Hyperspectral Microscopy Technology to Detect Syrups Adulteration of Endemic Guindo Santo and Quillay Honey Using Machine-Learning Tools.

Honey adulteration is a common practice that affects food quality and sale prices, and certifying the origin of the honey using non-destructive methods is critical. Guindo Santo and Quillay are fundamental for the honey production of Biobío and the Ñuble region in Chile. Furthermore, Guindo Santo only exists in this area of the world. Therefore, certifying honey of this species is crucial for beekeeper communities-mostly natives-to give them advantages and competitiveness in the global market. To solve this necessity, we present a system for detecting adulterated endemic honey that combines different artificial intelligence networks with a confocal optical microscope and a tunable optical filter for hyperspectral data acquisition. Honey samples artificially adulterated with syrups at concentrations undetectable to the naked eye were used for validating different artificial intelligence models. Comparing Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM), and Neural Network (NN), we reach the best average accuracy value with SVM of 93% for all classes in both kinds of honey. We hope these results will be the starting point of a method for honey certification in Chile in an automated way and with high precision.

Tratamiento odontológico bajo anestesia general ofrecido por el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Puerto Rico durante los años 1989-1994 / Dental treatment under general anesthesia offered at the Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Puerto Rico during the years 1989-1994

One hundred and fourteen mentally retarded (MR) and non-mentally retarded (NMR) patients were divided into two groups and categorized according to the condition presented. Age, sex, and type of procedure performed were recorded for each patient. On the MR group 32 per cent were over 17 years of age. On the NMR group 51 per cent were under 6 years of age. The sex distribution was similar in both groups. Exodontia was the most frequently performed dental procedure. The MR group was composed of those who presented only mental retardation (42 per cent), cerebral palsy (17 per cent), epilepsy (15 per cent), syndromes (7 per cent), endocrinopathies (7 per cent), hydrocephalus (5 per cent) and other conditions (7 per cent). The NMR group was composed of those who presented cardiopathy (7 per cent), bottle syndrome (42 per cent), hemotopathy (11 per cent), maxillofacial disorders (24 per cent) and other conditions (16 per cent).

Estado actual de la obtención de la licencia para el ejercicio de la odontología en la Unión Europea y en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica / The current status in obtaining a license for the practice of dentistry in the European Union and the United States of America

Present regulations on the issuance of dental licenses are very different between the United States of America and the European Community. Two different mechanisms attempt to arrive at the fairest possible solution: licenses controlled by either national and/or local examinations in the United States, and licensing by credentials in the European Community. Both are compared and discussed