Right ventricular pneumatosis and extensive multi-territory air emboli in an intravenous drug user: a case report.

Background: Air emboli are a life-threatening diagnosis, which may form through a range of mechanisms. In this case, we describe the case of extensive multi-territory air emboli in a patient with a history of intravenous drug abuse. Case summary: This case describes a 41-year-old male who presented with confusion following fall with long lie. He was diagnosed with hyperkalaemia, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, and compartment syndrome, and he developed extensive multi-territory air emboli. Air embolism was identified in arterial, venous, subcutaneous, and mediastinal territories. Echocardiography demonstrated right ventricular dilation and dysfunction, consistent with air visualized in the right coronary artery on computed tomography. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit for close cardiac and neurological monitoring and supportive organ care, and ultimately made an uneventful recovery by 6 weeks without apparent complications from the air emboli. Discussion: The presence of multi-territory air emboli has previously been described in the setting of surgery, manipulation of intravascular catheters, pulmonary barotrauma, and in sepsis with gas-forming organisms. It has not previously been reported in intravenous drug use or sterile rhabdomyolysis. Computed tomography imaging and echocardiography are useful to diagnose air emboli and their haemodynamic impact. Our patient's case provides a novel example of multi-territory air emboli in a unique scenario.

Multidisciplinary team discussion: the emerging gold standard for management of cardiopulmonary complications of connective tissue disease.

Cardiopulmonary complications of connective tissue diseases (CTDs), particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD), are major determinants of morbidity and mortality. Multidisciplinary meetings may improve diagnostic accuracy and optimise treatment. We review the literature regarding multidisciplinary meetings in CTD-ILD and PAH and describe our tertiary centre experience of the role of the multidisciplinary meeting in managing CTD-PAH.

Pericardial decompression syndrome with acute right ventricular failure: a case series.

Background: Pericardial decompression syndrome (PDS) is an uncommon complication of pericardial drainage of large pericardial effusions and cardiac tamponade characterized by paradoxical haemodynamic instability following drainage. Pericardial decompression syndrome may occur immediately, or in the days following pericardial decompression, and presents with signs and symptoms suggestive of uni-/biventricular failure or acute pulmonary oedema. Case summary: This series describes two cases of this syndrome which demonstrates acute right ventricular failure as a mechanism of PDS and provides insights into the echocardiographic findings and clinical course of this poorly understood syndrome. Case 1 describes a patient who underwent pericardiocentesis, whilst Case 2 describes a patient who underwent surgical pericardiostomy. In both patients, acute right ventricular failure was observed following the release of tamponade and is favoured to be the cause of haemodynamic instability. Discussion: Pericardial decompression syndrome is a poorly understood, likely underreported complication of pericardial drainage for cardiac tamponade associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whilst a number of hypotheses exist as to the aetiology of PDS, this case series supports haemodynamic compromise being secondary to left ventricular compression following acute right ventricular dilatation.

A Comprehensive Approach to Managing Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy.

Methamphetamines are illicit drugs of the amphetamine-type stimulant class that have been increasing in popularity, availability, and purity in recent decades. As a result, rates of methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy (MAC) are rising globally. MAC is associated with high rates of sudden cardiac arrest, late presentation, and poor outcomes. This review discusses the medical management of MAC, including anticipated challenges specific to methamphetamine users. Not only are patients with MAC more likely to present at a younger age and with multisystem disease than patients with cardiomyopathy of other etiologies, but there may also be significant behavioral, psychosocial, financial, and system-based challenges to providing the best medical care. An individualized treatment plan that emphasizes methamphetamine abstinence as the foundation of therapy, as well as introducing optimal heart failure therapy and providing multidisciplinary support is likely to result in optimal outcomes. Given the potential reversibility of MAC, institution of guideline-directed heart failure therapy and patient support for adherence to therapy and abstinence from methamphetamines should be energetically pursued.

Association of hypertension with mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether hypertension is an independent risk factor for mortality among patients hospitalised with COVID-19, and to evaluate the impact of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use on mortality in patients with a background of hypertension. METHOD: This observational cohort study included all index hospitalisations with laboratory-proven COVID-19 aged ≥18 years across 21 Australian hospitals. Patients with suspected, but not laboratory-proven COVID-19, were excluded. Registry data were analysed for in-hospital mortality in patients with comorbidities including hypertension, and baseline treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs. RESULTS: 546 consecutive patients (62.9±19.8 years old, 51.8% male) hospitalised with COVID-19 were enrolled. In the multivariable model, significant predictors of mortality were age (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.12, p<0.001), heart failure or cardiomyopathy (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 1.13 to 6.53, p=0.026), chronic kidney disease (aOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.02 to 5.32, p=0.044) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.06 to 4.85, p=0.035). Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (49.5%) but was not independently associated with increased mortality (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.77, p=0.81). Among patients with hypertension, ACE inhibitor (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 0.61 to 3.08, p=0.61) and ARB (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.49, p=0.30) use was not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, pre-existing hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity but was not independently associated with mortality. Similarly, the baseline use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs had no independent association with in-hospital mortality.

2021 CSANZ and ANZSCTS Position Statement on the Operator and Institutional Requirements for a Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Program in Australia.

This document establishes the minimum standard for accreditation of institutions and operators as endorsed by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) and the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS). The original Joint Society Position Statement was ratified in August 2014. This 2021 update replaces the original and serves as a consensus within which the Conjoint Committee for Trancatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) Accreditation will function, as recommended by Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) Determination for TAVI. This is not a Guideline Statement but takes into consideration regional, legislative, and health system factors important to establishing requirements for TAVI accreditation in Australia.

The effect of preventative cardiovascular therapies on coronary artery disease in people with and without type 2 diabetes: a propensity-matched score study.

BACKGROUND: Although it is known that patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are at an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the actual coronary artery burden of atherosclerotic disease in patients with and without T2DM in a real-world setting and its possible modification by preventative therapies has not been extensively documented. METHODS: Merged coronary angiography and hospital discharge data between 2013 and 2019 were obtained for analysis and a random sub-sample of patient charts were reviewed for medication use. Propensity scores were estimated using logistic regression models and used to match patients, looking at the effect of severity of CAD over time in years in an ordinal logistic regression model. A separate propensity score was estimated and used to inverse probability weight the ordinal logistic regression looking at the effect of medication use on CAD severity in patients with and without T2DM. RESULTS: From 3,016 patients in the coronary angiography database, 1421 with T2DM and 1421 without T2DM were matched on propensity score. T2DM patients had more extensive CAD in 2018 compared to 2013 ((adjusted odds ratio) adjOR: 2.06 95% C.I. 1.38, 2.07), but this risk appeared to be attenuated in 2019. In contrast, there was no effect of time on CAD burden in patients without diabetes. In the sub-sample of 760 patients who underwent a chart review of their medication use, there were 367 (48%) with T2DM. For patients with T2DM 69.8% reported taking statins, 64.0% RAS inhibitors and 64.0% anti-platelet drugs. This was significantly higher than patients without diabetes of whom 46.6% reported taking statins, 49.0% RAS inhibitors and 49.9% anti-platelet drugs. As in the full matched sample, patients with diabetes had more extensive CAD (adjOR: 1.32 95% CI: 1.01, 1.74). However, after adjustment for the use of RAS inhibitors, statins and anticoagulants there was no difference in extent of CAD between patients with and without diabetes (adjOR: 1.14 95% CI: 0.85, 1.53). CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with diabetes have a greater extent of CAD in comparison to those without T2DM, preventative medication use decreases this CAD burden significantly.

Cardiac Complications in Patients Hospitalised With COVID-19 in Australia.

OBJECTIVES: Describe the incidence of cardiac complications in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 in Australia. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Twenty-one (21) Australian hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients aged ≥18 years admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of cardiac complications. RESULTS: Six-hundred-and-forty-four (644) hospitalised patients (62.5±20.1 yo, 51.1% male) with COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Overall in-hospital mortality was 14.3%. Twenty (20) (3.6%) patients developed new atrial fibrillation or flutter during admission and 9 (1.6%) patients were diagnosed with new heart failure or cardiomyopathy. Three (3) (0.5%) patients developed high grade atrioventricular (AV) block. Two (2) (0.3%) patients were clinically diagnosed with pericarditis or myopericarditis. Among the 295 (45.8%) patients with at least one troponin measurement, 99 (33.6%) had a peak troponin above the upper limit of normal (ULN). In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with raised troponin (32.3% vs 6.1%, p<0.001). New onset atrial fibrillation or flutter (6.4% vs 1.0%, p=0.001) and troponin elevation above the ULN (50.3% vs 16.4%, p<0.001) were more common in patients 65 years and older. There was no significant difference in the rate of cardiac complications between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation in Australia, troponin elevation was common but clinical cardiac sequelae were uncommon. The incidence of atrial arrhythmias and troponin elevation was greatest in patients 65 years and older.

Telehealth in Australian cardiology: insight into factors predicting the use of telephone versus video during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The use of telehealth has increased dramatically in Australia in 2020 as a pragmatic response to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, differences between telehealth modalities have not been established. AIM: To identify characteristics contributing to choosing telephone (TP) versus video consultation (VC) and assess patient outcomes between telehealth modalities. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of cardiology outpatients at a tertiary hospital with appointments from 17 March 2020 to 12 August 2020. Demographic variables and appointment modality were compared between each group. Outcomes assessed were mortality, emergency department (ED) presentations and cross over between appointment modalities. RESULTS: There were 1754 telemedicine encounters with 1188 patients seen by TP and 327 patients by VC. Consulting volume increased from previous years. Cardiac mortality was low (0.3%). There were no differences in mortality or ED presentations between telehealth modalities. Patients choosing TP over VC were older (P < 0.001), more likely to be female (P = 0.005), non-English-speaking (P = 0.041), living in metropolitan Melbourne (P < 0.0001), undertaking a first appointment (P = 0.002) and seeing particular cardiologists (P < 0.001). VC patients were more likely to have early review (P = 0.015), and this was likely to be TP (P < 0.0001). TP patients were more likely to follow up in person (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: During COVID-19, we increased consultation volumes without adverse patient outcomes. We identified factors influencing the choice of telemedicine modality which did not translate into differences in mortality or ED presentations. Telemedicine is a growing platform with an important role of facilitating access to healthcare for diverse patient groups.

Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: Australian and New Zealand consensus statement.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, and COVID-19 itself causes serious cardiac sequelae. Strategies to minimise the risk of viral transmission to health care workers and uninfected cardiac patients while prioritising high quality cardiac care are urgently needed. We conducted a rapid literature appraisal and review of key documents identified by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Board and Council members, the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons, and key cardiology, surgical and public health opinion leaders. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS: Common acute cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 include left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, arrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes. The presence of underlying CVD confers a five- to tenfold higher case fatality rate with COVID-19 disease. Special precautions are needed to avoid viral transmission to this population at risk. Adaptive health care delivery models and resource allocation are required throughout the health care system to address this need. CHANGES IN MANAGEMENT AS A RESULT OF THIS STATEMENT: Cardiovascular health services and cardiovascular health care providers need to recognise the increased risk of COVID-19 among CVD patients, upskill in the management of COVID-19 cardiac manifestations, and reorganise and innovate in service delivery models to meet demands. This consensus statement, endorsed by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons, the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia summarises important issues and proposes practical approaches to cardiovascular health care delivery to patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Reduced Exercise Capacity in Diabetes Mellitus Is Not Associated with Impaired Deformation or Twist.

BACKGROUND: Exercise capacity is frequently reduced in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and may be due to subclinical cardiac dysfunction. Speckle-tracking echocardiography is now widely available; however, the clinical utility and significance of left ventricular (LV) strain and twist parameters remain uncertain. We hypothesized that LV strain and twist would be reduced in DM subjects during exercise. METHODS: Adults with type 1 or type 2 DM and age- and sex-matched controls performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (VO2 peak) and supine bicycle exercise echocardiography. Detailed echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function was performed at baseline and repeated during incremental exercise to maximal intensity. RESULTS: Of the 60 participants completing the study protocol, 51 (34 DM, 17 controls; mean age, 42 ± 13 years; 69% male; DM duration, 16 ± 10 years) had sufficient image quality to assess LV deformation and twist mechanics at rest. Of these, 38 (25 DM, 13 controls) were able to be assessed immediately after exercise. Baseline LV systolic and diastolic function using standard echocardiography measurements were similar between groups. Resting LV global longitudinal strain, twist, twist rate and untwist rate, and the corresponding peak exercise and reserve measures did not differ significantly. As compared with the control subjects, exercise capacity was reduced in the DM cohort (VO2 peak 33 ± 10 vs 41 ± 12 mL/minute/kg; P = .02); however, no correlation was observed between VO2 peak and LV twist reserve (R = 0.28, P = .09), LV twist rate reserve (R = 0.14, P = .39), or LV untwist rate reserve (R = 0.24, P = .14). CONCLUSIONS: Despite reduced VO2 peak, LV twist mechanics at rest and after maximal intensity exercise did not differ significantly in a cohort of asymptomatic DM subjects with normal resting LV systolic and diastolic function compared with age- and sex-matched controls. This would suggest that exercise capacity can be reduced in the absence of subclinical cardiac dysfunction and that noncardiac factors should be considered as alternative explanations.

Clinical outcomes of self-expandable vs. balloon-expandable TAVI for severe aortic stenosis.

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). There is limited data exploring differences in outcomes post-TAVI SEV vs. BEV. This study compared procedural success and 30-d clinical outcomes self-expandable valves (SEV), vs. balloon-expandable valves (BEV) for patients with severe AS.Methods: Retrospective analysis was undertaken of patients receiving TAVI at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne between August 2009 and May 2018. The primary endpoints included procedural success, clinical outcomes and complication rates at 30-d.Results: Out of 151 patients undergoing TAVI, 70 received (46.3%) SEV (Medtronic CoreValve & Evolut-R) and 81 (53.6%) BEV (Edwards SAPIEN-XT & S3). The mean Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) risk score did not differ between the groups, SEV (83.6 ± 4.9 years, STS 4.4 ± 3.8) compared to BEV (82.3 ± 5.8 years, STS 4.9 ± 4.9). Procedural success was similar SEV 67 (95.7%) vs. BEV 78 (96.3%). Rates of ≥ moderate paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PAR) at 30-d were significantly higher in SEV compared to BEV (6.7 vs. 0.0%; p = .02). SEV patients had higher rates of pacemaker insertion (36.4 vs. 9.5%; p = .001) and stroke rates (12.4 vs. 1.4%; p = .04) compared to BEV patients. The difference in 30-d mortality between the two groups was similar (SEV 4.6% vs. BEV 1.3%; p = .23).Conclusions: This real-world retrospective analysis demonstrates higher rates of ≥ moderate PAR, stroke and pacemaker insertion with SEV compared to BEV at 30 d post-TAVI for severe symptomatic AS.

Sildenafil enhances central hemodynamic responses to exercise, but not V̇o2peak, in people with diabetes mellitus.

Exercise capacity is frequently reduced in people with diabetes mellitus (DM), and the contribution of pulmonary microvascular dysfunction remains undefined. We hypothesized that pulmonary microvascular disease, measured by a novel exercise echocardiography technique termed pulmonary transit of agitated contrast (PTAC), would be greater in subjects with DM and that the use of pulmonary vasodilator agent sildenafil would improve exercise performance by reducing right ventricular afterload. Forty subjects with DM and 20 matched controls performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing and semisupine exercise echocardiography 1 h after placebo or sildenafil ingestion in a double-blind randomized crossover design. The primary efficacy end point was exercise capacity (V̇o2peak) while secondary measures included pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac output, and change in PTAC. DM subjects were aged 44 ± 13 yr, 73% male, with 16 ± 10 yr DM history. Sildenafil caused marginal improvements in echocardiographic measures of biventricular systolic function in DM subjects. Exercise-induced increases in pulmonary artery systolic pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were attenuated with sildenafil, while heart rate (+2.4 ±1.2 beats/min, P = 0.04) and cardiac output (+322 ± 21 ml, P = 0.03) improved. However, the degree of PTAC did not change (P = 0.93) and V̇o2peak did not increase following sildenafil as compared with placebo (V̇o2peak: 31.8 ± 9.7 vs. 32.1 ± 9.5 ml·min-1·kg-1, P = 0.42). We conclude that sildenafil administration causes modest acute improvements in central hemodynamics but does not improve exercise capacity. This may be due to the mismatch in action of sildenafil on the pulmonary arteries rather than the distal pulmonary microvasculature and potential adverse effects on peripheral oxygen extraction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is one of the largest and most comprehensive studies of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in people with diabetes mellitus and to our knowledge the first to assess the effect of sildenafil using detailed echocardiographic measures during incremental exercise. Sildenafil attenuated the rise in pulmonary vascular resistance while augmenting cardiac output and intriguingly heart rate, without conferring any improvement in exercise capacity. The enhanced central hemodynamic indexes may have been offset by reduced peripheral O2 extraction.

Contemporary review of severe aortic stenosis.

Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common form of valvular heart disease in the developed world, with a rising prevalence due to an ageing Australian population. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) offers a less invasive option for the treatment of severe AS, with evidence supporting TAVI compared with medical therapy in inoperable patients and superior with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in high-risk patients. Equal outcomes have been observed in all-comer intermediate-risk populations. The Heart Team utilises a shared decision-making approach between physicians and surgeons in risk-stratifying patients and reduces the intrinsic bias that may occur if decisions are made in isolation. Geriatric assessment is useful for identifying preoperative frailty, a major risk factor for death post-aortic valve intervention. In severe AS, a decision can be made collaboratively to pursue TAVI, SAVR, a Ross Procedure or conservative management. The learning curve associated with TAVI has improved markedly, with overall complication rates decreasing around the world. Contemporary changes in practice, such as conscious sedation without general anaesthesia, expedited recovery and early discharge, will likely improve cost-effectiveness. In 2018, TAVI is a well-established procedure in Australia that has revolutionised the management of severe AS. In the future, with an expanding elderly population, the number of patients to benefit from transcatheter therapies for severe AS is hypothesised to increase 4-10-fold. Heart Team assessment is crucial in patients with severe AS to direct appropriate management.

Measurement of microvascular function in patients presenting with thrombolysis for ST elevation myocardial infarction, and PCI for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: In this prospective study, we compared the invasive measures of microvascular function in two subsets: patients with pharmacoinvasive thrombolysis for STEMI, and patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for NSTEMI. METHODS: The study consisted of 17 patients with STEMI referred for cardiac catheterisation post thrombolysis, and 20 patients with NSTEMI. Coronary physiological indexes were measured in each patient before and after PCI. RESULTS: The median pre-PCI index of microcirculatory function (IMR) at baseline was significantly higher in the STEMI group than the NSTEMI group (26 units vs. 15 units, p = 0.02). Following PCI, IMR decreased in both groups (STEMI 20 units vs. NSTEMI 14 units, p = 0.10). There was an inverse correlation between post PCI IMR and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = -0.52, p = 0.001). Furthermore, post PCI IMR was an independent predictor of index admission LVEF in the total population (ß = -0.388, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Invasive measures of microvascular function are inferior in a pharmacoinvasive STEMI group compared to a clinically stable NSTEMI group. In the STEMI population, the IMR following coronary intervention appears to predict LVEF.

Evolving management and improving outcomes of pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection (P-SCAD): a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection (P-SCAD) is defined as SCAD occurring during pregnancy or within 3 months post-partum. Earlier systematic reviews have suggested a high maternal and foetal mortality rate. We undertook a structured systematic review of P-SCAD demographics, management and maternal and foetal outcomes. METHODS: Case study identification was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, with screening of all published P-SCAD cases not meeting pre-defined exclusion criteria. Of two hundred and seventy-three publications screened, one hundred and thirty-eight cases met inclusion criteria. Cases were allocated to one of three time periods; 1960-85 (twenty cases) reflecting early management of P-SCAD, 1986-2005 (forty-two cases) reflecting recent management, and 2006-16 (seventy-six cases), reflecting contemporary management. RESULTS: The only significant demographic change in women experiencing P-SCAD over the last 50 years was an increasing proportion of primigravidas (p = 0.02). Management and outcomes, however, have altered significantly. Emergent angiography (p < 0.0001), reduced thrombolysis (p = 0.006) and increasingly conservative or percutaneous management (p < 0.0001) are associated with dramatic reductions in maternal mortality (85% in earliest reports to 4% in the last decade, p < 0.0001) and foetal mortality (50% in earliest reports to 0.0% in the last decade, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: This systematic review of temporal changes in presentation, management and outcomes of P-SCAD represents the widest range of variables analysed in the largest cohort of P-SCAD patients to date. In the setting of earlier coronary angiography and increasingly conservative management, maternal and foetal survival rates continue to improve.

Exercise capacity in diabetes mellitus is predicted by activity status and cardiac size rather than cardiac function: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: The reasons for reduced exercise capacity in diabetes mellitus (DM) remains incompletely understood, although diastolic dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy are often favored explanations. However, there is a paucity of literature detailing cardiac function and reserve during incremental exercise to evaluate its significance and contribution. We sought to determine associations between comprehensive measures of cardiac function during exercise and maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]peak), with the hypothesis that the reduction in exercise capacity and cardiac function would be associated with co-morbidities and sedentary behavior rather than diabetes itself. METHODS: This case-control study involved 60 subjects [20 with type 1 DM (T1DM), 20 T2DM, and 10 healthy controls age/sex-matched to each diabetes subtype] performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing and bicycle ergometer echocardiography studies. Measures of biventricular function were assessed during incremental exercise to maximal intensity. RESULTS: T2DM subjects were middle-aged (52 ± 11 years) with a mean T2DM diagnosis of 12 ± 7 years and modest glycemic control (HbA1c 57 ± 12 mmol/mol). T1DM participants were younger (35 ± 8 years), with a 19 ± 10 year history of T1DM and suboptimal glycemic control (HbA1c 65 ± 16 mmol/mol). Participants with T2DM were heavier than their controls (body mass index 29.3 ± 3.4 kg/m2 vs. 24.7 ± 2.9, P = 0.001), performed less exercise (10 ± 12 vs. 28 ± 30 MET hours/week, P = 0.031) and had lower exercise capacity ([Formula: see text]peak = 26 ± 6 vs. 38 ± 8 ml/min/kg, P < 0.0001). These differences were not associated with biventricular systolic or left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction at rest or during exercise. There was no difference in weight, exercise participation or [Formula: see text]peak in T1DM subjects as compared to their controls. After accounting for age, sex and body surface area in a multivariate analysis, significant positive predictors of [Formula: see text]peak were cardiac size (LV end-diastolic volume, LVEDV) and estimated MET-hours, while T2DM was a negative predictor. These combined factors accounted for 80% of the variance in [Formula: see text]peak (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise capacity is reduced in T2DM subjects relative to matched controls, whereas exercise capacity is preserved in T1DM. There was no evidence of sub-clinical cardiac dysfunction but, rather, there was an association between impaired exercise capacity, small LV volumes and sedentary behavior.