring revision and radiographic progression to osteoarthritis was high in both arthroscopic and open studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, systematic review.

Arthroscopic Anterior Glenoid Reconstruction Using a Distal Tibial Allograft Positioned With an Intra-Articular Guide and Secured With Double-Button Fixation.

Recurrent shoulder instability and its role in bone loss from the anterior glenoid is well recognized throughout the literature. This technique paper presents an all-arthroscopic technique that uses distal tibial allograft and double-button suture fixation to address anterior recurrent shoulder instability. With the patient in the lateral decubitus position, we use the posterior portal to position the double-barrel drill guide tangential to the face of the glenoid, while viewing through the anterosuperolateral portal. We then use the "bullets," which are made through two percutaneous posterior skin incisions of the double-barreled drill. This guide ensures parallel drill tunnels are created 5 mm medial to the glenoid articular surface and 1 cm apart, minimizing risk to the suprascapular nerve caused by a straying medial. We prepare a bone block from allograft distal tibia and place two drill holes to match those drilled in the glenoid vault. The allograft is then shuttled arthroscopically using looped passing wires. Once the final position is confirmed, a tensiometer is used to tension the graft in place. We then reattach the labrum to the native glenoid rim. Our technique creates a reproducible, anatomic, glenoid surface reconstruction for anterior glenoid bone loss in recurrent instability.

Graft Healing Is More Important Than Graft Technique: Superior Capsular Reconstruction Versus Bridging Grafts-A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To compare superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) versus bridging graft (BG) for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs). METHODS: A prospective double-blind randomized study was conducted to compare SCR versus BG for massive irreparable RCTs. Fifty patients (mean age: 60.2 ± 6.0 years) with chronic tears (mean duration of symptoms: 5 ± 5.2 years) were intraoperatively randomized following partial repair to SCR or BG using human dermal allograft. All patients underwent standardized rehabilitation and were followed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months clinically and radiographically. Magnetic resonance imaging were obtained at 12 months to determine graft integrity. RESULTS: At 2 years, 46 patients were available for follow-up. Mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC), and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were 74.8 ± 23.9, 66.0 ± 28.3, and 24.7 ± 26.1 for the SCR group, and 77.9 ± 19.9, 69.5 ± 24.5, and 25.0 ± 19.1 for the BG group, respectively, with no significant difference between groups. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated 18 of 24 (75%) in the SCR group and 14 of 22 (64%) in the BG group were intact at 12 months (P = .53). Patients with intact grafts compared with those with retorn grafts, whether SCR or BG, had greater ASES and WORC scores at 24 months (ASES 81.0 ± 18.7 vs 65.7 ± 24.4, P = .021 and WORC 72.3 ± 24.6 vs 53.7 ± 26.7, P = .04) and greater acromiohumeral intervals on radiographs at all follow-up time points. CONCLUSIONS: When performing arthroscopic reconstruction using human dermal allograft for an irreparable RCT, whether the proximal edge of the graft is attached on the glenoid bone or to the torn tendon does not significantly change short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I, therapeutic.

Arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repair of large and massive retears using an interpositional bridging dermal allograft.

Background: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcomes and retear rate following arthroscopic interpositional bridging dermal allograft for revision rotator cuff repair of large and massive retears. Methods: Twenty-three patients were retrospectively reviewed at a minimum follow-up of 24 (mean, 47; range, 24-77) months after revision rotator cuff repair using an interpositional bridging dermal allograft. There were 17 males and 6 females with a mean age of 56 (range, 40-74) years. Clinical outcomes were assessed using range of motion, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. Graft integrity was assessed at 12-months using magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The interval between the primary rotator cuff repair and interpositional bridging graft was a mean of 82 (range, 7-192) months. Forward flexion improved from a mean of 145° (range, 60-180°) preoperatively to 152° (range, 135-170°) postoperatively (P = .3561). There was a decrease in external rotation from a mean of 50° (range, 20-80°) preoperatively to 37° (range, 0-45°) postoperatively (P = .0021). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score improved (P = .0196) from a mean of 50 (range, 10-88) to 69 (range, 22-97), and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index improved (P = .0008) from a mean of 34 (range, 3-90) to 57 (range, 14-93). The graft was intact in 39% of patients. No patients underwent further surgery. Conclusion: Interpositional bridging grafting for revision rotator cuff repair of large and massive retears leads to a significant improvement in functional outcome but is associated with a high retear rate.

Isolated Bioinductive Arthroscopic Repair of Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears Using a Resorbable Collagen Implant.

Over 300,000 rotator cuff repairs are performed annually in the United States, where the annual financial burden of managing shoulder pain has been estimated to be $3 billion. Despite advances in surgical techniques, retear rates range from 39% to 94%4. Partial-thickness tears are approximately twice as common as full-thickness tears and can lead to considerable pain and loss of function. Although some partial-thickness tears can be treated nonoperatively, spontaneous healing is unlikely when >50% of the bursal/articular-sided tendon thickness is involved, and thus nonoperative treatment would be unsuccessful1-4. Regeneten (Smith & Nephew) is a bioinductive type-1 collagen implant that can be utilized to repair a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear without formal tendon-bone reattachment. Because this implant does not require tendon-bone reattachment, treatment does not typically entail prolonged rehabilitation. At 2 years postoperatively, this implant has been shown to significantly improve functional outcomes and tendon thickness without any serious adverse events4. Description: A diagnostic arthroscopy is performed via a posterior viewing portal, paying particular attention to the insertion of the posterosuperior rotator cuff onto the humeral head. The subacromial space is entered posteriorly and visualized. With use of electrocautery through a lateral portal, all soft tissue is cleared from the undersurface of the acromion and from the superficial rotator cuff. The coracoacromial ligament is released from the underside of the acromion, and an acromioplasty is performed if indicated. The partial-thickness rotator cuff tear is visualized and examined for tissue quality, tear area, and residual tendon thickness. The size of the tear is measured, and an appropriate implant size is chosen. The lateral portal is enlarged so that the graft can be inserted and unfolded with use of a specialized delivery guide. The implant is centered over the tear, ensuring that it covers as much of the lateral footprint as possible. To complete the procedure, the implant is secured to the tendon with use of soft-tissue staples and to the lateral osseous footprint with use of bone staples. Alternatives: First-line treatment is often nonoperative and entails activity modification, pharmacological therapies, and targeted physiotherapy directed toward strengthening parascapular muscles and the remaining rotator cuff. Surgical treatment is considered for persistent symptoms. Conventional operative strategies include subacromial decompression, rotator cuff debridement, in situ repair, and conversion to a full-thickness defect and repair. Rationale: Partial-thickness tears substantially increase intratendinous strain. This increased strain leads to further tissue degeneration and tear enlargement5, likely influencing the high rate of tear propagation observed with nonoperative treatment and nonanatomic operative treatment, such as subacromial decompression. Isolated bioinductive repair of partial-thickness tears with use of a resorbable collagen implant does not involve tendon excision or repair of the tendon to the bone, which can sometimes be challenging. This technique offers a simple solution to a complex problem and has the benefit of an accelerated rehabilitation program compared with formal rotator cuff repair. Accordingly, patient satisfaction with the procedure is high, making this treatment an appealing option4. Expected Outcomes: Short and midterm results following isolated bioinductive repair of partial-thickness tears demonstrate that it is a safe procedure associated with a reduction in pain, increased range of motion, and improvement in functional outcomes. Patients should be counselled regarding the safety of a resorbable collagen patch and its potential to promote healing and improve symptoms4-6. Important Tips: If the tear is articular, it should be marked with a needle so that the graft can be centered over the tear within the subacromial space.When positioning the implant, ensure that it covers the defect and the lateral footprint.Position the cannulas so that they allow the staples to enter the tissue perpendicular to the tendon and osseous footprint.To prevent tearing of the patch, do not depress the staples with excessive force. Acronyms and Abbreviations: MRI = magnetic resonance imagingPEEK = polyetheretherketoneVAS = visual analogue scaleASES = American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score.

Optimal Management of Partial Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears: Clinical Considerations and Practical Management.

Partial thickness rotator cuff tears have been diagnosed with increased frequency due to heightened awareness and an improvement in diagnostic modalities. When >50% of the tendon thickness has ruptured, intra-tendinous strain of the residual tendon increases. Surgery is generally confined to patients who have failed non-operative measures and have persistent symptoms. The rationale for repairing partial thickness tears lies in their limited self-healing capacity, and propensity to enlarge over time and progress to a full thickness defect. Although tear debridement and acromioplasty can improve pain and function, tear progression can occur, in addition to worse results being noted in bursal-sided defects. Several surgical strategies have been recommended but there is a lack of evidence to advocate one form of treatment over another. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the treatment options for partial thickness tears of the rotator cuff.

Bony Apprehension Test for Identifying Bone Loss in Patients With Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: The presence of bone loss has important implications for the surgical treatment of patients with recurrent shoulder instability. The bony apprehension test (BAT) is a physical examination maneuver that was designed to improve specificity from the anterior apprehension test (AAT) in detecting critical bone loss. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the BAT with the AAT and relocation test based on their abilities to predict critical bone loss. Several well-described criteria were utilized to capture critical (≥25%) and subcritical (≥13.5%) glenoid defects, as well as Hill-Sachs defects (≥19%). The ability of the BAT to predict bipolar bone loss was also assessed, as indicated by engaging Hill-Sachs defects and off-track lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: The study cohort included patients ≥18 years of age who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic stabilization for traumatic anterior shoulder instability. Notable exclusion criteria included multidirectional shoulder instability, connective tissue disorders, and workers' compensation or litigation cases. Patients underwent physical examination immediately before surgery by the treating surgeon (ie, before the induction of anesthesia). Critical glenoid and humeral bone defects were measured on preoperative computed tomography scans. Hill-Sachs engagement and on- or off-track determination of bone loss were assessed arthroscopically and via computed tomography, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included in the study. In cases of subcritical glenoid bone loss (≥13.5%) and critical Hill-Sachs defects (≥19%), the BAT had good and fair specificity (82% and 72%, respectively) but poor sensitivity (40% and 39%). The BAT also had poor sensitivity (0%), specificity (67%), and positive predictive value (0%) for higher percentages of glenoid bone loss (≥25%). When engaging Hill-Sachs lesions were assessed, the BAT had excellent specificity (94%) and positive predictive value (94%) but poor sensitivity (43%) and negative predictive value (44%). Furthermore, the BAT performed poorly at predicting off-track humeral lesions. The AAT demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 0% specificity in detecting all measures of bone loss. CONCLUSION: The BAT performed poorly at identifying subcritical and critical bone loss and was not found to have any clinical value. Future work is needed to identify a physical examination test that could complement advanced imaging for preoperative assessment of critical bone loss.

Protocol for a Retrospective Comparative Study to Determine the Effect of Two Different Biocomposite Suture Anchors on the Occurrence of Bony Ingrowth and Implant Reabsorption Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of rotator cuff tears commonly entails reattachment of the ruptured tendon to its bony insertion using suture anchors. Suture anchor design has evolved from solid metal anchors to vented biocomposite anchors with potentially biologic consequences. Few studies have investigated the differences between different modern anchor design and materials, making it difficult to justify their use or cost. OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of bony ingrowth and implant resorption between a coil-type open-architecture biocomposite suture anchor and a vented screw-type biocomposite suture anchor, used for arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff repair. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this retrospective comparative study, a consecutive series of patients who undergo a double row rotator cuff repair using a coil-type open architecture biocomposite suture anchor in the medial row and a vented screw-type biocomposite suture anchor in the lateral row will be included. A sample size calculation demonstrated that 16 participants are required in each group. Primary outcome measures will be bony ingrowth and reabsorption of the suture anchor as measured on computed tomography (CT). Secondary outcomes will include patient reported outcome measures (The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff questionnaire), range of motion, postoperative tendon integrity, and cyst formation. HIGHLIGHTS: Open-architecture suture anchors facilitate the release of marrow constituents.The rate of bony ingrowth for coil- and screw-type anchors will be assessed.The difference in functional outcome between the two anchors will be assessed.

Arthroscopic Compaction Bone Grafting for Uncontained Bone Defects of the Greater Tuberosity Associated With a Rotator Cuff Retear.

Revision rotator cuff repair is a technically demanding procedure that can be complicated by the presence of large peri-implant cysts. When multiple suture anchors are encountered, massive bone defects may need to be addressed to ensure that tendon-bone fixation and healing can be optimized. This Technical Note discusses arthroscopic compaction bone grafting for massive uncontained bone defects of the greater tuberosity associated with revision rotator cuff repair.

Editorial Commentary: Causes of Failure After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Causes of failure after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair include patient factors, tear factors, and surgical factors. Failure may occur at the suture-tendon interface, the bone-tendon interface, or the bone-anchor interface. Low bone mineral density (BMD) in the greater tuberosity has been reported as a prognostic factor for recurrent tears following rotator cuff repair, and although most studies suggest the tendon-to-suture interface as the "weakest link," patients with low BMD may have lower suture anchor pull-out strength. A potential alternative cause of failure is the suture cutting through the greater tuberosity bone in patients with low BMD. Knotless suture bridge constructs or single-row constructs may be more susceptible to a suture cutting through the bone. The knotted suture bridge technique, wherein the medial mattress sutures are tied, may to some extent "shield" against complete cut-through. When bone quality appears poor, a common response is to change the type of anchor, size of anchor, or the location of the anchor. Other factors, such as bone preparation, suture type, suture tensioning, and anchor type (e.g., internal vs external locking), may all potentially affect suture cutting through weak bone.

Rotator cuff repair techniques: Current concepts.

Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is being performed by an ever-increasing number of surgeons. With an ageing population and growing patient expectations it is crucial that clinical outcomes are optimised. Anatomical reduction of the tendon back to its footprint with minimal tension contributes to this, but this can only be achieved if key biomechanical factors are taken into consideration. In this review of the technical aspects of a rotator cuff repair, we focus on: (1) patient positioning, (2) biomechanical principles, (3) optimal visualisation, and (4) repair techniques for both anterior and postero-superior tears.

Determining the rate of full-thickness progression in partial-thickness rotator cuff tears: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears are likely at least as common as full-thickness rotator cuff tears, and it is critical for surgeons to have knowledge of the tear progression rate of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears when determining surgical or nonsurgical treatment. However, a systematic review investigating the rate of tear progression of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears has not been performed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature and determine the rate of full-thickness progression in nonoperatively treated partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA guidelines and checklist using the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases. English-language studies of Level I through IV evidence examining partial-thickness rotator cuff tears with description of the change in tear size were included. Studies using imaging modalities other than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography (US) for serial imaging and studies without description of the number of tears that progressed to full-thickness tears were excluded. The primary outcome was to determine the per-month progression rate from a partial-thickness tear to a full-thickness tear confirmed on either MRI or US. The progression rates, which were divided into 3 groups-symptomatic, asymptomatic and combined (asymptomatic + symptomatic)-were calculated using a random effects model with binomial within-study variance. RESULTS: Four studies were included, and 257 tears were analyzed statistically for tear progression. The average follow-up was 34 months (standard deviation, 19 months). The overall rate of progression to a full-thickness tear was 0.26% per month (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15%-0.36% per month). In the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, the rates were 0.22% per month (95% CI, 0.09%-0.34% per month) and 0.32% per month (95% CI, 0.15%-0.49% per month), respectively, which showed no significant difference (P =.341). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that partial-thickness tears progress to full-thickness tears over time but at a relatively low rate at short- to intermediate-term follow-up. There was no significant difference in the per-month rates of full-thickness progression between symptomatic and asymptomatic tears.

Platelet-Rich Plasma in Patients With Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears or Tendinopathy Leads to Significantly Improved Short-Term Pain Relief and Function Compared With Corticosteroid Injection: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To perform a randomized controlled trial comparing platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with standard corticosteroid (CS) injection in providing pain relief and improved function in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy and partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs). METHODS: This double-blind randomized controlled trial enrolled patients with ultrasound-proven or magnetic resonance imaging-proven PTRCTs who received either an ultrasound-guided PRP or CS injection. Patients completed patient-reported outcome assessments at baseline and at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months after injection. The primary outcome was improvement in the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain. Secondary outcomes included changes in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) scores. Treatment failure was defined as subsequent injection, consent to undergo surgery, or operative intervention. RESULTS: We followed up 99 patients (47 in the PRP group and 52 in the CS group) until 12 months after injection. There were no differences in baseline patient demographic characteristics including age, sex, or duration of symptoms. Despite randomization, patients in the PRP group had worse baseline VAS (46.0 vs 34.7, P = .01), ASES (53.9 vs 61.8, P = .02), and WORC (42.2 vs 49.5, P = .03) scores. At 3 months after injection, the PRP group had superior improvement in VAS (-13.6 vs 0.4, P = .03), ASES (13.0 vs 2.9, P = .02), and WORC (16.8 vs 5.8, P = .03) scores. There were no differences in patient-reported outcomes at 6 weeks or 12 months. There was no difference in the rate of failure (P = .31) or conversion to surgery (P = .83) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PTRCTs or tendinopathy experienced clinical improvement in pain and patient-reported outcome scores after both ultrasound-guided CS and PRP injections. Patients who received PRP obtained superior improvement in pain and function at short-term follow-up (3 months). There was no sustained benefit of PRP over CS at longer-term follow-up (12 months). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, randomized controlled trial.

Surgical anatomy of the pectoralis major tendon insertion revisited: relationship to nearby structures and the pectoral eminence for defining the anatomic footprint.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative identification of the normal pectoralis major (PM) footprint can be challenging to identify in the acute and chronic settings. The purpose of this study was to revisit the anatomic footprint of the PM tendon and to determine which nearby landmarks can be used to re-create the normal insertion site during anatomic repair or reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty-one fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulder specimens were used to define the PM tendon width (ie, superior-to-inferior) and to determine the relationship between the superior aspect of the PM insertion and that of the latissimus dorsi (LD) and anterior deltoid (AD) tendons. An attempt was made to identify potential useful bony landmarks that can be used during anatomic repair or reconstruction of the PM tendon. RESULTS: The mean PM tendon width was 68.8 ± 4.4 mm. The superior margin of the LD insertion was 9.4 ± 5.9 mm above and the AD was 48.4 ± 7.1 mm below the superior margin of the PM tendon insertion, respectively. In 17 of 21 specimens (81%), the superior insertion of the PM tendon attached onto a bony prominence, named the pectoral eminence. CONCLUSIONS: The LD and AD tendon insertions represent reliable soft tissue landmarks for identifying the superior extent of the PM tendon along its bony footprint. The pectoral eminence can also be used as an additional reference point in the majority of cases to facilitate anatomic restoration of the pectoralis tendon during repair and reconstruction. Surgeons should be familiar with the proximity of nearby neurovascular structures when performing PM repairs.

The Role of Partial Rotator Cuff Repairs in Patients With Massive Irreparable Tears Without Arthritis.

In patients with chronic massive rotator cuff tears, complete repair is often not achievable or the repair is performed under significant tension with risk of early failure. The goal of a partial rotator cuff repair is to decrease pain, restore force couples, and improve range of motion of the shoulder. A systematic review was performed to assess active range of motion (ie, forward elevation, external rotation), pain, and patient-reported outcome scores after partial repair of massive rotator cuff tears. Significant improvements in forward elevation, visual analog scale pain scores, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores, and Constant scores were observed, and perioperative complication rates were minimal. Partial rotator cuff repairs remain a viable treatment option in this patient population. [Orthopedics. 2020; 43(1):e1-e7.].