Factors Influencing Mortality in COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis - The International ID-IRI Study.

The emergence of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), triggered a global pandemic. Concurrently, reports of mucormycosis cases surged, particularly during the second wave in India. This study aims to investigate mortality factors in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) cases, exploring clinical, demographic, and therapeutic variables across mostly Asian and partly African countries. A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of CAM patients from 22 medical centers across eight countries was conducted, focusing on the first three months post-COVID-19 diagnosis. Data collected through the IDI-IR included demographics, comorbidities, treatments, and outcomes. A total of 162 CAM patients were included. The mean age was 54.29±13.04 years, with 54% male. Diabetes mellitus (85%) was prevalent, and 91% had rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM). Surgical debridement was performed in 84% of the cases. Mortality was 39%, with advanced age [Hazard Ratio (HR)=1.06, (p<0.001)], rituximab use (HR=21.2, p=0.05), diabetic ketoacidosis (HR=3.58, p=0.009) identified as risk factors. The mortality risk increases by approximately 5.6% for each additional year of age. Surgical debridement based on organ involvement correlated with higher survival (HR=8.81, p<0.001). The utilization of rituximab and diabetic ketoacidosis along with advancing age, has been associated with an increased risk of mortality in CAM patients. A combination of antifungal treatment and surgical intervention has demonstrated a substantial improvement in survival outcomes.

Over a third of patients who developed mucormycosis after COVID-19 died. Older people, those on specific immunosuppressive treatments and those with diabetic ketoacidosis had a higher risk of death. However, undergoing surgery as part of treatment significantly improved survival.

Vector-borne and zoonotic infections and their relationships with regional and socioeconomic statuses: An ID-IRI survey in 24 countries of Europe, Africa and Asia.

BACKGROUND: In this cross-sectional, international study, we aimed to analyze vector-borne and zoonotic infections (VBZI), which are significant global threats. METHOD: VBZIs' data between May 20-28, 2018 was collected. The 24 Participatingcountries were classified as lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income. RESULTS: 382 patients were included. 175(45.8%) were hospitalized, most commonly in Croatia, Egypt, and Romania(P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between distributions of VBZIs according to geographical regions(P < 0.001). Amebiasis, Ancylostomiasis, Blastocystosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis were significantly more common in the Middle-East while Bartonellosis, Borreliosis, Cat Scratch Disease, Hantavirus syndrome, Rickettsiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis in Central/East/South-East Europe; Brucellosis and Echinococcosis in Central/West Asia; Campylobacteriosis, Chikungunya, Tick-borne encephalitis, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Salmonellosis, Toxoplasmosis in the North-Mediterranean; CCHF, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Malaria, Taeniasis, Salmonellosis in Indian Subcontinent; Lassa Fever in West Africa. There were significant regional differences for viral hemorrhagic fevers(P < 0.001) and tick-borne infections(P < 0.001), and according to economic status for VBZIs(P < 0.001). The prevalences of VBZIs were significantly higher in lower-middle income countries(P = 0.001). The most similar regions were the Indian Subcontinent and the Middle-East, the Indian Subcontinent and the North-Mediterranean, and the Middle-East and North-Mediterranean regions. CONCLUSIONS: Regional and socioeconomic heterogeneity still exists for VBZIs. Control and eradication of VBZIs require evidence-based surveillance data, and multidisciplinary efforts.

Managing adult patients with infectious diseases in emergency departments: international ID-IRI study.

We aimed to explore factors for optimizing antimicrobial treatment in emergency departments. A single-day point prevalence survey was conducted on January 18, 2020, in 53 referral/tertiary hospitals in 22 countries. 1957 (17%) of 11557 patients presenting to EDs had infections. The mean qSOFA score was 0.37 ± 0.74. Sepsis (qSOFA ≥ 2) was recorded in 218 (11.1%) patients. The mean qSOFA score was significantly higher in low-middle (1.48 ± 0.963) compared to upper-middle (0.17 ± 0.482) and high-income (0.36 ± 0.714) countries (P < 0.001). Eight (3.7%) patients with sepsis were treated as outpatients. The most common diagnoses were upper-respiratory (n = 877, 43.3%), lower-respiratory (n = 316, 16.1%), and lower-urinary (n = 201, 10.3%) infections. 1085 (55.4%) patients received antibiotics. The most-commonly used antibiotics were beta-lactam (BL) and BL inhibitors (n = 307, 15.7%), third-generation cephalosporins (n = 251, 12.8%), and quinolones (n = 204, 10.5%). Irrational antibiotic use and inappropriate hospitalization decisions seemed possible. Patients were more septic in countries with limited resources. Hence, a better organizational scheme is required.

Clinical features and outcomes of Candidaemia in cancer patients: Results from Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical risk factors and outcomes among cancer patients with candidaemia at a large cancer treatment centre. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised data related to all cancer patients with a positive blood culture for candida species between January 1995 and December 2013. RESULTS: A total of 311 patients were identified and there were 16 positive candida cultures among every 1000 (1.6%) cultures positive for any microorganism. Patients with haematological malignancies (adjusted odds ratio:2.23), those in shock (adjusted odds ratio: 9.48) were significantly more likely to die during the index hospitalisation, while patients with candida albicans isolated from the blood culture (adjusted odds ratio: 0.47) and those who received antifungal agent based on the sensitivity report of the fungal culture (adjusted odds ratio:0.32) were significantly less likely to die. Receipt of antifungal agents on an empirical basis before a positive culture was not significantly associated with mortality (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant risk factor for candidemia was identified, but haematological malignancies, shock and candidaemia due to non-albicans species were predictors of mortality during index hospitalisation.

Shigella infections: A two year experience in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and microbiological characteristics of Shigella infections among cancer patients. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised medical records from December 2011 to November 2013 which were reviewed to identify persons with laboratory-confirmed Shigella infections. Demographic information, clinical history, seasonal variation, microbiological details, treatment given, and outcomes in term of symptoms resolution and mortality at two weeks were noted. RESULTS: Shigella infection was diagnosed in 45 cancer patients. The mean age of the patients was 36.02±19.30 years (range: 1-64 years), with 35(78%) patients being >18 years of age. Overall, 16(35.5%) patients had presented during winter months and 40(89%) presented as emergencies. Diarrhoea was present in 44(98%) patients and among them 20(45%) had dysentery whereas 28(64%) had fever and 21(47%) had abdominal pain. Of the total 45 cases, 41(91%) had isolates from stool. Besides, 39(87%) Shigella isolates were further speciated and Shigella flexneri was the most commonly isolated serotype in 25(64.1%). Overall, 42(93%) strains were sensitive to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Mean duration of symptoms resolution was 3.92±1.51 days (range: 1-10 days). No mortality was noted at 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Shigella flexneri was the most common serotype isolated. Majority of the isolates were sensitive to 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefixime/ceftriaxone).

Bacteraemia caused by Escherichia coli in cancer patients at a specialist center in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli bacteraemia among cancer patients, and to assess the risk factors and outcomes of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli bacteraemia. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, and comprised medical records of patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia presenting between December 2012 and November 2013. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with the development and 30-day mortality of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli bacteraemia. RESULTS: Out of 1603 episodes of bacteraemia, 227(35.6%) were caused by E.coli, of which 98(43.2%) were multidrug-resistant. In multivariable analysis, age less than 18 years (adjusted odds ratio 3.92; 95% confidence interval 1.43-10.68), presence of central venous catheter (adjusted odds ratio 2.12; 95% confidence interval 1.04-4.33) and exposure to piperacillin/tazobactam within 90 days prior to infection (adjusted odds ratio 2.37; 95% confidence interval 1.15-4.86) were identified as independent risk factors for acquisition of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli bacteraemia. The overall 30 day mortality rate was 35.2% (80/227). Risk factors for mortality were intensive care unit admission (adjusted odds ratio 3.95; 95% confidence interval 1.79-8.71) and profound neutropenia (adjusted odds ratio 4.03; 95% confidence interval 1.55-10.49). CONCLUSIONS: Bloodstream infections with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli were common in cancer patients. However it was not a predictor of mortality.

Salmonella bacteraemia among healthcare workers and their dependents.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and resistance pattern of Salmonella infection in healthcare workers and their dependents. METHODS: The retrospective analysis was conducted at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, and comprised records of employees and their dependents with bacteraemia from January 2007 to December 2011. Person-years were calculated using data from the human resources department. SPSS 19 was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Of the total 2532 records available, 82 (3.23%) patients were identified with Salmonella bacteraemia. Of them, 34 (41.5%) patients were in age group 1-10, 15 (18.3%) in 11-20, 26 (31.7%) in 21-30, and 7 (8.5%) were above 30 years. Besides, 48 (58.5%) were males. Salmonella typhi was found in 44 (53.7%) patients, Salmonella paratyphiA in 35 (42.7%) and Salmonella species in 3 (3.7%) patients. The yearly incidence of Salmonella infection in the study population ranged from 206 to 596 per 100000 person-years. Ciprofloxacin resistance was noted to be 56 (68.2%) followed by Ampicillin 29 (35.3%) and Co-trimoxazole 24 (29.2%). No strains were resistant to Cefiximeor Ceftriaxone. CONCLUSION: The yearly incidence of Salmonella bacteraemia ranged from 200 to 600 per 100000 person years. There was significant quinolone resistance among the isolates.