Understanding Patients with COVID in the Isolation Rooms from the Perspective of Care: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Being treated in isolation rooms for people infected with COVID-19, creates various perceptions of uncertainty, especially when strict "health protocols" are applied. This study aims to determine the understanding patients with COVID in the intensive care unit from the perspective of care. Materials and Methods: The research design used phenomenological qualitative with in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used with interpretive phenomenological analysis. Participants were 25 patients who had been exposed to COVID-19, consisting of 10 men and 15 women. Results: This study resulted in the theme of the perception of COVID-19 sufferers while undergoing treatment in isolation rooms, with four themes, namely, 1) mental attacks, 2) feel like fighting alone, 3) expecting Concern, 4) positive attitude. Conclusion: This analysis shows that various perceptions of uncertainty that are felt while being treated in the isolation room due to suffering from COVID-19 disease can be anticipated by increasing the awareness of nurses to be closer to patients through caring-based nursing practices by emphasizing meaningful interpersonal relationships.

The Effect of Green Tea with EGCG Active Compound in Enhancing the Expression of M2 Microglia Marker (CD206).

Background: Stroke is a neurological deficit due to vascular disorders. Microglia are the first line of defense against brain injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines activate M2 microglia, which upregulate CD206. EGCG is abundant in green tea, which has an anti-inflammatory effect. Objective: To know the effect of green tea with its active compound EGCG on CD206 expression. Settings and Design: True experimental trial design. Material and Methods: Rattus Novergicus were divided into six groups: a negative control group (Sham), a positive control group (P0), MCAO mice given 10 mg/kg BW EGCG (P1), 20 mg/kg BW EGCG (P2), 30 mg/kg BW EGCG (P3), and 30 mg/kg BW standardized green tea extract (P4). CD206 expression was measured using immunohistochemistry and scored according to the Allred scoring guidelines. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive test, Levine test, Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test, Independent sample t test, Pearson correlation test. Results: We discovered that there is a significant difference in CD206 expression between the Sham and P0 groups (P < 0.05). In addition, there are significant differences in expression between the sham group and the other two groups (P1 and P2) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when we compared the P0 group with each treatment group, we found that CD206 expression between P0-P2, P0-P3, P0-P4 are significantly different. There is a significant correlation between green tea with its active compound EGCG and CD206 expression enhancement. The correlation is positive. Conclusions: Green tea with EGCG active compound increases CD206 expression as an M2 marker in the Rattus norvegicus with MCAO model.

The effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) with its active compound EGCG on neuronal cell necroptosis in Rattus norvegicus middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the inhibition effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea extract on neuronal necroptosis based on necroptosis morphology. METHODS: In vivo study was performed on male Rattus norvegicus middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model divided into five groups, MCAO-control groups, EGCG 10 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 20 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day, and green tea extract 30 mg/kg BW/day for 7 days treatment. MCAO model was made by modification method using Bulldog clamp. After 7 days of treatment, all R. norvegicus were sacrificed. After that, examination using Hematoxylin-Eosin stain was conducted to look at necroptosis morphology in each group. RESULTS: We found that there are significant differences between control group and the other three groups (EGCG 20 mg/kg BW/day, EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day, and green tea extract (p<0.05). There is a significant correlation between the number of neuron cell necroptosis and both EGCG and green tea extract (p<0.05). The correlation is negative, which means both EGCG and green tea extract will decrease the number of neuron cell necroptosis. EGCG will decrease neuron cell necroptosis starting from the dose of 20 mg/kg BW/day. EGCG 30 mg/kg BW/day produces the best result compared to other doses. CONCLUSIONS: Camellia sinensis (green tea) with its active compound EGCG decreases neuronal necroptosis morphology in MCAO models.

Green tea and its active compound epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit neuronal apoptosis in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of green tea with the active ingredient epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the inhibition of apoptosis in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. METHODS: Four month old male Rattus norvegicus rats with a body weight of 200-275 g was used for the MCAO model and divided into five groups, and the treatment was carried out for 7 days. Before being sacrificed, the subject had 1 cc of blood drawn for high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) examination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and after being sacrificed, the brain tissue specimen was taken to examine caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 3 (BCL-3) using immunohistochemistry methods. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in HMGB-1 results for the treatment group compared to the control group (P1: 384.20 ± 231.72 [p = 0.553]; P2: 379.11 ± 268.4 [p = 0.526]; P3: 284, 87 ± 276.19 [p = 0.140]; P4: 435.32 ± 279.95 [p = 0.912]). There is a significant increase in BCL-2 expression between the treatment group compared to the control group (P1: 2.58 ± 0.51 [p = 0.04]; P2: 3.36 ± 0.50 [p<0.001]; P3: 4.00 ± 0.42 [p<0.001]; P4: 3.60 ± 0.52 [p<0.001]). There was a significant difference in caspase-3 expression compared to the control group in the P3 group (P1: 4.33 ± 0.49 [p = 0.652]; P2: 4.09 ± 0.30 [p = 0.136]; P3: 3.58 ± 0.51 [p = 0.01]; P4: 3.89 ± 0.42 [p = 0.063]). There is no correlation between HMGB-1 and caspase-3 (r = -0.063; p = 0.613) or BCL-2 (r = -0.106; p = 0.396). There is significant negative correlation between caspase-3 and BCL-2 (r = -0.459; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Green tea with the active ingredient EGCG can inhibit neuronal cell death through the apoptotic pathway and not through the activation of HMGB-1.

Paralytic ileus in the patient with tuberculosis of spine.

Background: We reported a patient with spinal tuberculosis and paralytic ileus. A 56-year-old Javanese male presented with lower limb paralysis and bowel obstruction 2 weeks prior to admission. He was found to have hypoalbuminemia and hypesthesia from the T7/T9 levels and below. Other than increased alanine aminotransferase, hematology and blood chemical tests were normal. MRI and plain abdominal radiographs confirmed the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis at the T5/6 level and paralytic ileus. Tubercles in the lymphoid tissue of the intestinal submucosa were not seen.Conclusion: Paralytic ileus may occur in spinal TB.