Food Consumption Pattern and the Intake of Sugar, Salt, and Fat in the South Jakarta City-Indonesia.

The excessive consumption of sugar, salt, and fat is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, a study on estimating the added sugar, salt, and fat intake in certain populations is important for establishing specific recommendations aiming at improving diet quality, and thus public health. This study aimed to determine the food consumption pattern and the intakes of added sugar, salt, and fat from different food groups and food sources among the residents of South Jakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design, involving 323 respondents. Data on socio-economic conditions, health and nutritional status, and food consumption were collected. Food consumption data were acquired through the 2-day weighed food record. Results showed that the daily food consumption in the observed population reached 1868-2334 g/capita/day. The total added sugar intake in different groups of respondents ranged between 34.9 and 45.9 g/capita/day, with the highest values observed in school-age boys. Beverages and snacks were identified as the main added sugar sources in the respondents' diet. The total salt intake ranged from 5.46 to 7.43 g/capita/day, while the observed fat intake reached 49.0-65.1 g/capita/day. The major food source contributing to the salt and fat intake included street/restaurant/fast food. Male subjects tended to consume a higher amount of salt and fat than female subjects. These findings can be used as baseline information for providing a strategy for reducing sugar, salt, and fat intakes, with strong implications for improving public health.

Impact of Multi-Component Nutrition Intervention on Teachers, Parents, and Students toward the Knowledge and Attitude about Fruit and Vegetable Consumption.

Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is one of the important components in balanced nutrition, but FV consumption in elementary school students (ESS) grade 5 and 6 was still low. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of multicomponent nutrition intervention in teachers, parents, and students toward the knowledge and attitude about FV consumption. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post intervention method with nutrition education to three groups subject using comic and pocketbook in Nganjuk, East Java from February to May 2017. Subjects involved in this research were 10 teachers, 31 parents, and 31 ESS. Data analysis was with the paired difference test in three measurements. Based on Friedman's test, knowledge and attitudes of participants increased significantly (p<0.05). The types of questions that were being improved were types of FV that contain potassium and the portion of FV that must be consumed. Subjects who belong to the category of having good knowledge also experienced a significant increased (p<0.05). The attitude scores on the three subjects increased significantly (p<0.05). Positive response to the attitude of FV consumption increased in the content of FV. The number of subjects who had a good attitude towards FV consumption also experienced a significant increased (p<0.05). Multicomponent nutrition intervention could improve knowledge and attitudes towards teachers, parents, and ESS regarding FV consumption.

Assessment of Anemia Status on Physical Development Skills of Children Under Two Years Old in Aceh, Indonesia.

Anemia and iron deficiency can cause detrimental effects on brain development, and continued iron deficiency anemia is known to interfere with development which results in a permanent delay in mental and Motor development. This study investigated the impact of anemia on physical development skills of under two years children in aceh besar district. A cross-sectional study design was applied to 102 under-two years children selected using cluster random sampling technique using village as cluster. A structured questionnaire to determine general characteristics such as maternal age, maternal education, maternal occupational, family income, number of family members and toddlers. Anemia status was assessed by Hemocue 201+ tool, and physical motor development such as gross and fine motor development skills were determined using Denver II instrument. Almost two- thirds of children were anemia, as assessed by blood hemoglobin levels of <11 g/dL, while 34.3% of them were experienced delay in either fine development or gross development skills. The prevalence of children with fine and gross motor development delay was higher in children with suffering from anemia (27.1% and 17.1%) than non-anemia, respectively (3.2% and 9.4%). There was significant association anemia status on fine motor development (r=0.291; p=0.003), while not significant to gross motor development (r=0.092; p=0.357). The prevalence of anemia in children 12-24 mo old was very high, and has an impact on motor development delays, so anemia prevention programs and motor stimulation intervention for under two years children are needed.

Determinant Factors of Maternal Knowledge on Appropriate Complementary Feeding of Children Aged 6-23 Months in Aceh.

The aim of this study was determine mothers knowladge on appropriate complementary feeding of children aged 6-23 mo. A cross-sectional design was applied on 392 mothers of children aged 6-23 mo selected through a cluster sampling in Aceh Besar District Aceh Province Indonesia. Data on mothers knowledge and determinant factors included socio-demographic of mothers were collected using valid and reliable structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using binary logistic regression at 95% confident interval. Overall, there was less than one-fourth (20.2%) of the mothers have good knowledge on appropriate Complementary feeding. Education level of mothers were significantly associated with mothers knowledge, mothers who have education level elementary school, junior high school and senior high school higher risk of having low knowledge on appropriate complementary feeding (OR=3.11, OR=5.22 and OR=10.20) than those have graduted level. Therefore, an effort and a research to developing nutrition education model is warranted to improving knowledge and skill of mothers is important.

Determinant of Highschool Girl Adolescent' Adherence to Consume Iron Folic Acid Supplementation in Kota Depok.

Anemia is one of the major problems among female adolescents in Indonesia. Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation was a cost-effective measure to tackle adolescent anemia. However, adherence to the supplementation is low. This study was aimed to explore the determinants of t highschool females' adherence to consume iron-folic acid tablets. Using cross sectional design with 274 subjects. After obtaining consent the data were collected, coded and analysed using SPSS23. The inclusion criteria were high school female from 18 schools which had iron tablets program. The majority of subjects was 14-16 y old (73.7%). The majority of schools gave iron tablets to students without organizing taking iron tablets together (63.5%). The adherence to consume iron and folic acid tablets in this study was 45.6% (n=125). Almost half of highschool female (36.1%) cited they did not think that iron tablets are necessary while 12.4% cited experiencing side effects. Factors that were correlated (p<0.005) were school organizing taking iron tablets together, the student's age, knowledge, motivation, self efficacy, prior Hb level examination, and teacher educating the benefits of iron tablets to students (OR=9.5, CI=5.4-16.8, OR=0.43, CI=0.23-0.78, OR=2.12, CI=1.29-3.48, OR=6.55, CI=3.77-11.4, OR=6.39, CI=3.7-10.9 respectively). The most important factors which determined highschool female's adherence were school organizing students to take iron tablets together at school (OR=7.2, CI=3.5-14.6, p=0.000), student's motivation (OR=5.3, CI=2.5-11.3, p=0.000), and class teacher educating students on anemia and IFA (OR=2.3, CI=1.2-4.6) meanwhile student's knowledge, self efficacy, and prior Hb level examinations were confounding factor.

Effect of Nutrition Education and Multi-Nutrient Biscuit Interventions on Nutritional and Iron Status: A Cluster Randomized Control Trial on Undernourished Children Aged 6-23 Months in Aceh, Indonesia.

Undernutrition and iron deficiencies on under-five children in Indonesia remain high and very closely related to inadequate complementary feeding. This study investigated the effect of weekly nutrition education by home visite using the food monitoring card (FMC) models and daily provision multi-nutrient biscuits and combination on growth and reduction of iron deficiency and anemia among underweight children aged 6-23 mo in Aceh Indonesia. A 6-mo, cluster randomized, control trial was conducted on 121 children received nutrition education (NE), multi-nutrient biscuit (MNB), combination both nutrition education and biscuits (NE+MNB), and control group. The outcome weight gain and prevalence of underweight (weight for age z-score <-2SD) were collected by anthropometric and iron deficiency were serum ferritin measuring with ELISA method. After the 6-mo intervention, the rate of weight gain was higher in combination intervention group 1.51±0.68 kg than multi-biscuit group 1.40±0.72 kg, NE group 1.34±0.66 kg and control group 1.21±0.42 kg, and the rate increase of serum ferritin was higher in combination NE+MNB and biscuit group (2.54 µg/L and 2,17 µg/L). At the end of study there were a significant decrease in prevalence of underweight (p=0.003), the incidence of underweight in NE+MNB (45.2%) lower than NE group (63.3%), MNB group (64.5%) and control group (69,0%) and significant decrease of iron deficiency (p=0.02), the incidence lower in MNB group (6.5%) than NE+MNB (22.6%), NE group (23.3%) and control group (24.1%). The combination of nutritional education and multi-nutrient biscuits intervention improving nutritional and iron deficiency status on undernourished children. These risearch highlight the need integration of nutrition education and food base intervention to prevent underweight and iron deficiency on children 6-23 mo old.

Complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months old: formative study in Aceh, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 6-23 months for infants is the longest period in the "first 1,000 days" of life. This period is very important for child development, so complementary feeding (CF) practices should be optimized to maximize children's potential for growth and development. The aim of this study was to analyze the CF practices and nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 392 children aged 6-23 months were selected using stratified random sampling. Socio-demographic data were collected through interviews. CF practices, collected by interviews and repeated 24-hour food recall method, were the timely introduction of CF, minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, consumption food rich in proteins and vitamin A. Nutritional status was assessed using the indicators of underweight, wasting and stunting. To analyze the association between socio-demographic indicators and CF with nutritional status, the chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95% was used. RESULTS: Results showed that 39% were exclusively breastfed, only 61% received prolonged breastfeeding and 50% received timely introduction of CF. Minimum meal frequency was met by 74% of subjects, but dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were only realized in 50% and 40% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 26%, 23%, and 28%, respectively. Age of the child, birth order, birth weight, parents' education level, family size and incidence of fever and diarrhea during the previous two weeks were associated with underweight, while child's birth order, fathers' education level, mother's age, family size, completion of the age-appropriate vaccination and fish consumption frequency were associated with wasting. Age of the child, incidence of fever and acute respiratory infection, and fortified food consumption were associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal CF practices and high prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were found among children aged 6-23 months old in Aceh. These results highlight the need to improve CF and nutritional status.

Nutritional status of lactating women in Bogor district, Indonesia: cross-sectional dietary intake in three economic quintiles and comparison with pre-pregnant women.

The way in which women accommodate for their increased nutritional needs during the lactation period is poorly investigated. In a cross-sectional study involving 220 lactating women (LW), equally distributed in economic quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4), we investigated whether habitual dietary intake of LW differed from that of 200 pre-pregnant women (PPW) studied using the same methodology. Differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status were also investigated. Dietary intake data were collected using 2×24-h dietary recalls and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes were calculated utilising local food composition tables and were compared against Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes 25 % of LW. For Q2-LW, this proportion was >50 %, except for protein. LW across all studied economic quintiles approximately doubled their vegetable intake, and 71 % of LW indicated a belief that this enhances lactation performance. Biochemical status parameters were analysed in a subset of forty-five women. Anaemia as well as Fe, Zn and Se deficiencies were prevalent among LW, supporting the nutrient intake deficiency data. Despite increasing intakes in LW compared with PPW, habitual diets in the study area do not provide for daily nutrient requirements in substantial proportions for both LW and PPW across all investigated economic groups.

Nutritional status of pre-pregnant and pregnant women residing in Bogor district, Indonesia: a cross-sectional dietary and nutrient intake study.

The diet of Indonesian women of childbearing age is relatively poor, posing increased risk for suboptimal pregnancy outcome. In a cross-sectional study including 403 women in three economic quintiles (Q), we investigated differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status and whether regular dietary intakes of pregnant women (PW, n 203) differ from that of pre-pregnant women (PPW, n 200). Dietary intake data were collected using 2×24 h dietary recall and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes were calculated utilising Food Composition Tables and compared with Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % and Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes <77 % of the local recommendation were considered insufficient. A higher intake of milk/dairy products (Q3, Q4), fruits and vegetables (Q2) and snacks (Q3) in PW was observed compared with PPW, but insufficient to meet nutrient requirements. Nutrient intake calculations showed insufficiency in 26 % of PPW for protein and up to 70 % for Fe. Deficient nutrient intakes in PW were found in 49 % of the subjects for energy and up to 85 % for Fe. Energy and protein intakes decreased with decreasing economic quintiles in PPW and PW. Ca and vitamin A intakes were lower in Q2 compared with Q4. The proportion of animal protein in Q2-PW was low (31 %). Biochemical status parameters in a subset showed that anaemia and Fe and Zn deficiencies were prevalent among PPW and PW. Habitual diets in the study area did not meet the nutrient requirements for both PPW and PW across the investigated economic groups.