Desequilíbrio hormonal e disfunção menstrual em atletas de ginástica rítmica / Hormonal imbalances and menstrual dysfunction in high-performance rhythmic gymnastics / Desequilibrio hormonal y la disfunción menstrual en atletas de gimnasia rítmica

ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a magnitude das alterações de hormônios reguladores do ciclo menstrual (CM) e testosterona de atletas de ginástica rítmica (GR) de alto rendimento, em período pré-competitivo para a Olimpíada de Beijing. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue em 4 momentos, com intervalos de 7 dias. Os hormônios estrogênio, progesterona, luteinizante (LH), folículo estimulante (FSH) e testosterona foram mensurados por quimioluminescência. As atletas (n = 7) relataram disfunção menstrual e houve expressiva variação hormonal intra e entre indivíduos. Das amostras de estrogênio, 65% ficaram abaixo do valor referencial clínico, enquanto que as concentrações de progesterona e LH ficaram próximas ao limite inferior. Para FSH e testosterona, 10% e 30% das amostras, respectivamente, ficaram abaixo do referencial. Conclui-se que atletas de alto rendimento em GR apresentam maior risco de desequilíbrio hormonal e disfunção menstrual, o que inspira necessidade de atenção clínica.

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the behavior and magnitude of alteration of hormones that regulate menstrual cycle (MC) and testosterone from Olympic-level Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG). It was studied a population of Olympic-level athletes of RG in pre-competitive period to the Beijing Olympic Games. Blood samples were taken at four opportunities, of seven in seven days. The chemiluminescence technical was used to analyze the estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. All athletes had menstrual dysfunction. There was high intra and interindividual hormonal variation. To the estrogen, 65% of the samples had results lower than reference ranges. The progesterone and LH concentrations were closed with the lower limit of the clinical reference, and 10% and 30% of the values to FSH and testosterone, respectively, were lower than reference. Thus, RG athletes show increased risk to hormonal imbalances and menstrual dysfunction that justify clinical care.

ResumenEl objetivo fue evaluar la magnitud de la variación de las hormonas que regulan el ciclo menstrual (MC) y la hormona testosterona en atletas de GR. Participaron del estudio una población de atletas de alto rendimiento en GR en el pre-competitivo para los Juegos Olímpicos de Beijing. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron en 4 periodos con un intervalo de 7 días. Se utilizó el análisis de quimioluminiscencia de las hormonas estrógeno, progesterona, hormona luteinizante (LH), hormona estimulante del folículo (FSH) y la testosterona. Todos los atletas tenían disfunción menstrual y hormonal, y variación significativa dentro y entre individuos. Además, las muestras de estrógeno, el 65% estaba por debajo del valor de referencia clínica. Las muestras de FSH y testosterona, 10% y 30%, respectivamente, estaban por debajo de los valores de referencia. Por lo tanto, los atletas RG muestran un aumento del riesgo de desequilibrios hormonales y disfunción menstrual que merecen la atención clínica.

Marcadores hematológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES / Hematological profile of street runners from Vitória/ES

Introdução: O sistema imunológico apresenta estreita relação com o exercício físico. Todavia, poucos estudos verificaram o perfil imunológico de corredores amadores. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de marcadores imunológicos de corredores amadores do município de Vitória/ES no período pós-treinamento. Métodos: Foram selecionados 31 corredores pertencentes a dois grupos de corrida, ambos de Vitória/ES. A análise hematológica dos parâmetros imunológicos foi realizada a partir da contagem total de leucócitos por meio de leucograma. Resultados: A contagem de plaquetas apresentou diferença estatística quanto ao gênero, sendo os valores maiores encontrados no gênero feminino em relação ao treinamento contínuo. Além disso, foram encontrados valores menores de neutrófilos no gênero masculino com relação ao treinamento intervalado. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres nos demais parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o exercício físico influencia o sistema imunológico de corredores amadores de Vitória/ES, promovendo elevação das células plaquetárias e redução dos neutrófilos.

Introduction: The immune system presents close relationship to physical exercise. Meanwhile, few studies have verified the immune profile of amateur runners. Objective: To describe immune markers profile of amateur runners at Vitória/ES in the post-training period. Methods: Thirty-one runners of two distinct groups of race, both of Vitória/ES, were selected. The hematological analysis of immunological parameters was performed from the total count of leukocytes by leukogram. Results: The platelets count showed statistical differences according to gender, and the higher values were found in females compared to continuous training. Furthermore, lower values of neutrophils in males were found in the interval training. No statistical difference was observed between men and women in the other parameters. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that physical exercise influences the immune system of amateur runners from Vitória/ES, promoting an increase in the number of platelet cells and a reduction of neutrophils.

Transição metabólica no teste progressivo de pessoas treinadas com musculação e corrida / Metabolic transition in trained people in progressive test with resistance training and running / Transición metabólica en personas entrenadas para prueba progresiva con musculación y carrera

INTRODUÇÃO: A especificidade das adaptações cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas do treinamento aeróbio e de força evocam respostas distintas durante o teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE). Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento cardiorrespiratório durante a transição metabólica (TM) do TCPE, de praticantes de corrida e musculação, comparados a um grupo controle.MÉTODOS: Homens de 21 a 55 anos foram agrupados em: grupo de corredores (GC, n = 30), grupo de musculação (GM, n = 23) e grupo controle (GCON, n = 38). Foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica e TCPE com análise do limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAV) e do ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR). Calculou-se a economia de corrida pela relação entre VO2 e velocidade do teste (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: Na fase de transição metabólica, a carga (km/h) foi superior no GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) e GM (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. O GC apresentou maior VO2LAV; VO2PCR e VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 e 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), comparado com GCON e GM, respectivamente, mesmo após a correção alométrica. A FCREP foi menor entre GC e GCON (CE = 52 ± 6; CON = 60 ± 8 bpm;P < 0,05). Na fase de TM, o GC apresentou maior aumento da carga de trabalho e menor alteração do pulso de oxigênio comparado ao GCON e ao GM. O VO2 durante a TM não difere entre os grupos. O GC apresentou menor ECINCLINA nos instantes finais do teste, comparado a GCON e GM.CONCLUSÃO: O GC apresentou maior eficiência metabólica nas transições progressivas de intensidade de esforço em relação a GCON e GM e o GM não exibe capacidade de transição aprimorada no TCPE, até mesmo quando comparados a indivíduos sedentários.

INTRODUCTION: The specificity of cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations of aerobic and strength training evoke different responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Objective: To describe the cardiorespiratory behavior during metabolic transition (MT) of CPET, runners and bodybuilders compared to a control group. METHODS: Men aged 21-55 years were grouped as follows: runners group (RG, n=30), strength group (SG, n=23) and control group (CG, n=38). The subjects underwent anthropometric and CPET assessment with analysis of ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). We calculated the running economy by the relationship between VO2 and test speed (ECINCLINA). RESULTS: In metabolic transition phase, the running speed (km/h) was higher in the RG group (4.2±1.6) vs. CG (2.7±1.6) and SG (2.8±1.0); P<0.05. The RG had higher VO2LAV, VO2PCR, and VO2MAX (36±8; 46±8, 51±8 vs. 24±6, 35±5, 40 ± 6, and 26±6, 35±6, 40± 7ml.kg-1.min-1; P<0.05) compared to group CG and SG, respectively, even after allometric correction. The resting heart rate was lower among RG and CG (R=52±6; C=60±8 bpm, P<0.05). In the MT phase the RG had a greater increase in workload and less change in oxygen pulse compared to CG and SG. The VO2 during MT did not differ between groups. The RG showed lower ECINCLINA in the closing stages of the test compared to CG and SG. CONCLUSION: The RG showed higher metabolic efficiency in progressive transitions of effort intensity in relation to CG and SG and the SG does not display enhanced transition capacity in CPET, even when compared to sedentary individuals.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La especificidad de las adaptaciones cardiorrespiratorias y metabólicas del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza evoca diferentes respuestas durante la prueba de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar (PECP). Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento cardiorrespiratorio durante la transición metabólica (TM) de la PECP, de corredores y culturistas, en comparación con un grupo control.MÉTODOS: Hombres entre 21 y 55 años fueron agrupados de la siguiente manera: grupo corredores (GC; n = 30), grupo culturistas (GCU; n = 23) y grupo control (GCON; n = 38). Los participantes se sometieron a evaluación antropométrica y PECP, con el análisis de umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio (UAV) y el punto de compensación respiratoria (PCR). Se calculó la economía de carrera mediante la relación entre VO2 y velocidad de la prueba (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: En la transición metabólica, la carga (km/h) fue mayor en el GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) y GCU (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. El GC presentó mayor VO2UAV; VO2RCPy VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 y 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), en comparación con GCON y GCU, respectivamente, incluso después de la corrección alométrica. La FCREPfue menor entre GD y GCON (GC = 52 ± 6; GCON = 60 ± 8 bpm; P < 0,05). La fase de TM en el GC presentó mayor aumento de carga de trabajo y menos cambios en el pulso de oxígeno en comparación con GCON y GCU. El VO2 durante la TM no difirió entre los grupos. El GC mostró menor ECINCLINA en los momentos finales de la prueba en comparación con GCON y GCU.CONCLUSIÓN: El GC mostró una mayor eficiencia metabólica en las transiciones progresivas de esfuerzo en comparación con GCON y GCU, y GCU no muestra una mayor capacidad de transición en el PECP, incluso en comparación con los individuos sedentarios.

Vo2max estimadoppor equações preditivas apresena baixa concordância com o obtiido pelo teste cardiopulmonar - padrão ouro / Vo2maxestimated by predictive equatios presents low concordance withh that obtained by cardiopulmonary test - gold standard

RESUMOO objetivo foi avaliar a concordância entre mensurações do VO2maxobtidas em teste cardiopulmonar de exercício versus obtidas por equações preditivas. Homens (21-55 anos) foram agrupados em praticantes de musculação (PM; n=31) e corridas (PC; n=28) e não praticantes (SE; n=35). Testou-se 5 equações, uma delas elaborada a partir de amostra brasileira. A concordância foi avaliada por Bland-Altman e as correlações pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Os r entre medida padrão ouro vs. equações ficaram entre 0,27 a 0,75, com p<0,05 para a maioria. Entretanto, as concordâncias foram baixas. Na equação obtida em brasileiros, os valores menos concordantes foram, em ordem: SE, PM e PC; nas demais equações foram: PC, PM e SE. As piores estimativas foram para VO2maxmais elevados, principalmente >40 mL.kg-1.min1. Conclui-se que as equações preditivas avaliadas nesse estudo geraram medidas de baixa concordância quando comparadas ao padrão ouro, principalmente para VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

ABSTRACTThe aim was to evaluate the concordance between measurements of VO2max obtained by exercise cardiopulmonary test (gold-standard) vs. that obtained by predictive equations. Men (21-55 years-old) were grouped into Resistance training (RT; n=31), long-distance runners (R; n=28) and non-exercise practitioners (C; n=35). Five equations were tested, one of them made from Brazilian sample. The concordance was evaluated by Bland-Altman, and correlation analysis by Pearson's coefficient (r). The r between gold-standard vs. equations ranged 0.27 to 0.75, with p<0.05 for the most analysis, however, with low concordance. Regarding the equation obtained in Brazilians, the values with lower concordance were, following the order: C, RT and R. In relation to others equations, again with lower concordance, the order was R, RT and C. The worst estimates were to higher VO2max values, mainly for >40 mL.kg-1.min-1. In conclusion, the predictive equations tested generate low concordance when compared to VO2maxgold-standard test, mainly for VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

Long-term intense resistance training in men is associated with preserved cardiac structure/function, decreased aortic stiffness, and lower central augmentation pressure.

OBJECTIVE: There have been contradictory reports regarding resistance exercise and central arterial compliance. The American Heart Association has recommended its use in preventing/treating cardiovascular diseases. We examined the effects of long-term endurance running and intense resistance training on central hemodynamics, compared with healthy control (CON). METHODS: Sixty-nine male participants, 25-50 years [19 intense resistance trained (IRT) group, 21 endurance runners, and 29 CON] were investigated by radial tonometry-pulse wave analysis, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and echocardiogram. Data were expressed as mean ± SE (median). Differences were tested by analysis of variance and analysis of covariance was used to adjust for confounding variables. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups regarding age, height (Ht), brachial and central blood pressure. Resting heart rate (HR) was lower and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) higher in endurance runners. Weight, peripheral pulse pressure, and pulse pressure amplification were higher and HDL-C lower in the IRT group. Left ventricular mass and creatine phosphokinase were higher in trained participants. Relative wall thickness was similar among groups. The ratio of the velocity of peak E and A waves (E/A) was higher and PWV significantly lower in endurance runners (7.2 ± 0.14 m/s) and IRT (7.5 ± 0.14 m/s) as compared with CON (8.2 ± 0.16 m/s) even after adjustments for age, Ht, HR and mean arterial pressure (MAP), or mean systolic pressure. Differences in central augmentation pressure (cAP) adjusted for age, height, systolic or MAP, PWV, and HR (IRT equal to 0.08 ± 0.9, CON equal to 3.4 ± 0.9 and endurance running equal to 3.6 ± 1) were no longer significant after further adjustments to aortic diameter or weight. CONCLUSION: Long-term resistance training in men is associated with preserved cardiac structure/function, decreased aortic stiffness, and lower cAP.

Comparação da resposta autonômica cardiovascular de praticantes de musculação, corredores de longa distância e não praticantes de exercício / Comparison of cardiovascular autonomic response among body builders, long distance runners and non-trained

Objetivou-se comparar a resposta autonômica cardiovascular (RAC) de praticantes de musculação, corredores de longa distância e não praticantes de exercício. Homens, 21 a 55 anos, foram agrupados em: Praticantes Musculação (PM, n = 31); Praticantes Corrida (PC, n = 28); Controle (C, n = 35). Foram selecionadas quatro técnicas para avaliação da RAC: Frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCR), Teste pressórico do frio (TPF), Variabilidade da FC (VFC) e recuperação da FC pós-teste máximo em esteira. A FCR foi menor no grupo PC (PC = 54 ± 2; PM= 62 ± 2; C = 65 ± 2 bpm; média ± EPM). A recuperação da FC aos 60 s pós-teste de esforço foi maior no grupo PC (PC = 34 ± 3; PM = 23 ± 1; C = 24 ± 2; bpm). Quanto aos parâmetros espectrais de alta (HF) e baixa (LF) frequência da VFC, o grupo PC apresentou maior HF (55,1 ± 4,0 n.u) e menor LF (43,1 ± 4,0 n.u) comparado ao grupo C (HF = 40,7 ± 3,3; LF = 56,7 ± 3,5 n.u). O grupo PM não apresentou qualquer diferença de RAC em comparação ao grupo C. Conclui-se que prática contínua em musculação por longo prazo, diferentemente da prática de corrida de longa distância, não é capaz de alterar significativamente a RAC.

The aim of the study was to compare the cardiovascular autonomic response (CAR) of recreational weight trainers, long distance runners and non-exercised subjects. Men, 21 to 55 years old, were grouped in: recreational weight trainers (W, n = 31), long distance runners (R, n = 28) and non-exercised (C, n = 35). Four strategies of evaluation of the CAR were selected: Resting heart rate (RHR), cold pressor test (CPT), heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HHR) following maximal exercise test. The RHR was lower (R = 54 ± 2; W = 62 ± 2; C= 65 ± 2 bpm; mean ± SE) and the HHR 60s post exercise was larger in the R group (R = 34 ± 3; W = 23 ± 1; C = 24 ± 2 bpm). The R group presented larger high-frequency (HF; 55.1 ± 4.0 n.u) and smaller low-frequency (LF; 43.1 ± 4.0 n.u) components of HRV than C group (HF = 40.7 ± 3.3; LF = 56.7 ± 3.5 n.u.). The W group did not show any differences compared to C group. The study's conclusion was that long-term weight-training program, unlike of long-term running training, it is not able to alter significantly the regulatory pattern of CAR.

Colon cancer and swimming exercise: effect on wistar rat testes

This study was undertaken to determine whether colon cancer (CC) and chronic swimming exercise alter rat testis. Eleven weeks old rats were distributed into control group (n=6) and the groups that were induced to develop CC by dimethylhydrazine injections (nEG, EG0, EG2 and EG4; n=10 each group). In the group nEG, the rats did not swim, whereas groups EG0, EG2 and EG4, underwent a swimming program with distinct loads (0, 2 and 4% of body mass, respectively) for 35 weeks. The morphometry, stereology and cell counts showed damage caused by the CC on the germ epithelium. These results were noteworthy since this was the first report to associate the CC with testicular damage. Swimming exercise had no significant role in reducing, or increasing the CC effects on the testis, despite having slightly improved the testis structure of the exercised rats without load. In conclusion, CC caused testis impairment, which could not be avoided by the swimming exercise.

Long-term use of low-dose spironolactone in spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on left ventricular hypertrophy and stiffness.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose spironolactone initiated during the early stages of hypertension development and to assess the effects of chronic pressure overload on ventricular remodeling in rats. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) (4 weeks) were randomized to receive daily spironolactone (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (mineral oil) from 4 weeks to 8 months of age. Systolic blood pressure was measured non-invasively by tail-cuff pletysmography at baseline, 4 and 8 months. Hemodynamic assessment was performed at the end of treatment by arterial and ventricular catheterization. An in situ left ventricular pressure-volume curve was created to evaluate dilatation and wall stiffness. Systolic blood pressure at 1 month of age was higher in SHRs than in the Wistar group; it increased throughout the follow-up period and remained elevated with treatment (Wistar: 136 ± 2, SHR: 197 ± 6.8, SHR-Spiro: 207 ± 7.1 mmHg; p < 0.05). Spironolactone reduced cardiac hypertrophy (Wistar: 1.25 ± 0.03 SHR: 1.00 ± 0.03, SHR-Spiro: 0.86 ± 0.02 g; p < 0.05) and left ventricular mass normalized to body weight (Wistar: 2.51 ± 0.06, SHR: 2.70 ± 0.08, 2.53 ± 0.07 mg/g; p < 0.05). Moreover, the left ventricular wall stiffness that was higher in SHRs was partially reduced by spironolactone treatment (Wistar: 0.370 ± 0.032; SHR: 0.825 ± 0.058; SHR-Spiro: 0.650 ± 0.023 mmHg/ml; p < 0.05). Our results show that long-term spironolactone treatment initiated at the early stage of hypertension development reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and wall stiffness in SHRs.

L-NAME treatment enhances exercise-induced content of myocardial heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Nitric oxide (NO) modulates the expression of the chaperone Hsp72 in the heart, and exercise stimulates both NO production and myocardial Hsp72 expression. The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether NO interferes with an exercise-induced myocardial Hsp72 expression. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (70-100 days) were divided into control (C, n=12), L-NAME-treated (L, n=12), exercise (E, n=13) and exercise plus L-NAME-treated (EL, n=20) groups. L-NAME was given in drinking water (700 mg·L(-1)) and the exercise was performed on a treadmill (15-25 m·min(-1), 40-60 min.day(-1)) for seven days. Left ventricle (LV) protein Hsp content, NOS and phosphorylated-NOS (p-NOS) isoforms were measured using Western blotting. The activity of NOS was assayed in LV homogenates by the conversion of [(3)H]L-arginine to [(3)H]L-citrulline. RESULTS: Hsp72 content was increased significantly (223%; p < 0.05) in the E group compared to the C group, but exercise alone did not alter the NOS content, p-NOS isoforms or NOS activity. Contrary to our expectation, L-NAME enhanced (p < 0.05) the exercise-induced Hsp72 content (EL vs. C, L and E groups = 1019%, 548% and 457%, respectively). Although the EL group had increased stimulatory p-eNOS(Ser1177) (over 200%) and decreased inhibitory p-nNOS(Ser852) (ñ50%) compared to both the E and L groups (p < 0.05), NOS activity was similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that exercise-induced cardiac Hsp72 expression does not depend on NO. Conversely, the in vivo L-NAME treatment enhances exercise-induced Hsp72 production. This effect may be due to an increase in cardiac stress.

Short-term in vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME influences the contractile function of single left ventricular myocytes in rats.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term L-NAME treatment on the contractile function of left ventricle (LV) myocytes and the expression of proteins related to Ca(2+) homeostasis. Data from Wistar rats treated with L-NAME (L group, n = 20; 0.7 g/L in drinking water; 7 days) were compared with results from untreated controls (C group, n = 20). Cardiomyocytes from the L group showed increased (p < 0.05) fractional shortening (23%) and maximum rate of shortening (20%) compared with the C group. LV from the L group also showed increased (p < 0.05) expression of the ryanodine receptor 2 and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger proteins (76% and 83%, respectively; p < 0.05). However, the L and C groups showed similar in vivo hemodynamic parameters of cardiac function. In conclusion, short-term NOS inhibition determines an increased expression of Ca(2+) regulatory proteins, which contributes to improving cardiomyocyte contractile function, preserving left ventricular function.

Efeitos do treinamento em natação abaixo do limiar de lactato sobre a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos / Effects of swimming training below lactate threshold on the expression of stress proteins (hsp72) in the myocardium of rats

Os objetivos deste estudo foram testar se programas de natação com intensidades abaixo do limiar de lactato induzem a expressão de proteínas de estresse (Hsp72) no miocárdio de ratos e se a indução da expressão de Hsp72 é distinta nos ventrículos direito e esquerdo. Ratos Wistar foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos: controle (C, n = 8); natação sem sobrecarga (NSS, n = 8); e natação com sobrecarga - 3% do peso corporal (NCS, n = 8). Animais NSS e NCS nadaram 30 minutos/dia, cinco dias/semana, durante sete semanas. Após eutanásia, o coração foi removido, pesado e foram coletados fragmentos dos ventrículos direito (VD) e esquerdo (VE) para análise dos níveis de Hsp72. O peso relativo do coração não foi diferente (p=0,68) entre os grupos (C=4,52 ± 0,87; NSS= 4,54 ± 0,79; NCS=4,72 ± 0,16 mg/g). Os níveis de Hsp72 foram maiores no VE do grupo NCS do que no C (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 321,04 ± 9,65 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,0006). Hsp72 no VE do grupo NCS foram maiores que no NSS (396,29 ± 11,91 vs. 339,43 ± 10,21 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente; p = 0,004). Não houve diferença de Hsp72 no VD entre os grupos (C=320,02 ± 10,35; NSS=321,53 ± 24,8; NCS=353,08 ± 23,44 unidade arbitrária; p = 0,47). Não houve diferença na expressão de Hsp72 entre VD e VE nos grupos (C, p=0,94; NSS, p=0,52; NCS, p=0,11). Concluiu-se que o programa de natação com intensidade abaixo do limiar de lactato (3% do peso corporal) induz a expressão de HSP 72 no miocárdio de ratos, especialmente no ventrículo esquerdo.

We tested whether swimming training regimes of different intensities bellow the anaerobic threshold induce expression of stress protein (Hsp72) in rat’s myocardium; and if the expression of Hsp72 differs between left and right ventricles. Wistar rats (6 weeks of age, body weight of ~ 261 g) were allocated into three groups: control (C, n = 8); unloaded swimming (NSS, n = 8); and loaded swimming - 3% body weight (NCS, n = 8). Animals from NSS and NCS swam 30 min/day, 5 days/week, during 7 days. At sacrifice the heart was removed and weighed. Fragments of right (RV) and left ventricles (LV) were harvested and the levels of Hsp72 determined. The heart weight to body weight ratio did not differ among C, NSS and NCS groups (4.52 ± 0.87; 4.54 ± 0.79; 4.72 ± 0.16 mg/g, respectively). The LV levels of Hsp72 were higher in NCS group than in C (396.29 ± 11.91 vs. 321.04 ± 9.65 arbitrary unit, respectively, p = 0.0006). The LV levels of Hsp72 were higher in NCS than in NSS (396.29 ± 11.91 vs. 339.43 ± 10.21 arbitrary unit, respectively; p = 0.004). There was no difference in RV levels of Hsp72 among groups (C=320.02 ± 10.35; NSS=321.53 ± 24.80; NCS=353.08 ± 23.44 arbitrary unit; p = 0.47). There was no difference in Hsp72 levels between RV and LV among groups (C, p=0.94; NSS, P=0.52; NCS, p=0.11). It was concluded that the swimming training program with intensity bellow the anaerobic threshold (3% body weight) induces expression of Hsp72 in the rat myocardium, especially in the left ventricle.

Impacto da atividade física sobre o risco cardiovascular na população adulta de Vitória-ES / Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular risk in adults from Vitória-ES

A atividade física (AF) regular é considerada hábito de vida saudável por reduzir o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Entretanto, há poucos estudos neste sentido realizados em amostras populacionais. Avaliar o impacto da AF de lazer (AFL), ocupacional (AFO) e mista (AFLO) sobre o risco cardiovascular mensurado pelo escore de Framingham (EF) na população adulta (25-64 anos) de Vitória-ES. Estudo transversal em amostra probabilística (N=1.663; ambos os sexos). Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário, avaliação clínica e laboratorial (coleta de sangue). A estimativa de gasto calórico semanal em AFL, AFO e AFLO foi feita por meio de entrevista e, dessa forma, 4 grupos foram constituídos: Sedentário (S), AFL, AFO e AFLO. Análises de variância e covariância, bem como testes qui-quadrado e Mantel-Haenszel, foram usados para análise estatística. O grupo AFO apresentou valores inferiores para % gordura (%G), colesterol total (CT) e LDL se comparado ao grupo S. A prevalência de tabagismo foi menor nos grupos AFL (11,5%) e AFLO (10,2%), e maior nos grupos S (26,4%) e AFO(30,2%). O EF e o risco (%) de desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronariana em 10 anos (risco DAC), não ajustados, apresentaram-se menores no grupo AFO (EF= 3; 2,65±6,20; risco DAC= 4; 6,79±6,68%;mediana; média±DP ) se comparado ao grupo S (EF= 5; 3,85±7,07; risco DAC= 6; 8,41±7,74%). Entretanto, após ajuste para idade e CT, o EF e o risco DAC foram menores no grupo AFL (EF:2,54±4,18; risco DAC: 6,55±5,29%; média±DP) se comparado aos grupos S (EF: 3,50±4,17; risco DAC:8,05±5,33%) e AFO (EF: 4,09±4,19; risco DAC: 8,08±5,35%), evidenciando, assim, que as variáveis CT e idade foram as principais determinantes das diferenças iniciais em favor do grupo AFO. O estudo denota impacto positivo da AF de lazer ou laboral na redução do risco cardiovascular populacional.

Regular physical activity (PA) has been considered a healthy habit to reduce thecardiovascular risk. However, there are few studies to determine this association in population-based studies. To evaluate the contribution of leisure-time (LPA), occupational (OPA) and combined physical activity (LOPA) on the cardiovascular risk computed by Framingham score (FS) on the adult population (25-64 y) of Vitória, Brazil. Cross-sectional study in a probabilistic sample (N=1,661; both sexes). Datawere collected by questionnaires and clinical and laboratorial (blood collection) exams. Estimation of week caloric expenditure in LPA, OPA and LOPA were obtained by interview and 4 groups were designed accordingly: Sedentary, LPA, OPA and LOPA. Analysis of variance and covariance, qui-squareand Mantel-Haenszel tests were used for statistical analysis. Before and after adjustment to age, the OPA group showed lower values of body fat, total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol compared to the sedentary group. The smoking prevalence was smaller in LPA (11.5%) and LOPA (10.2%) than insedentary (26.4%) and OPA (30.2%) groups. The unadjusted FS and the 10-year risk for coronary heart disease (CHD-risk) were smaller in the OPA (FRS= 3; 2.65±6.20; CHD-risk= 4; 6.79±6.68%; median; mean±SD) compared to the sedentary group (FRS= 5; 3.85±7.07; CHD-risk= 6; 8.41±7.74%). However, after adjustment for age and TC, the FRS and CHD-risk were smaller in the LPA (FR: 2.54±4.18; CHDrisk: 6.55±5.29%; mean±SD) than in the sedentary (FR: 3.50±4.17; CHD-risk: 8.05±5.33%) and OPA (FR: 4.09±4.19; CHD-risk: 8.08±5.35%) groups, showing that age and TC were the main responsible tosupport the initial differences to the OPA group. The study shows positive impact of leisure-time and occupational physical activity to reduce the global cardiovascular risk in the studied population.

Níveis distintos de Hsp72 no miocárdio de ratas em resposta aos exercícios voluntário e forçado / Different levels of Hsp72 in female rat myocardium in response to voluntary exercise and forced exercise / Niveles distintos de Hsp72 en el miocardio de ratas en respuesta a los ejercicios voluntario y forzado

FUNDAMENTO: O exercício físico promove estresse hemodinâmico. OBJETIVO: Testar se programas de treinamento com corridas voluntária e forçada induzem níveis distintos de expressão de Hsp72 no miocárdio de ratas Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratas Wistar foram alocadas em três grupos (n = 6, cada): treinadas com corrida voluntária (TCV), treinadas com corrida forçada (TCF) e grupo controle (C). Os animais do TCV tiveram livre acesso à roda de corrida voluntária, enquanto os do TCF foram submetidos à corrida forçada em esteira (18 m/min, 0 por cento inclinação, 60 m/min, 5 dias/sem) durante oito semanas. Fragmentos dos ventrículos esquerdo (VE) e direito (VD) foram coletados para análise dos níveis de Hsp72. RESULTADOS: As ratas do grupo TCV correram, em média, 4,87 km, e as do TCF, 4,88 km por semana. Os animais dos grupos TCV e TCF ganharam menos peso (p < 0,05) que os do grupo C (81,67 ± 11,95 g vs 81,17 ± 10,18 g vs 111,50 ± 2,26 g, respectivamente). O peso relativo do coração não foi diferente (p > 0,05) entre os grupos TCV, TCF e C (4,54 ± 0,79 mg/g vs 4,94 ± 0,89 mg/g vs 4,34 ± 0,87 mg/g, respectivamente). Ratas treinadas com corrida forçada apresentaram níveis de Hsp72 maiores (p < 0,05) que as que correram voluntariamente, no VE (287,45 ± 35,86 por cento vs 135,59 ± 5,10 por cento, respectivamente) e no VD (241,31 ± 25,83 por cento vs 137,91 ± 45,20 por cento, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os programas de treinamento com corrida voluntária e forçada induziram níveis distintos de expressão de Hsp72 no miocárdio de ratas Wistar.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise induces hemodynamic stress. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if voluntary running and forced running induced different levels of stress protein (Hsp72) in the myocardium of female Wistar rats. METHODS: Female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: forced treadmill running group (FR; n= 6), voluntary running group (VR; n=6) and control group (C; n=6). VR group animals had free access to running wheels, and those from FR group underwent a running program on a treadmill (18 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk) for 8 weeks. Left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) fragments were collected at sacrifice, and the relative immunoblot contents of stress protein (Hsp72) were determined. RESULTS: VR animals ran on average 4.87 km/wk, and FR rats ran 4.88 km/wk. Animals from VR and FR groups had less body weight gain (p<0.05) than those from C group (81.67 ± 11.95g vs 81.17 ± 10.18g vs 111.50 ± 2.26g, respectively). Heart weight/body weight ratio was not significantly different (p>0.05) among VR, FR and C groups (4.54 ± 0.79 mg/g vs 4.94 ± 0.89 mg/g vs 4.34 ± 0.87 mg/g, respectively). FR group animals had levels of Hsp72 (p<0.05) higher than those from VR, both in LV (287.45 ± 35.86 percent vs 135.59 ± 5.10 percent, respectively) and RV (241.31 ± 25.83 percent vs 137.91 ± 45.20 percent, respectively). CONCLUSION: Voluntary running and forced running induced different levels of Hsp72 in the myocardium of female Wistar rats.

FUNDAMENTO: El ejercicio físico promueve estrés hemodinámico. OBJETIVO: Probar si programas de entrenamiento con carreras voluntaria y forzada inducen niveles distintos de expresión de Hsp72 en el miocardio de ratas hembra Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratas hembra Wistar fueron distribuidas en tres grupos (n = 6, cada uno): entrenadas con carrera voluntaria (ECV), entrenadas con carrera forzada (ECF) y grupo control (C). Los animales del ECV tuvieron libre acceso a la rueda de carrera voluntaria, mientras que los del ECF fueron sometidos a carrera forzada en cinta sin fin (18 m/min, 0 por ciento inclinación, 60 m/min, 5 días/sem) durante ocho semanas. Fragmentos de los ventrículos izquierdo (VI) y derecho (VD) se recolectaron para análisis de los niveles de Hsp72. RESULTADOS: Las ratas del grupo ECV corrieron, en promedio 4,87 km, y las del ECF, 4,88 km por semana. Los animales de los grupos ECV y ECF ganaron menos peso (p<0,05) que los del grupo C (81,67 ± 11,95 g vs. 81,17 ± 10,18 g vs. 111,50 ± 2,26 g, respectivamente). El peso relativo del corazón no fue diferente (p>0,05) entre los grupos ECV, ECF y C (4,54 ± 0,79 mg/g vs. 4,94 ± 0,89 mg/g vs. 4,34 ± 0,87 mg/g, respectivamente). Las ratas entrenadas con carrera presentaron niveles de Hsp72 mayores (p<0,05) que las que corrieron voluntariamente, en el VI (287,45 ± 35,86 por ciento vs. 135,59 ± 5,10 por ciento, respectivamente) y en el VD (241,31 ± 25,83 por ciento vs. 137,91 ± 45,20 por ciento, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN: Los programas de entrenamiento con carreras voluntaria y forzada inducen niveles distintos de expresión de Hsp72 en el miocardio de ratas Wistar.

Different levels of Hsp72 in female rat myocardium in response to voluntary exercise and forced exercise.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise induces hemodynamic stress. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if voluntary running and forced running induced different levels of stress protein (Hsp72) in the myocardium of female Wistar rats. METHODS: Female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: forced treadmill running group (FR; n= 6), voluntary running group (VR; n=6) and control group (C; n=6). VR group animals had free access to running wheels, and those from FR group underwent a running program on a treadmill (18 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk) for 8 weeks. Left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) fragments were collected at sacrifice, and the relative immunoblot contents of stress protein (Hsp72) were determined. RESULTS: VR animals ran on average 4.87 km/wk, and FR rats ran 4.88 km/wk. Animals from VR and FR groups had less body weight gain (p<0.05) than those from C group (81.67 +/- 11.95g vs 81.17 +/- 10.18g vs 111.50 +/- 2.26g, respectively). Heart weight/body weight ratio was not significantly different (p>0.05) among VR, FR and C groups (4.54 +/- 0.79 mg/g vs 4.94 +/- 0.89 mg/g vs 4.34 +/- 0.87 mg/g, respectively). FR group animals had levels of Hsp72 (p<0.05) higher than those from VR, both in LV (287.45 +/- 35.86 % vs 135.59 +/- 5.10 %, respectively) and RV (241.31 +/- 25.83 % vs 137.91 +/- 45.20 %, respectively). CONCLUSION: Voluntary running and forced running induced different levels of Hsp72 in the myocardium of female Wistar rats.

Efeitos da suplementação de creatina e do treinamento de potência sobre a performance e a massa corporal magra de ratos / Effects of creatine supplementation and power training on performance and lean body mass of rats

INTRODUÇÃO: A creatina é um dos suplementos mais usados por atletas para incrementar a síntese protéica e aumentar a massa e força muscular. OBJETIVO: Investigou-se os efeitos da suplementação de creatina associada a um programa de treinamento de potência (saltos verticais) sobre a performance e a composição da massa corporal magra de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: SSC (sedentário sem creatina); SC (sedentário com creatina); ESC (exercício sem creatina) e EC (exercício com creatina). Os animais receberam água e ração ad libitum. Os grupos SC e EC ingeriam dose de creatina diariamente, adotando o procedimento de carga (0,430g/kg p.c. por 7 dias) e manutenção (0,070g/kg p.c. por 6 semanas). Os grupos EC e ESC foram submetidos a um regime progressivo de saltos verticais (5x10 saltos com 1 min de intervalo) em tanque com água, 5 dias/semana, durante 7 semanas. A performance foi avaliada pelo tempo de execução das 5 séries de 10 saltos verticais e a composição da massa corporal magra (músculos e ossos) foi avaliada pelas porções: água, proteína e gordura. RESULTADOS: A performance não foi afetada pela ingestão de creatina (p > 0,05). Os animais suplementados tiveram o percentual de proteína elevado e o de gordura reduzido (p < 0,05), independente do treinamento. Os animais exercitados exibiram maior percentual de proteína, e menor de gordura, além de menor ganho de peso corporal, comparados com os sedentários, independente da suplementação (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença para o percentual de água e consumo alimentar (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação de creatina não afetou a performance dos animais, mas alterou a massa corporal magra. A suplementação de creatina e o programa de treinamento de potência, de forma independente, elevaram o percentual de proteína dos músculos e ossos e reduziram o percentual de gordura, sem alterar o percentual de água.

INTRODUCTION: Creatine is one of the supplements most used by athletes in order to increase protein synthesis and consequently muscle mass and strength. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of creatine intake on the performance and lean body mass of Wistar rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were allocated into one of the four groups: sedentary without creatine (S); Sedentary with creatine (SC); exercise without creatine (E); and exercise with creatine (EC) and received water and chow ad libitum. Those animals in SC and EC groups ingested creatine daily (0.430 g/kg body weight for 7 days and 0.070 g/kg body weight for the following 6 weeks). Animals from E and EC groups underwent a progressive vertical jump regimen (5 x 10 jumps with 1 min. resting interval) in a tank filled with water at 30 ± 1ºC, 5 days/wk for 7 weeks. Performance was assessed by taking the time to perform 5 x 10 vertical jumps. The contents of water, fat and protein of the rat's muscles and bones were measured. RESULTS: The performance was not affected by creatine intake (P > 0.05). Animals supplemented with creatine had an increased percentage of protein and a reduced percentage of fat (P < 0.05), regardless the exercise training. Exercised animals exhibited a higher percentage of protein and a lower percentage of fat and gained less body weight when compared to sedentary animals (P < 0.05), regardless the creatine supplementation. There was no difference between groups for water content and food intake (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Creatine supplementation did not affect performance of the animals. Nevertheless, it altered the lean body mass. Creatine supplementation as well as the power training program, independently, raised the protein percentage of the muscles and bones and reduced the fat percentage, with no alteration in the water percentage.

Determinação de perfil de repetições máximas no exercício de extensão de pernas e supino reto com diferentes percentuais de força / Determination of the profile of maximum repetitions in the leg extension exercise and straight supino with different percentages of strength

Os objetives desse estudo foram verificar se tabelas de força padrões são praticáveis, se há diferença entre o número de repetições máximas (RM) intra-exercício e entre grupamentos musculares, para a mesma intensidade. A amostra compõe-se de 20 indivíduos do sexo masculino, entre 17 e 30 anos. Foram aplicados testes de carga, máxima e RM, para o grupo muscular peitoral e quadríceps. A análise estatística foi realizada ao nível de significância de até P=0,05. Os resultados do exercício supino reto (SR) comparados a cadeira extensora (CE), apresentou diferença estatística para a intensidade 80% (P<0,05). Os resultados da CE foram superiores aos do SR, exceto para intensidade de 50%. A análise intra-exercício apresentou diferença estatística (P<0,05) no supino reto em diferentes percentuais de força. Para a CE não houve diferença estatística para as intensidades 60-70 % e 70-80 %. As tabelas analisadas se mostraram sem padronização de valores, com enormes variações de valores entre as diversas tabelas e no número de repetições entre membro superior e inferior. Concluise que diferentes faixas de força proporcionam diferenças no número de RM, entre indivíduos e entre grupamento muscular. As limitações destas tabelas padrões evidenciam a importância de programas de treinamento de força de forma individualizada.

The objectives of this study was to verify if the standard force tables are practicable, if there is difference between the number of maximum repetitions (RM) intra-exercise and between muscular groups, for the same intensity. The sample is composed by 20 individuals of the masculine sex, between 17 and 30 years. Load tests, maximum and RM were applied, for the pectoral muscular group and quadriceps. The statistics analysis was carried through to the level of significance P=0,05. The straight supine year-end results (MR.) compared the extensive chair (CE), presented statistic difference for intensity 80% (P<0,05). The results of the CE were superior to the ones of MR., except for 50% intensity. The intra-exercise analysis presented statistic difference (P<0,05) in the straight supine in different percentages of strength. For the CE there was not statistic difference for the intensities 60-70% and 70-80%. The analyzed tables were shown without standardization of values, with enormous variations of values between diverse tables and the number of repetitions between upper/lower member. One concludes that different bands of strength pr vide differences in the RM number, between individuals andmuscular grouping. The limitations of these standard tables evidence the importance of individualized strength programs.

Exercício e proteínas de estresse(Hsp 72) no músculo cardíaco / Exercise and stress proteins (Hsp 72) in cardiac muscle

As proteínas de estresse foram inicialmente denominadas como proteínas de choque térmico (Heat Shock Protein - HSP), pois a expressão destas proteínas estava aumentada em células de Drosófilas após serem submetidas a um tratamento térmico. Atualmente, sabe-se que células de todos os seres vivos possuem essas proteínas e que várias outras formas de estresse induzem sua expressão. A família HSP 70 é a mais estudada e, dentre as isoformas, apenas a Hsp 72 é exclusivamente induzida. Tais proteínas exercem um papel de proteção ao organismo contra episódios de estresse. A indução da expressão das Hsp 72 é promovida pelo exercício físico e parâmetros como volume, intensidade e modelo de exercício podem afetar sua expressão. Porém, deve-se considerar que eventos fisiológicos e metabólicos, tais como, aumento da temperatura corporal, alteração dos níveis de catecolaminas, cálcio, glicogênio, ATP, lactato e das espécies reativas de oxigênio, ocorrem nas células durante o exercício, os quais podem modular a expressão de Hsp 72, o que a coloca como um fenômeno multifatorial. Estudos mostram que os benefícios promovidos pelo exercício como proteção, prevenção e recuperação do miocárdio após infarto ou eventos de isquemia, estão condicionados ao aumento das Hsp 72. O aumento da expressão das Hsp 72 pelo exercício coloca-se, então, como uma explicação, pelo menos parcial, da proteção cardíaca promovida pela prática regular de atividade física.

Stress proteins were first named as Heat Shock Protein (HSP) once its expression was increased in drosophila cells after heat shock. At the moment it is known that such proteins are present in all live organisms and that many types of stress induce its expression. HSP 70 family is the most studied and only Hsp 72 is induced. Stress proteins have a role in the protection of live organisms against stress events. Hsp 72 expression is induced by physical exercise and volume, intensity and the model of exercise may affect its expression. Nonetheless, it has to be kept in mind that physiological and metabolic events such as increase in body temperature, alteration in the levels of catecholamines, calcium, glycogen, ATP, lactate and reactive oxygen species occurs during exercise which may modulate Hsp72 expression and so its expression may be recognized as a multifactorial phenomenon. Studies show that the beneficial effects of exercising such as cardiac protection and recovering of the myocardium after infarction or ischemia events are associated to increases in Hsp72 levels. The increased expression of Hsp72 in response to exercise may therefore explain at least partially the cardiac protection promoted by physical activity.