Relationship among psychological resilience, parental control, and behavioral problems in junior high school students in Guizhou Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationships among psychological resilience, parental control, and behavioral problems in middle school students, aiming to provide evidencebased recommendations for the prevention and intervention of behavioral issues in middle school students, as well as for the development of related policies.@*Methods@#A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 2 745 participants from three cities in Guizhou Province with different levels of economic development from August to December 2021. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Parental Control Questionnaire, and Psychological Resilience Questionnaire were administered to junior high school students and their parents. A network analysis method was employed to construct a network analysis model of factors influencing behavioral problems.@*Results@#The detection rate of behavioral problems among junior high school students in Guizhou Province was 22.62%. The scores for psychological resilience (goal focus, emotional control, positive cognition, family support, and interpersonal assistance) and proactive inquiry in behavior control were higher in the group without behavioral problems than in the group with behavioral problems. Scores for psychological control (inducing guilt, with drawing affection, and asserting authority) were higher in the group with behavioral problems than in the group without behavioral problems, with statistically significant differences (t=9.80, 17.76, 6.21, 12.20, 13.18, 6.28, 11.58, 11.10, 10.74, P<0.05). The network model showed that among the same variable factors, the strongest connection weight was between inducing guilt and withdrawing affection, with a weight of 0.79. Between different variables, there were negative correlation between behavioral problems and psychological resilience (goal focus, emotional control, positive cognition, family support, interpersonal assistance) and behavior control (proactive inquiry, behavioral restraint) with correlation coefficients (r=-0.25, -0.42, -0.16, -0.31, -0.33, -0.17, -0.03, P<0.05), respectively. There were positive correlation between psychological control factors (inducing guilt, withdrawing affection, and asserting authority) and behavioral problems (r=0.29, 0.27, 0.27), and a negative correlation between these psychological control factors and psychological resilience factors (goal focus, emotional control, positive cognition, family support, interpersonal assistance)(r=-0.53--0.13)(P<0.05). The strongest connection weight was between withdrawing affection and family support, with a connection weight of -0.53. Family support was an important bridge symptom connecting the entire behavioral problem network model, with a high centrality.@*Conclusions@#The detection rate of behavioral problems among junior high school students in Guizhou Province is relatively high. Assisting adolescents in establishing a supportive family environment facilitates the cultivation of their psychological resilience, thereby mitigating the occurrence of behavioral problems.

Mechanism of Fat Emulsion-mediated PTEN-PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway on Neurotoxicity of Bupivacaine.

This study was to explore the application value of chromosome ten (PTEN) - phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) - protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway in the treatment of Bupivacaine toxicity to neuronal cells under the regulation of fat emulsion. Neurons in the hippocampus of newborn rats were treated with Bupivacaine and fat emulsion and divided into five groups. The activity and action potential of neurons in each group were measured and Nissl's staining was performed. The results showed that the neuron activity of Bupivacaine group (42.36 ± 5.48%), Bupivacaine + fat emulsion group (70.23 ± 3.66%), and Bupivacaine + fat emulsion + PTEN/PI3K/AKT inhibitor group (79.28 ± 5.14%) was lower than that of the blank group (99.95 ± 3.42%). The duration of action potential in Bupivacaine group was increased (5.19 ± 0.48ms) and the frequency of action potential was decreased (13.87 ± 1.95) compared with the blank group (2.44 ± 0.37ms, 19.59 ± 2.14). The duration of the fat emulsion group (2.39 ± 0.39ms, 19.76 ± 2.05), Bupivacaine + fat emulsion group (2.88 ± 0.52ms, 18.53 ± 1.66), and Bupivacaine + fat emulsion + PTEN/PI3K/AKT inhibitor group (3.43 ± 0.69ms, 17.57 ± 1.58) was decreased, but the number of times increased (P < 0.05). In short, the fat emulsion can reverse the toxic effects of Bupivacaine on rat hippocampal neurons by regulating the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study provided a reference for the clinical treatment of the neurotoxicity of Bupivacaine.

Neuronal activity-induced SUMOylation of Akt1 by PIAS3 is required for long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission.

Neuronal activity regulates spatial distribution of the SUMOylation system in cytosolic and dendritic sites, which has been implicated in learning, memory, and underlying synaptic structural and functional remodeling in the hippocampus. However, the functional target proteins for activated small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) and downstream molecular consequences behind long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic plasticity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuronal activity induced the covalent modification of cytosolic Akt1 by small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) in rat cortical and hippocampal CA1 neurons. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) was involved in the activity-induced Akt1 SUMO1-ylation, and K64 and K276 residues were major SUMOylated sites. Importantly, Akt1 SUMOylation at K64 and K276 enhanced its enzymatic activity and facilitated T308 phosphorylation. Furthermore, the N-terminal SAP domain of PIAS3 bound Akt1 directly. The disruption of Akt1-PIAS3 interaction by Tat-SAP, a synthetic Tat-fused cell-permeable peptide containing PIAS3 SAP domain, inhibited neuronal activity-induced Akt1 SUMOylation and impaired LTP expression and late phase LTP maintenance in the hippocampus. Correlatedly, Tat-SAP not only blocked the LTP-related extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-Elk-1-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/Arc signaling, but also disrupted mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) pathway. These findings reveal an activity-induced Akt1 SUMOylation by PIAS3 that contributes to ERK1/2-BDNF/Arc and mTOR-4E-BP1 cascades, and in turn, long-lasting excitatory synaptic responses.

Long ncRNA MALAT1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in prostate cancer via sponging miR-145.

BACKGROUND: The long non-coding (lncRNA) RNA MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) is known to promote tumorigenesis, whereas microRNA-145 (miR-145) plays an antitumor role in several cancers. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of MALAT1 and miR-145 in prostate cancer cells and investigate the effect of MALAT1 downregulation on prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro in vivo. METHODS: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets were used to carry out the initial bioinformatics analysis; the findings were then tested in LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 cell lines. Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the levels of MALAT1 and miR-145 along with related biomarkers. Furthermore, wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to test the migratory and invasive abilities of PCa cells. Luciferase reporter assays were used to validate the relationship between MALAT1 and miR-145; their down-stream target genes were also studied. To further substantiate these findings in an animal model, tumor studies including immunofluorescence staining of tissues were carried in nude mice. RESULTS: The expression of MALAT1 was upregulated in both LNCaP cell lines and CWR22Rv1 cell lines (F=2.882, t=13.370, P<0.001; F=2.268, t=15.859, P<0.001). Knockdown of MALAT1 reduced the migratory and invasive capabilities of PCa cells (F=0.017, t=12.212, P<0.001; F=10.723, t=6.016, P=0.002). Using direct binding, MALAT1 suppressed the antitumor function of miR-145, which in turn upregulated transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via SMAD3 and TGFBR2 (F=2.097, t=5.389, P=0.006; F=1.306, t=4.155, P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that MALAT1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-145. The MALAT1 based regulation of MiR-145-5p-SMAD3/TGFBR2 interactions could be an intriguing molecular pathway for the progression of PCa.

Recent progress on nanostructured carbon-based counter/back electrodes for high-performance dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) favor minimal environmental impact and low processing costs, factors that have prompted intensive research and development. In both cases, rare, expensive, and less stable metals (Pt and Au) are used as counter/back electrodes; this design increases the overall fabrication cost of commercial DSSC and PSC devices. Therefore, significant attempts have been made to identify possible substitutes. Carbon-based materials seem to be a favorable candidate for DSSCs and PSCs due to their excellent catalytic ability, easy scalability, low cost, and long-term stability. However, different carbon materials, including carbon black, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, among others, have distinct properties, which have a significant role in device efficiency. Herein, we summarize the recent advancement of carbon-based materials and review their synthetic approaches, structure-function relationship, surface modification, heteroatoms/metal/metal oxide incorporation, fabrication process of counter/back electrodes, and their effects on photovoltaic efficiency, based on previous studies. Finally, we highlight the advantages, disadvantages, and design criteria of carbon materials and fabrication challenges that inspire researchers to find low cost, efficient and stable counter/back electrodes for DSSCs and PSCs.

Dopant-Free Triazatruxene-Based Hole Transporting Materials with Three Different End-Capped Acceptor Units for Perovskite Solar Cells.

A series of dopant-free D-π-A structural hole-transporting materials (HTMs), named as SGT-460, SGT-461, and SGT-462, incorporating a planner-type triazatruxene (TAT) core, thieno[3,2-b]indole (TI) π-bridge and three different acceptors, 3-ethylthiazolidine-2,4-dione (ED), 3-(dicyano methylidene)indan-1-one (DI), and malononitrile (MN), were designed and synthesized for application in perovskite solar cells (PrSCs). The effect of three acceptor units in star-shaped D-π-A structured dopant-free HTMs on the photophysical and electrochemical properties and the photovoltaic performance were investigated compared to the reference HTM of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). Their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels were positioned for efficient hole extraction from a MAPbCl3-xIx layer (5.43 eV). The hole mobility values of the HTMs without dopants were determined to be 7.59 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1, 5.13 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1, and 7.61 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for SGT-460-, SGT-461-, and SGT-462-based films. The glass transition temperature of all HTMs showed higher than that of the spiro-OMeTAD. As a result, the molecular engineering of a planer donor core, π-bridge, and end-capped acceptor led to good hole mobility, yielding 11.76% efficiency from SGT-462-based PrSCs, and it provides a useful insight into the synthesis of the next-generation of HTMs for PrSC application.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and S-100ß in sevoflurane combined with epidural anesthesia for radical resection of lung cancer.

Significance of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and S-100ß protein (S-100ß) were investigated in sevoflurane combined with epidural anesthesia for radical resection of lung cancer. In total, 172 patients who underwent radical resection of lung cancer from May 2014 to January 2016 and 160 blood samples from healthy patients in the same period were selected for prospective analysis. Lung cancer patients were the therapy group (TG). Venous blood (2 ml) was taken from patients before anesthesia (T1) and after anesthesia at 30 min (T2), 3 h (T3) and 24 h (T4), respectively. Healthy physical examination samples were the control group (CG). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of ICAM-1 and RT-PCR to detect the concentration of S-100ß. The changes of ICAM-1 and S-100ß concentrations and their significance to patients were analyzed. The serum ICAM-1 and S-100ß concentrations in TG were significantly higher than those in CG (P<0.001), and were the highest at T1 (P>0.001), followed by T2 (P<0.001). Of the 172 patients 27 cases had adverse complications during the perioperative period. Patients were divided into the ICAM-1 high concentration group (CHCG), the ICAM-1 low concentration group (CLCG) and the S-100ß high concentration group (SHCG) and the S-100ß low concentration group (SLCG). The 3-year survival rate of CHCG was significantly lower than CLCG and SLCG (P<0.001). ICAM-1 and S-100ß protein in sevoflurane combined with epidural anesthesia for radical resection of lung cancer can effectively predict the perioperative adverse complications of patients, and have better monitoring significance for the prognosis of patients.

Tellurium-Doped, Mesoporous Carbon Nanomaterials as Transparent Metal-Free Counter Electrodes for High-Performance Bifacial Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Tellurium-doped, mesoporous carbon nanomaterials with a relatively high doping level were prepared by a simple stabilization and carbonization method in the presence of a tellurium metalloid. A transparent counter electrode (CE) was prepared using tellurium-doped, mesoporous carbon (TeMC) materials, and was directly applied to bifacial, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To improve the performance of the bifacial DSSC device, CEs should have outstanding electrocatalytic activity, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical stability, as well as high transparency. In this study, to make transparent electrodes with outstanding electrocatalytic activity and electrical conductivity, various TeMC materials with different carbonization temperatures were prepared by simple pyrolysis of the polyacrylonitrile-block-poly (n-butyl acrylate) (PAN-b-PBA) block copolymer in the presence of the tellurium metalloid. The electrocatalytic activity of the prepared TeMC materials were evaluated through a dummy cell test, and the material with the best catalytic ability was selected and optimized for application in bifacial DSSC devices by controlling the film thickness of the CE. As a result, the bifacial DSSC devices with the TeMC CE exhibited high power conversion efficiencies (PCE), i.e., 9.43% and 8.06% under front and rear side irradiation, respectively, which are the highest values reported for bifacial DSSCs to date. Based on these results, newly-developed transparent, carbon-based electrodes may lead to more stable and effective bifacial DSSC development without sacrificing the photovoltaic performance of the DSSC device.

Phenothiazine Functionalized Multifunctional A-π-D-π-D-π-A-Type Hole-Transporting Materials via Sequential C-H Arylation Approach for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Three phenothiazine-based A-π-D-π-D-π-A-type small molecules containing various terminal acceptor units, which act as Lewis base blocks, have been synthesized via an efficient and step-economical, direct C-H arylation strategy in the aim toward the development of hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with multifunctional features (such as efficient hole extraction layer, trap passivation layer, and hydrophobic protective layer) for perovskite solar cells (PrSCs). Optical-electrochemical correlation and density functional theory studies reveal that dicyanovinylene acceptor in SGT-421 downshifted the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level (-5.41 eV), which is more proximal to the valence band (-5.43 eV) of the perovskite, whereas N-methyl rhodanine in SGT-420 and 1,3-indanedione (IND) in SGT-422 destabilized the HOMO, leading to an increased interfacial energy-level offset. SGT-421 exhibits superior properties in terms of a sufficiently low-lying HOMO level and favorable energy-level alignment, intrinsic hole mobility, interfacial hole transfer, hydrophobicity, and trap passivation ability over spiro-OMeTAD as a benchmark small-molecule HTM. As envisaged in the design concept, SGT-421-based PrSC not only yields a comparable efficiency of 17.3% to the state-of-art of spiro-OMeTAD (18%), but also demonstrates the enhanced long-term stability compared to the spiro-OMeTAD because of its multifunctional features. More importantly, the synthetic cost of SGT-421 is estimated to be 2.15 times lower than that of spiro-OMeTAD. The proposed design strategy and the study of acceptor-property relationship of HTMs would provide valuable insights into and guidelines for the development of new low-cost and efficient multifunctional HTMs toward the realization of efficient and long-term stable PrSCs.

Trolline Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway, Promoting HSC Apoptosis and Suppressing Autophagy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous studies have shown that trolline possesses various forms of pharmacological activity, including antibacterial and antiviral potency. The present paper addressed the putative hepatoprotective effects of trolline. METHODS: Rats received 2 ml/kg CCl4 (mixed 1: 1 in peanut oil) intragastrically twice a week for 8 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis. The animals were then treated with trolline for additional 4 weeks. Liver pathology and collagen accumulation were observed by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Serum transaminase activity and collagen-related indicator level were determined by commercially available kits. NF-κB pathway activation was also examined. Moreover, the effects of trolline on hepatic stellate cell (HSC-T6) apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and autophagy were assessed. RESULTS: Trolline significantly alleviated CCl4-induced liver injury and notably reduced the accumulation of collagen in liver tissues. Trolline treatment also markedly decreased inflammatory cytokines levels by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Trolline strongly inhibited HSC-T6 activation and notably induced cell apoptosis by modulating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase activity, and MMP. Moreover, trolline significantly inhibited HSC-T6 autophagy, as evidenced by the decrease in the formation of autophagic vacuoles and the number of autophagosomes, by regulating the expression levles of LC3, Beclin-1, P62, Atg 5 and 7. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that trolline ameliorates liver fibrosis, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, promoting HSCs apoptosis and suppressing autophagy.

[Study of Rhizoma Darynaria on regulation of cellular immune function in immunosuppressive mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Rhizoma Drynaria ethanol extract on regulation of cellular immune functions in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice. METHODS: A total of 60 kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups:normal control group, model group, positive control group( levamisole, 0. 05 g / kg) and low-, medium- and high-dose Rhizoma Drynaria ethanol extract-treated groups( 2. 5, 5, 10 g / kg). The mice in the four administration group were administered with 10 mL / kg of the drug for 20 days. Except normal control group, the mice in the other 5 groups were intraperitoneally injected( ip) with cyclophosphamide to establish immunosuppression model. After the end of the experiment, the indices of lymphocyte proliferation capacity and delayed type hypersensitivity were detected, speen histological structure and Tlymphocyte subsets CD_4~+, CD_8~+T cells in peripheral blood were measured. The relativemRNA expression of Interleukin 4( IL-4) and Interferon-γ( IFN-γ) in the spleen tissues were detected. RESULTS: Rhizoma Drynaria ethanol extract( 5, 10 g / kg) enhanced Con Ainduced T-lymphocytes proliferative capacity and delayed type hypersensitivity, increased CD_4~+T cells, CD_4~+/ CD_8~+ratio in peripheral blood, IFN-γ mRNA expression and IFN-γ /IL-4 ratio, decreased CD_8~+T cells and IL-4 mRNA expression. However, there was no obvious difference in LPS-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation capacity. CONCLUSION: Rhizoma Drynaria ethanol extract could regulate the cellular immune functions in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive mice.

Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein Down-Expression Exacerbates Hepatic Fibrosis In Vivo and In Vitro.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is closely associated with numerous tumors and participates in their development through regulating the growth, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. However, the role of RKIP in chronic liver injury and particularly in liver fibrosis is still unclear. METHODS: In the present study, hepatic fibrosis was induced by porcine serum (PS) in rats and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated from rat livers. Moreover, locostatin was used to interfere with RKIP expression. RESULTS: RKIP expression was significantly inhibited by locostatin in both liver tissues of rats and primary HSCs. Down-regulating RKIP expression resulted in serious liver injury, extensive accumulation of collagen, and significant increase in the levels of ALT, AST and TNF-α during liver fibrosis in rats. Moreover, down-regulating RKIP significantly promoted HSCs proliferation and colony formation in vitro. Reduced RKIP significantly increased the production of collagen and the level of α-SMA as well as the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in both liver tissues and primary HSCs. Furthermore, down-regulating RKIP promoted the activation of the ERK and TLR4 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: Our findings clearly indicate an inverse correlation between RKIP level and the degree of the liver injury and fibrosis. The decrease in RKIP expression may exacerbate chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis.

Characteristic Study of Boron Doped Carbon Nanowalls Films Deposited by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition.

In this research, catalyst-free vertically aligned boron doped carbon nanowalls films were fabricated on silicon (100) substrates by MPECVD using feeding gases CH4, H2 and B2H6 (diluted with H2 to 5% vol) as precursors. The substrates were pre-seeded with nanodiamond colloid. The fabricated CNWs films were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy. The data obtained from SEM confirms that the CNWs films have different density and wall thickness. From Raman spectrum, a G peak around 1588 cm(-1) and a D band peak at 1362 cm(-1) were observed, which indicates a successful fabrication of CNWs films. The EDX spectrum of boron doped CNWs film shows the existence of boron and carbon. Furthermore, field emission properties of boron doped carbon nanowalls films were measured and field enhancement factor was calculated using Fowler-Nordheim plot. The result indicates that boron doped CNWs films could be potential electron emitting materials.

Thermal Conductivity of Diamond Packed Electrospun PAN-Based Carbon Fibers Incorporated with Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes.

Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and diamond are renowned as superlative material due to their relatively high thermal conductivity and hardness while comparing with any bulk materials. In this research, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution incorporated with MWCNTs at an alteration of mass fractions (0 wt%, 0.6 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt%) were fabricated via electrospinning under optimized parameters. Dried composite nanofibers were stabilized and carbonized, after which water base polytrafluorethylene (PTFE) mixed with nano diamond powder solution was spin coated on them. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray scattering and Laserflash thermal conductivity were used to characterize the composite nanofiber sheets. The result shows that the thermal conductivity increased to 4.825 W/m K from 2.061 W/mK. The improvement of thermal conductivities is suggesting the incorporation of MWCNTs.

Loss of Raf kinase inhibitor protein is associated with malignant progression in hepatic fibrosis.

Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), besides regulating important intracellular signaling cascades, was described to be associated with progression, metastasis and prognosis in several human neoplasms. But its role in hepatic fibrogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the absence of RKIP expression significantly enhanced the proliferation of HSC-T6 cells. Reduced RKIP expression promoted the activation of HSCs and the accumulation of collagen, as evidenced by the increases in the levels of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin. Moreover, down-regulating RKIP expression led to severe histopathological changes and collagen accumulation in hepatic tissues of rats with liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the absence of RKIP promoted the activation of ERK/MAPK pathway in vitro and in vivo. Our findings clearly demonstrate an inverse correlation between RKIP level and the degree of the liver injury and fibrosis. Loss of RKIP may be associated with malignant progression in hepatic fibrosis.

Correlations between weight changes and lipid profile changes in schizophrenic patients after antipsychotics therapy.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we had identified strong associations between dyslipidemia and acute-phase schizophrenia during the 3-week study period. In this study, we further investigated the correlations between weight changes and lipid changes during this short period in Taiwan. METHODS: During a 1-year period, the data of age, body mass index, antipsychotic drugs and fasting blood samples for serum lipid profiles were collected at baseline and endpoint of 3 weeks. The antipsychotic drugs used include haloperidol, loxapine, sulpiride, olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine. RESULTS: A total of 97 schizophrenia patients were enrolled in this study. The authors found that most antipsychotic drugs showed increased weight changes in Taiwanese patients. Using linear regression, the authors also found that the weight changes in patients taking clozapine had significantly negative correlation with HDL changes during the 3-week study period. However, no significant correlations between weight changes and lipid changes were noted in patients using other antipsychotic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that most antipsychotic drugs showed increased weight changes and schizophrenia patients using clozapine might have negative correlations between weight changes and HDL changes during a very short period. However, due to the limitation of the sample size, larger samples are needed to prove the results after controlling confounding factors.