First national record of Microhylahmongorum Hoang, Nguyen, Phan, Pham, Ninh, Wang, Jiang, Ziegler and Nguyen, 2022 (Anura, Microhylidae, Microhyla) in China.

Background: To date, 10 species of the genus Microhyla have been recorded in China, of which six were distributed in Yunnan Province. Microhylahmongorum Hoang, Nguyen, Phan, Pham, Ninh, Wang, Jiang, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022 was also speculated to be distributed in Xishuangbana, Yunnan Province, China. However, there is no evidence of documentation of M.hmongorum. New information: We report the first country record of Microhylahmongorum, based on specimens collected from Yunnan border region. Morphologically, the specimen was consistent with the original descriptions of M.hmongorum. Phylogenetically, the sequences of the specimens from China clustered with the sequence of type specimens of M.hmongorum from Vietnam, with uncorrected pairwise distances of 0.9% at the 16S gene fragment analysed. Therefore, we report M.hmongorum as a new record species in China.

Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities.

Effective conservation of threatened biota relies on accurate assessments and scientific guidance. As an unfortunate example, Chinese giant salamanders ( Andrias, CGS) remain critically endangered in nature. Misguided conservation efforts, e.g., commercial propagation and releasing of millions of likely non-indigenous or interspecific hybrids, have further compromised conservation initiatives. Limited information on wild populations of CGS poses a significant conservation challenge. Following 18-month long field monitoring, we now report the discovery of a wild population of CGS in a closed nature reserve in Jiangxi Province, China. Genomic assessments reveal its genetic distinctiveness and do not detect genetic admixture with other species. Based on morphological and molecular evidences, we describe this CGS as a new species Andrias jiangxiensis sp. nov. This is the only known species of CGS today with a genetically pure, reproducing, in situ population. This discovery emphasizes the important role that closed nature reserves play in protecting species, and the necessity of integrating long-term field monitoring and genetic assessments. It sets a new pathway for discovering and conserving endangered species, especially for those biotas that are similarly being extirpated by anthropogenic translocations and overexploitation.

Herpetological phylogeographic analyses support a Miocene focal point of Himalayan uplift and biological diversification.

The Himalaya are among the youngest and highest mountains in the world, but the exact timing of their uplift and origins of their biodiversity are still in debate. The Himalayan region is a relatively small area but with exceptional diversity and endemism. One common hypothesis to explain the rich montane diversity is uplift-driven diversification-that orogeny creates conditions favoring rapid in situ speciation of resident lineages. We test this hypothesis in the Himalayan region using amphibians and reptiles, two environmentally sensitive vertebrate groups. In addition, analysis of diversification of the herpetofauna provides an independent source of information to test competing geological hypotheses of Himalayan orogenesis. We conclude that the origins of the Himalayan herpetofauna date to the early Paleocene, but that diversification of most groups was concentrated in the Miocene. There was an increase in both rates and modes of diversification during the early to middle Miocene, together with regional interchange (dispersal) between the Himalaya and adjacent regions. Our analyses support a recently proposed stepwise geological model of Himalayan uplift beginning in the Paleocene, with a subsequent rapid increase of uplifting during the Miocene, finally giving rise to the intensification of the modern South Asian Monsoon.

Genetic variants reducing MTR gene expression increase the risk of congenital heart disease in Han Chinese populations.

AIMS: Elevated homocysteine levels are known to be a risk factor for congenital heart disease (CHD), but the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. During early embryonic development, homocysteine removal is dictated exclusively by the MTR activity. To examine the role of MTR in CHD risk, we identified genetic variants in MTR and investigated the mechanisms that affect its expression levels and that increase the risk of CHD in Chinese populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The association between regulatory variants of the MTR gene and CHD was examined in three independent case-control studies in a total of 2340 patients with CHD and 2270 controls. The functional consequences of these variants were demonstrated using dual-luciferase assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assays, surface plasma resonance, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and bisulfite sequencing, as well as by a group of predicted microRNAs using a gene reporter system. Two regulatory variants of MTR, -186T>G and +905G>A, were associated with an increased risk of CHD in both the separate and combined case-control studies (-186GG P = 1.32 × 10(-9); +905AA P = 6.35 × 10(-14)). Compared with the major allele, the -186G allele exhibited significantly lower promoter activity, decreased hnRNA and mRNA levels, reduced transcription factor binding affinity, and a more highly methylated promoter. The +905A allele exhibited a statistically stronger binding affinity to functional microRNAs that down regulate MTR expression at the translational level. Both of the minor alleles were correlated with elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations, indicating a genetic component for hyperhomocysteinaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory variants of the MTR gene increase CHD risk by reducing MTR expression and inducing the homocysteine accumulation and elevation.

The E-cadherin gene polymorphism 160C->A and cancer risk: A HuGE review and meta-analysis of 26 case-control studies.

A single nucleotide polymorphism, - 160C-->A, has been identified in the promoter region of the E-cadherin gene and has been shown to alter its transcriptional activity. To assess susceptibility of -160A allele carriers to seven types of cancers, the authors conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis, up to November 2006, of 26 case-control studies comprising 7,042 cases and 7,011 controls. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using the random-effects model. Publication bias, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were also performed, which showed that -160A allele carriers, compared with noncarriers, had about a 17-19% increased risk of several invasive/metastatic tumors. Analyses of various types of cancers revealed that, in Europeans, the -160AA homozygote was associated with an increased risk of urothelial cancer, carriers of -160A were at increased risk of lung and prostate cancers, and carriers of -160A with gastric cancer were found to suffer a significantly increased risk, whereas their Asian counterparts seemed to be tolerant. No evidence was found that the -160A allele predisposed its carriers to breast, colorectal, or esophageal cancers. These findings indicate that -160A of the E-cadherin gene is emerging as a low-penetrance tumor susceptibility allele for the development of gastric, lung, prostate, and urothelial cancers.

Novel microdeletion in the transforming growth factor beta type II receptor gene is associated with giant and large cell variants of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) Type II receptor (TGFBR2) are frequently found in many cancers with microsatellite instability, but are less common in lung cancer. In the present study, we looked for mutations in TGFBR2 in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells and tissues. A novel homozygous microdeletion (c.492_507del) was identified in two cell lines derived from the same giant cell carcinoma (GCC) and was confirmed in the corresponding tumor tissues. Furthermore, a heterozygous c.492_507del was found in the germ-line of one patient, as well as in the other GCC cases and some large cell carcinomas (LCC) but not in other subtypes of NSCLC. The 16 bp-microdeletion introduced a premature stop codon at positions 590-592 of the cDNA, resulting in a truncated TGFBR2 protein with a mutated transmembrane domain and loss of kinase domain. The GCC cells were characterized as being unresponsive to TGFB induction both in growth inhibition and stimulation of extracellular matrix protein. Moreover, after the reconstitution of wild-type TGFBR2 expression, the sensitivity to TGFB was restored. Therefore, mutated TGFBR2 seems to play an important role in the abrogation of TGFB signal transduction in GCC cells.