Promoting transportation safety in adolescence: the drivingly randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The impact of young drivers' motor vehicle crashes (MVC) is substantial, with young drivers constituting only 14% of the US population, but contributing to 30% of all fatal and nonfatal injuries due to MVCs and 35% ($25 billion) of the all medical and lost productivity costs. The current best-practice policy approach, Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs, are effective primarily by delaying licensure and restricting crash opportunity. There is a critical need for interventions that target families to complement GDL. Consequently, we will determine if a comprehensive parent-teen intervention, the Drivingly Program, reduces teens' risk for a police-reported MVC in the first 12 months of licensure. Drivingly is based on strong preliminary data and targets multiple risk and protective factors by delivering intervention content to teens, and their parents, at the learner and early independent licensing phases. METHODS: Eligible participants are aged 16-17.33 years of age, have a learner's permit in Pennsylvania, have practiced no more than 10 h, and have at least one parent/caregiver supervising. Participants are recruited from the general community and through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Recruitment Enhancement Core. Teen-parent dyads are randomized 1:1 to Drivingly or usual practice control group. Drivingly participants receive access to an online curriculum which has 16 lessons for parents and 13 for teens and an online logbook; website usage is tracked. Parents receive two, brief, psychoeducational sessions with a trained health coach and teens receive an on-road driving intervention and feedback session after 4.5 months in the study and access to DriverZed, the AAA Foundation's online hazard training program. Teens complete surveys at baseline, 3 months post-baseline, at licensure, 3months post-licensure, 6 months post-licensure, and 12 months post-licensure. Parents complete surveys at baseline, 3 months post-baseline, and at teen licensure. The primary end-point is police-reported MVCs within the first 12 months of licensure; crash data are provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. DISCUSSION: Most evaluations of teen driver safety programs have significant methodological limitations including lack of random assignment, insufficient statistical power, and reliance on self-reported MVCs instead of police reports. Results will identify pragmatic and sustainable solutions for MVC prevention in adolescence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT03639753.

Left ventricular remodelling in rheumatic heart disease - trends over time and implications for follow-up in childhood.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common form of acquired heart disease worldwide. In RHD, volume loading from mitral regurgitation leads to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, increased wall stress, and ultimately LV dysfunction. Improved understanding of LV dynamics may contribute to refined timing of intervention. We aimed to characterize and compare left ventricular remodelling between rheumatic heart disease (RHD) severity groups by way of serial echocardiographic assessment of volumes and function in children. METHODS: Children with RHD referred to Perth Children's Hospital (formally Princess Margaret Hospital) (1987-2020) were reviewed. Patients with longitudinal pre-operative echocardiograms at diagnosis, approximately 12 months and at most recent follow-up, were included and stratified into RHD severity groups. Left ventricular (LV) echocardiographic parameters were assessed. Adjusted linear mixed effect models were used to compare interval changes. RESULTS: 146 patients (median age 10 years, IQR 6-14 years) with available longitudinal echocardiograms were analysed. Eighty-five (58.2%) patients had mild, 33 (22.6%) moderate and 28 (19.2%) severe RHD at diagnosis. Mean duration of follow-up was 4.6 years from the initial diagnosis. Severe RHD patients had significantly increased end-systolic volumes (ESV) and end-diastolic volumes (EDV) compared to mild/moderate groups at diagnosis (severe versus mild EDV mean difference 27.05 ml/m2, p < 0.001, severe versus moderate EDV mean difference 14.95 ml/m2, p = 0.006). Mild and moderate groups experienced no significant progression of changes in volume measures. In severe RHD, LV dilatation worsened over time. All groups had preserved cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS: In mild and moderate RHD, the lack of progression of valvular regurgitation and ventricular dimensions suggest a stable longer-term course. Significant LV remodelling occurred at baseline in severe RHD with progression of LV dilatation over time. LV function was preserved across all groups. Our findings may guide clinicians in deciding the frequency and timing of follow-up and may be of clinical utility during further reiterations of the Australia and New Zealand RHD Guidelines.

Nucleocapsid protein binding DNA aptamers for detection of SARS-COV-2.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals and continues to be a major health concern worldwide. While reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction remains a reliable method for detecting infections, limitations of this technology, particularly cost and the requirement of a dedicated laboratory, prevent rapid viral monitoring. Antigen tests filled this need to some extent but with limitations including sensitivity and specificity, particularly against emerging variants of concern. Here, we developed aptamers against the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein to complement or replace antibodies in antigen detection assays. As detection reagents in ELISA-like assays, our DNA aptamers were able to detect as low as 150 pg/mL of the protein and under 150 k copies of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan Alpha strain in viral transport medium with little cross-reactivity to other human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Further, our aptamers were reselected against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern, and we found two sequences that had a more than two-fold increase in signal compared to our original aptamers when used as detection reagents against protein from the Omicron strain. These findings illustrate the use of aptamers as promising alternative detection reagents that may translate for use in current tests and our findings validate the method for the reselection of aptamers against emerging viral strains.

Impact of mitral regurgitation on left ventricular remodeling and function in children with rheumatic heart disease.

The impact of mitral regurgitation (MR) from pediatric rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and its effect on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function following surgical intervention is uncertain. The objective is to explore the impact of mitral valve (MV) surgeries on myocardial mechanics, remodeling and function and identify pre-operative predictors of post-operative dysfunction which may contribute to the optimal timing of intervention. A retrospective review of echocardiographic data was performed of eighteen pediatric patients with RHD (median 9yrs, IQR 6-12) who underwent MV surgery. Echocardiograms pre-operatively and a median of 13.5 months (IQR 10.2-15) following intervention were compared to controls. Pre-operative LV end-diastolic indexed volumes (LVEDVi) were significantly increased compared to controls and remained persistently larger post-operatively. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (pre 62.6% ± 6.1, post 51.7% ± 9.7, p = 0.002), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) (pre - 24.3 ± 4.1, post - 18.2 ± 2.6, p < 0.001) decreased post-operatively at mid-term follow-up. Pre-operative LVEDVi was a significant predictor of post-operative LVEF, with a cut-off of ≥ 102 ml/m2 associated with LV dysfunction (LVEF < 55%; sensitivity 70%, specificity 75%). Pre-operative LVEDVi also negatively correlated with GLS (r = - 0.58, p = 0.01). LV dimensions and volumes remain persistently larger than controls while LV function decreases post-surgical alleviation of MR in paediatric RHD. Pre-operative LVEDVi predicted post-operative LV dysfunction and utilising LV indexed volumes in directing timing of surgical planning should be considered. Further studies are required to investigate whether timely alleviation of MR before significant LV dilatation and remodeling occur may substantially prevent LV dysfunction and improve outcomes.

Sharing positive behavior change made during COVID-19 lockdown: A mixed-methods coproduction study.

OBJECTIVE: The negative consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) national lockdowns have been well documented, including the worsening of mental health for many and the amplification of preexisting inequalities. As a counterpoint, the current study uses a mixed-methods coproduction approach to share psychosocial insights into the adoption of positive changes made during national lockdown in Scotland. This study examines the psychosocial patterning of positive behavior changes and the psychosocial processes by which positive change was realized and shared these insights with partner organizations. METHOD: A sequential mixed-methods design included an online survey (N = 2,445) assessing positive changes in sleep and physical activity patterns and the role of sociodemographics, mood, social support, coping, and resilience using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Interviews were performed with a purposive diverse subsample of people self-reporting high levels of positive change (n = 48) and used thematic analysis. RESULTS: The survey identified that positive behavior change was significantly patterned by age, gender, and vulnerability to COVID-19. Higher levels of positive reframing and active coping in relation to stress were associated with higher levels of positive behavior change. Higher symptoms of depression, planning, and self-distraction were associated with less positive behavior change. Thematic analysis showed the centrality of perceptions of time, opportunities to self-reflect and engage with the natural world, access support in diverse ways, actively build routine, and purposefully build self-efficacy and a sense of control were key to initiating positive change. CONCLUSIONS: The current study yields insights into achieving positive behavior change at a time of international crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

What have we learned about positive changes experienced during COVID-19 lockdown? Evidence of the social patterning of change.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have highlighted the negative impact of COVID-19 and its particular effects on vulnerable sub-populations. Complementing this work, here, we report on the social patterning of self-reported positive changes experienced during COVID-19 national lockdown in Scotland. METHODS: The CATALYST study collected data from 3342 adults in Scotland during weeks 9-12 of a national lockdown. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed an online questionnaire providing data on key sociodemographic and health variables, and completed a measure of positive change. The positive change measure spanned diverse domains (e.g., more quality time with family, developing new hobbies, more physical activity, and better quality of sleep). We used univariate analysis and stepwise regression to examine the contribution of a range of sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, and employment status) in explaining positive change. RESULTS: There were clear sociodemographic differences across positive change scores. Those reporting higher levels of positive change were female, from younger age groups, married or living with their partner, employed, and in better health. CONCLUSION: Overall our results highlight the social patterning of positive changes during lockdown in Scotland. These findings begin to illuminate the complexity of the unanticipated effects of national lockdown and will be used to support future intervention development work sharing lessons learned from lockdown to increase positive health change amongst those who may benefit.

Changes in Physical Activity, Sitting and Sleep across the COVID-19 National Lockdown Period in Scotland.

We examine the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and concomitant restrictions (i.e., lockdown) on 24-hour movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sitting, sleep) in a purposive sample of people (n = 3230) reporting change recruited online. Participants' self-reported time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), walking, sitting and sleep prior to lockdown (T1), during the first national lockdown (T2) and as restrictions initially started to ease (T3). For each 24-hour movement behavior, category-shifts are reported (positive, negative or did not change), as well as the percentage of participants recording positive/negative changes across clusters of behaviors and the percentage of participants recording improvement or maintenance of change across time. From T1 to T2 walking decreased, whereas MVPA, sitting and sleep increased, from T2 to T3 levels returned to pre-lockdown for all but MVPA. Participants who changed one behavior positively were more likely to report a positive change in another and 50% of those who reported positive changes from T1 to T2 maintained or improved further when restrictions started to ease. The current study showed that a large proportion of the sample reported positive changes, most notably those displaying initially poor levels of each behavior. These findings will inform salutogenic intervention development.

Pilot Testing of a Nudge-Based Digital Intervention (Welbot) to Improve Sedentary Behaviour and Wellbeing in the Workplace.

Welbot is a nudge-based digital intervention that aims to reduce sedentary behaviour and improve physical and mental wellbeing at work. The purpose of this study was to pilot test the Welbot intervention. Forty-one (6M/35F) University staff (M age = 43-years) participated in this study, which was a single arm repeated measures trial conducted over three weeks of intervention. The primary outcome was sedentary behaviour (measured subjectively and objectively) and secondary outcomes included: mental wellbeing, procrastination, depression, anxiety and stress, and work engagement. A subset of participants (n = 6) wore an ActivPAL to objectively measure activity data, while another subset of participants (n = 6) completed a qualitative semi-structured interview to ascertain experiences of using Welbot. Following the intervention, a Friedman non-parametric test revealed that participants self-reported significantly less time sitting and more time standing and objectively recorded more steps at the week-1 follow-up. A series of paired t-tests exhibited that changes in all secondary outcomes were in the expected direction. However, only improvements in depression, anxiety, and stress were significant. After using Welbot, thematic analysis demonstrated that participants perceived they had a positive behaviour change, increased awareness of unhealthy behaviours at work, and provided suggestions for intervention improvement. Overall, findings provided indications of the potential positive impact Welbot may have on employees' wellbeing, however, limitations are noted. Recommendations for intervention improvement including personalisation (e.g., individual preferences for nudges and the option to sync Welbot with online calendars) and further research into how users engage with Welbot are provided.

A Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Digital Intervention to Improve Sedentary Behaviour Across Multiple Workplace Settings.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) is associated with risk of chronic diseases. Digital interventions in SB require mixed method evaluations to understand potential for impact in real-world settings. In this study, the RE-AIM QuEST evaluation framework will be used to understand the potential of a digital health promotion application which targets reducing and breaking up SB across multiple workplace settings. METHODS: Four companies and 80 employees were recruited to use a digital application. Questionnaires were used to measure SB, and additional health and work-related outcomes at baseline, one month, three month and six month follow-up. Qualitative data was collected through focus groups with employees and interviews with stakeholders. Questionnaire data was analysed using Wilcoxon Sign Rank tests and qualitative data was thematically analysed. RESULTS: The digital application significantly increased standing time at one month for the total group and transitions per hour in one of the companies. Facilitators and barriers were identified across RE-AIM. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing the barriers which have been identified, while maintaining the positive attributes will be critical to producing an effective digital application which also has the potential for impact in the real world.

Should We Scale-Up? A Mixed Methods Process Evaluation of an Intervention Targeting Sedentary Office Workers Using the RE-AIM QuEST Framework.

Background: Interventions targeting a reduction in sedentary behaviour in office workers need to be scaled-up to have impact. In this study, the RE-AIM QuEST framework was used to evaluate the potential for further implementation and scale-up of a consultation based workplace intervention which targeted both the reduction, and breaking up of sitting time. Methods: To evaluate the Springfield College sedentary behaviour intervention across multiple RE-AIM QuEST indicators; intervention participant, non-participant (employees who did not participate) and key informant (consultation delivery team; members of the research team and stakeholders in workplace health promotion) data were collected using interviews, focus groups and questionnaires. Questionnaires were summarized using descriptive statistics and interviews and focus groups were transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. Results: Barriers to scale-up were: participant burden of activity monitoring; lack of management support; influence of policy; flexibility (scheduling/locations); time and cost. Facilitators to scale up were: visible leadership; social and cultural changes in the workplace; high acceptability; existing health and wellbeing programmes; culture and philosophy of the participating college. Conclusions: There is potential for scale-up, however adaptations will need to be made to address the barriers to scale-up. Future interventions in office workers should evaluate for scalability during the pilot phases of research.

An Integrative, Systematic Review Exploring the Research, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance of Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behaviour in Office Workers.

Sedentary behaviour is associated with poor health outcomes, and office-based workers are at significant health risk, as they accumulate large proportions of their overall sitting time at work. The aim of this integrated systematic review was to collate and synthesize published research on sedentary behaviour interventions in the workplace that have reported on at least one an aspect of the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Studies were included if they involved adult office workers, were conducted in an office setting, and changes in sedentary behaviour had been measured as a primary outcome. Five electronic databases were searched yielding 7234 articles, with 75 articles (61 individual interventions) meeting the inclusion criteria. Reach indicators were the most frequently reported RE-AIM dimensions, which were reported on average 59% of the time. Efficacy/effectiveness was the second most reported dimension at 49% reporting across all of the indicators. Implementation indicators were reported an average of 44% of the time, with indicators of adoption and maintenance reported as the lowest of all indicators at 13% and 8%, respectively. Recommendations are provided to improve reporting across all RE-AIM dimensions, which is an important first step to enable the effective translation of interventions into real world settings.

Skin conductance for monitoring of acute pain in adult postoperative patients: influence of electrode surface area and sampling time.

Aim of this prospective randomized study was to determine the influence of the electrode surface area and sampling time on the accuracy of the number of fluctuations in skin conductance per second to distinguish different states of acute pain. These methodological issues have been previously suggested as an explanation for contradictory data related to the accuracy of the skin conductance monitor. A total of 541 pain ratings on a numeric rating scale (0-10) were obtained from 120 adult postoperative patients. The number of fluctuations in skin conductance per second was recorded using two different electrode types (surface area 254 vs. 474 mm(2)) and sampling times (7.5 vs. 30 s). A longer sampling time did result in higher values for the number of fluctuations in skin conductance per second, though without improving its accuracy to distinguish different states of pain. However, the latter was found improved when the smaller surface area electrodes were used. A combination of small surface area electrodes and a 30 s sampling time resulted in the highest area under the curve in the receiver operating curve analysis of the method to identify states of moderate to severe pain (numeric rating scale > 3): 0.68 vs. e.g. 0.55 [data from all patients combined]). We conclude that the type of electrodes used but only to a lesser degree the sampling time influence the accuracy of the number of fluctuations in skin conductance per second to identify states of moderate or severe postoperative pain.

The influence of age and sex on the relationship between heart rate variability, haemodynamic variables and subjective measures of acute post-operative pain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Both skin conductance and surgical stress index have been proposed as useful means of assessing pain. Both methods are based on the assessment of the sympathovagal balance, which, according to reports, is influenced by age and sex, and currently neither of the assessments take these factors into account. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between age, sex, magnitude of acute post-operative pain and haemodynamic and autonomic changes. METHODS: Two hundred twenty patients were asked to quantify their level of pain on a numeric rating scale (NRS) at different time points in the recovery room. Simultaneously, the following measures of heart rate variability were analysed: total power, low frequency, high frequency, low-to-high frequency ratio and ultra-short entropy. Additionally, SBP, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 1098 NRS readings were obtained from 220 participants (123 men, 97 women, aged 40 ± 15 years). For heart rate variability, the low-to-high frequency ratio was significantly higher [mean (SE): 7.7 (0.56) vs. 6.7 (0.47); P < 0.05] and the ultra-short entropy significantly lower [mean (SE): 46.2 (0.8) vs. 47.2 (0.8); P < 0.05] for NRS 5-10 vs. NRS 0-4. Age correlated negatively with blood pressure and heart rate, and all measures of heart rate variability, except the low-to-high frequency ratio. Low-to-high frequency ratio and blood pressure were higher in men. CONCLUSION: Acute pain influences the sympathovagal balance. This response is significantly influenced by age and sex.